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Rujroad Photography
Digital Photography I
The Basics
Rujroad
Photography
rujroadk@msn.com

rujroadk@msn.com Rujroadk- Digital Photography2
Photography
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γραφις graphis (“ ", “ ")

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rujroadk@msn.com Rujroadk- Digital Photography

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, makes
silhouettesrujroadk@msn.com Rujroadk- Digital Photography

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silhouettes)

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Overcast Light – , ,

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(Quality)


Direction

(Contrast)

 Difference between the lightest and darkest tones of the subject or image
(Source)
(Ambient) – daylight, tungsten, fluorescent, firelight
(Artificial) – flash, tungsten
(Intensity)



 ,

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(Color)
 : Red, Green and Blue
 “ ” –
 “ ” –
 Expressed in Kelvin (K):
 ~ 3000K
 Fluorescent ~ 4100K
 Flash ~ 5400K

 Day light ~ 5200K
 Cloudy) ~ 6000K
 Shade) ~ 8000K
 Referred to as “White Balance” in digital photography.

White Balance)
4100K (Fluorescent)
3000K (Incandescent)
5200K
(Sunlight)
8000K
(Shade)
5400K (Flash)
6000K (Cloudy)

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Exposure
Composition

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(Exposure)
“Photographic Triangle”
Shutter Speed
ApertureISO
CCD/CMOS sensor

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Shutter
CCD
Image source: www.howstuffworks.com
Image source: VisibleDust

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Shutter Speed – Fast
1/1600 sec., stops action

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Shutter Speed – Slow
1/60 sec. pan Left
0.3 sec.
3 sec.

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 (overexposed)
 (underexposed)
 Speed shutter : 1/8000,
1/4000, 1/2000 1/1000, 1/500, 1/250, 1/60, 1/30,
1/15, 1/8, 1/4, 1/2, 1 , 2 30 ,
 1
stop



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(Aperture)
iris )

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 f-stop
number:
1.4 2.0 2.8 4 5.6 8
11 16 22

1 stop

F/16
F/8
 f-stop
 f/2 50mm

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Aperture And Depth Of Field
f/2.8 f/16

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





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The following reciprocals will yield the same exposure:
What changes is how much is sharp and in focus.
f/2.8 1/500 sec.
f/4 1/250 sec.
f/5.6 1/125 sec.
f/8 1/60 sec.
f/11 1/30 sec.
f/16 1/15 sec.
f/22 1/8 sec.

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



 (Matrix/Evaluative),
Center-weighted, (Spot metering)
 “ 18%” “ ”


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Exposure
Compensation)

 +/- 2 EV (Exposure
Value) in steps of 0.3 EV


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ISO


(hence, ISO) – 100, 200, 400, 800,
 ISO noise

ISO

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 ASA – American Standards Association. Most
common film speed rating in the U.S. until the
conversion to ISO. Only the name has changed.
 ISO – International Standards Organization.
Most common film speed rating in the U.S.
Doubling the value doubles the film speed.
 DIN – Deutsche Industrie Norm. Based on a
logarithmic scale where each increase
represents 1/3 stop. E.g. ISO 800/30 on a roll
of ISO (ASA) 800 film indicates that the DIN
rating is 30.

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Higher ISO = More Noise! 
ISO 3200

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…
Exposure :
Shutter Speed
Aperture –
ISO –
:
White Balance –

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…

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Cameras
Three popular types of cameras on
the market for the consumer
Point-and-shoot SLR (Single-lens Reflex)
Mirror Less Cam

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Cameras
Point-and-shoot
 Viewfinder separate from
lens
 Small and compact
 Fixed lens
 Shutter delay
 Usually fully automatic
(some exceptions, like
Olympus C-series)
SLR (Single-lens Reflex)
 Based on 35mm design
 Actual image seen in viewfinder
 Interchangeable lenses (more flexible
composition)
 Ability to use filters
 More advanced metering and shutter
system
 Little to no shutter delay
 Automatic, Program (“Scene”), Shutter
Priority, Aperture Priority and Manual
modes
 Flash hot shoe
 Pro models may not have pop-up flash or
Program (“scene”) modes

mirror less camera
rujroadk@msn.com rujroad- Digital Photography36
Between Compact and DSLR
CCD bigger than Compact
Can change Lens
No Viewfinder
Direct Light to Censor
Smaller than DSLR
Semi Pro models
High Quality image

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Point-and-shoot Anatomy
 Viewfinder separate from lens (better to use LCD on digital)
 Actual image (as exposed) is not quite the same as in the viewfinder
 Much simpler design than SLRs.
Light Path
Lens
Camera Body
Viewfinder
(front)
Shutter
Sensor or Film
Viewfinder
Focal Length
LCD Screen
(Digital)

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SLR Anatomy
 Through-the-lens (TTL) viewing (works like a periscope)
 Actual image (as exposed) is shown in the viewfinder
 Mirror flips up when the shutter release is pressed, exposing the sensor (and
blacking out the viewfinder)
 “Reflex” comes from the use of the mirrors in the viewfinder system.
Light Path
Lens
Camera Body
Focusing Screen
Mirror (Pentaprism)
Mirror
(flips up)
Shutter
Sensor or Film
Viewfinder
Focal Length
LCD Screen
(Digital)

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
 ,






 ISO ISO

 ISO, Shutter
speed, aperture, Metadata

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

medium
or large format
 Full
Frame)
x
 Blown highlights – no information means no
information; film is better at rendering
overexposed areas more naturally

 rujroadk@msn.com Rujroadk- Digital Photography

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



 shutter lag


 Slide shows – projectors designed for business graphics
render poor photographic quality and awful color.

