3. Regents Biology
Prokaryotes
1. NO nucleus
1. unicellular
1. NO membrane-bound organelles
(just ribosomes)
2. Forerunner to eukaryotic cells
(smaller, simpler)
3. DNA – single strand and circular
-Bacteria, archaea
4. Regents Biology
Eukaryotes
1.Has a nucleus with a nuclear
envelope
2.Bigger and more complex than
prokaryotes
3.Have membrane bound organelles
4.DNA – double-stranded and forms
chromosomes (highly organized)
5. Uni- OR multicellular organisms
animals, plants, fungi…
5. Regents Biology
Similarities
1. Contain all four biomolecules
(lipids, carbs, proteins, and nucleic acids)
1. Have ribosomes (eukaryotes 80S,
prokaryotes 70S)
2. Have DNA
3. Similar Metabolism
4. Can be unicellular
5. Have cell/plasma membranes or cell wall
8. Regents Biology
cell membrane
cell boundary
controls movement
of materials in & out
recognizes signals
Cytoplasm
lattice-like material holding
organelles in place
9. Regents Biology
Cell membrane
Function
Barrier
Control
O2,CO2, food, H2O, nutrients, waste
Communication
between cells
Structure
phospholipid bilayer
receptor molecules
proteins
lipid “tail”
phosphate
“head”
10. Regents Biology
Vesicles Function
Transport
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
Structure
membrane sac
large food
particle
vesicle
Proteins etc
Endocytosis!
Exocytosis!
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cell membrane
cell boundary
controls movement
of materials in & out
recognizes signals
cytoplasm
lattice material holding
organelles in place
vacuole & vesicles
storage
transport
13. Regents Biology
Lysosomes
Function
little “stomach” of the cell
digests macromolecules
“clean up crew” of the cell
cleans up broken down
organelles
Structure
vesicles of digestive
enzymes
only in
animal cells
synthesized by rER,
transferred to Golgi
Where
old organelles
go to die!
lyso– = break apart
–some = body
14. Regents Biology
Lysosomes
white blood cells attack
& destroy invaders =
digest them in
lysosomes
1974 Nobel prize: Christian de Duve
Lysosomes discovery in 1960s
1960 | 1974
15. Regents Biology
When things go bad…
Diseases of lysosomes are often fatal
digestive enzyme not working in lysosome
picks up biomolecules, but can’t digest one
lysosomes fill up with undigested material
grow larger & larger until disrupts cell & organ
function
lysosomal storage diseases
more than 40 known diseases
example:
Tay-Sachs disease
build up undigested fat
in brain cells
16. Regents Biology
But sometimes cells need to die…
Lysosomes can be used to kill cells when
they are supposed to be destroyed
some cells have to die for proper
development in an organism
apoptosis
“auto-destruct” process
lysosomes break open & kill cell
ex: tadpole tail gets re-absorbed
when it turns into a frog
ex: loss of webbing between your
fingers during fetal development
18. Regents Biology
Apoptosis
programmed destruction of cells in multi-
cellular organisms
programmed development
control of cell growth
example:
if cell grows uncontrollably this self-destruct
mechanism is triggered to remove damaged cell
cancer must over-ride this to enable tumor
growth
20. Regents Biology
lysosome
food digestion
garbage disposal &
recycling
cell membrane
cell boundary
controls movement
of materials in & out
recognizes signals
cytoplasm
lattice-like material
holding
organelles in place
vacuole & vesicles
transport
storage
21. Regents Biology
Making Energy
Cells must convert incoming energy to
forms that they can use for work
mitochondria:
from glucose to ATP
chloroplasts:
from sunlight to ATP & carbohydrates
ATP = active energy
carbohydrates = stored energy
+
ATP
ATP
22. Regents Biology
Mitochondria & Chloroplasts
Important to see the similarities
transform energy
generate ATP
double membranes = 2 membranes
semi-autonomous organelles
move, change shape, divide
internal ribosomes, DNA & enzymes
23. Regents Biology
Mitochondria
Function
make ATP energy from cellular respiration
sugar + O2 ATP
fuels the work of life
Structure
double membrane
in both animal &
plant cells
ATP
24. Regents Biology
lysosome
food digestion
garbage disposal &
recycling
cell membrane
cell boundary
controls movement
of materials in & out
recognizes signals
cytoplasm
lattice-like material
holding
organelles in place
vacuole & vesicles
transport inside cells
storage
mitochondria
make ATP energy
from sugar + O2
25. Regents Biology
Plants make energy two ways!
Mitochondria
make energy + O2 from sugar
cellular respiration
sugar + O2 ATP
Chloroplasts
make energy + sugar from sunlight
photosynthesis
sunlight + CO2 ATP & sugar
ATP = active energy
sugar = stored energy
build leaves & roots & fruit
out of the sugars
ATP
sugar
ATP
28. Regents Biology
Mitochondria
Almost all eukaryotic cells have mitochondria
there may be 1 very large mitochondrion or
100s to 1000s of individual mitochondria
number of mitochondria is correlated with
aerobic metabolic activity
more activity = more energy
needed = more mitochondria
What cells would
have a lot of
mitochondria?
active cells:
• muscle cells
• nerve cells
30. Regents Biology
Chloroplasts
Function
photosynthesis
generate ATP & synthesize sugars
transform solar energy into chemical energy
produce sugars from CO2 & H2O
Semi-autonomous
moving, changing shape & dividing
can reproduce by pinching in two
Who else divides
like that?
bacteria!
32. Regents Biology
Endosymbiosis theory
Mitochondria & chloroplasts were once
free living bacteria
engulfed by ancestral eukaryote
Endosymbiont
cell that lives within another cell (host)
as a partnership
evolutionary advantage
for both
one supplies energy
the other supplies raw materials
& protection
Lynn Margulis
U of M, Amherst
1981 | ??
35. Regents Biology
central vacuole
storage: food,
water or waste
mitochondria
make ATP in
cellular respiration
chloroplast
make ATP & sugars in
photosynthesis
cell wall
support
cell membrane
cell boundary
controls movement
of materials in & out
recognizes signals
lysosome
digestion & clean up
cytoplasm
36. Regents Biology
Cells need workers (proteins)!
Making proteins
to run daily life & growth, the cell must…
read genes (DNA)
build proteins
structural proteins (muscle fibers, hair, skin, claws)
enzymes (speed up chemical reactions)
signals (hormones) & receptors
organelles that do this work…
nucleus
ribosomes
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Golgi apparatus
37. Regents Biology
Proteins do all the work!
cellsDNA proteins
one of the major job of cells is to make proteins,
because…
proteins do all the work!
signals
structure
enzymes
receptors
38. Regents Biology
Nucleus
Function
control center of cell
protects DNA
instructions for building proteins
Structure
nuclear membrane
nucleolus
ribosome factory
chromosomes
DNA
39. Regents Biology
Ribosomes on ER
Ribosomes
Function
protein factories
Eukaryotes have 80S, prokaryotes 70S
read instructions to build proteins from DNA
Structure
2 subunits
some free in cytoplasm
some attached to ER
large
subunit
small
subunit
40. Regents Biology
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Function
part of protein factory
helps complete the
proteins
makes membranes
Structure
rough ER
ribosomes attached
works on proteins
smooth ER
makes membranes
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lysosome
food digestion
garbage disposal &
recycling
cell membrane
cell boundary
controls movement
of materials in & out
recognizes signals
cytoplasm
jelly-like material holding
organelles in place
vacuole & vesicles
transport inside cells
storage
mitochondria
make ATP energy
from sugar + O2
nucleus
protects DNA
controls cell
ribosomes
builds proteins
ER
helps finish proteins
makes membranes
42. Regents Biology transport vesicles
vesicles
carrying proteins
Golgi Apparatus
Function
finishes, sorts, labels & ships proteins
like UPS headquarters
shipping & receiving department
ships proteins in vesicles
“UPS trucks”
Structure
membrane sacs
43. Regents Biology
cell membrane
cell boundary
controls movement
of materials in & out
recognizes signals
cytoplasm
lattice material holding
organelles in place
vacuole & vesicles
transport inside cells
storage
mitochondria
make ATP energy
from sugar + O2
nucleus
protects DNA
controls cell
ribosomes
builds proteins
ER
helps finish proteins
makes membranes
Golgi apparatus
finishes, packages
& ships proteins
lysosome
food digestion
garbage disposal &
recycling
44. Regents Biology
central vacuole
storage: food,
water or waste
mitochondria
make ATP in
cellular respiration
chloroplast
make ATP & sugars in
photosynthesis
cell wall
support
cell membrane
cell boundary
controls movement
of materials in & out
recognizes signals
Golgi apparatus
finish & ship
proteins
nucleus
control cell
protects DNA
endoplasmic reticulum
processes proteins
makes membranes
lysosome
digestion & clean up
cytoplasm
ribosomes
make proteins