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Choosing A Digital Camera
!
Pixel
.

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Megapixel Madness

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?


6MP ~ 3008 x 2000 pixels (Nikon D70)
3008/300 = 10.027 in.
2000/300 = 6.667 in.


 .

The following chart can be used as a guide to help you decide what resolution camera you should purchase
Digital Camera Resolution Chart
Capture Resolution
Video
Display*
Print Size***
2x3" 4x5"/4x6" 5x7" 8x10" 11x14" 16x20" 20x30"
320x240 Acceptable Good Acceptable Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor
640x480 - 0.3 Megapixel Good Excellent Good Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor
800x600 Excellent Photo Quality Very Good Acceptable Poor Poor Poor Poor
1024x768 Excellent Photo Quality Excellent Good Acceptable Poor Poor Poor
1280x960 - 1 Megapixel Excellent Photo Quality Photo Quality Very Good Good Poor Poor Poor
1536x1180 Excellent** Photo Quality Photo Quality Excellent Very Good Acceptable poor poor
1600x1200 - 2 Megapixel Excellent** Photo Quality Photo Quality Photo Quality Very Good Acceptable Acceptable Poor
2048x1536 - 3 Megapixel Excellent** Photo Quality Photo Quality Photo Quality Excellent Good Acceptable Acceptable
2240x1680 - 4 Megapixel Excellent** Photo Quality Photo Quality Photo QualityPhoto Quality Very Good Good Acceptable
2560x1920 - 5 Megapixel Excellent** Photo Quality Photo Quality Photo QualityPhoto Quality Excellent Very Good Very Good
3032x2008 - 6 Megapixel Excellent** Photo Quality Photo Quality Photo QualityPhoto Quality Photo Quality Excellent Very Good
3072x2304 - 7 Megapixel Excellent** Photo Quality Photo Quality Photo QualityPhoto Quality Photo Quality Excellent Excellent
3264x2448 - 8 Megapixel Excellent** Photo Quality Photo Quality Photo QualityPhoto Quality Photo Quality Photo Quality Excellent
10 Megapixel + Excellent** Photo Quality Photo Quality Photo QualityPhoto Quality Photo Quality Photo Quality
Photo
Quality

Poor Noticeably Grainy (pixelated)
Acceptable Obviously not a real photo, but some details are visible
Good Can tell it is not a photo but most details are discernable
Very Good Can tell it is not a photo at normal distance, but good enough for many uses
Excellent Difficult to tell from real photo at normal viewing distance
Photo Quality On a photo-quality printer, the human eye should not be able to tell the
difference at a normal viewing distance
* Either television or computer display (e.g. Web Page)
** Will produce an excessively large file size that would be inappropriate for web applications
*** Using a typical Photo Quality Desktop printer

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?

?



 Sharpness
 Distortion
 (optical vs. digital)
 Digital zoom ! 

 Built-in flash
 Red-eye reduction
 Can you control it?
 M,B C-function
 mA)
 CF SD XD Memory stick
 rujroadk@msn.com Rujroadk- Digital Photography

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About The Cards
Pick One
Compact Flash SD MiniSD xD
MultiMediaCard RS-MMC
(Reduced-Size
MultiMediaCard)
SmartMedia Memory Stick
Image source: Lexar

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
 Format the card
 Set up the camera
 Date and time
 Bells and whistles (literally!)
 Digital zoom – if you can turn it off, do it!
 Mode: Auto, Program, Aperture Priority, Shutter Priority, Manual
 ISO
 White balance
 Color space (Never mind!)
 Image quality and file type
 JPEG (Joint Photo Experts Group) – in-camera processing, lossy (small, medium,
large), 8-bits (256 shades of color) per channel (16.7 million colors)
 TIFF (Tagged Image File Format) – in-camera processing, uncompressed,
lossless, 8-bits per channel
 RAW – direct output from the sensor, little to no in-camera processing, 12-bit
(4096 shades of color) per channel (68.7 billion colors)
 ??


 DSLR



 Processrujroadk@msn.com rujroad- Digital Photography50

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:
Exposure
Composition

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Composition

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Composition
 There are established “guidelines”,
but ultimately, it’s about your
artistic vision
 Very subjective
 Not always a conscious thing –
listen to your heart!
 Simplify, Simplify, Simplify!

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Simplify

Simplify

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Simplif
y
Simplify

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Simplif
y

Simplif
y

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Composition)







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Composition
 Photoshop!
 “Photoshop doesn’t make a bad photograph good, it makes a
bad photograph big.”




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Rule Of Thirds)

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!

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Tips For Better Composition

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Learn, Practice, Then Forget
, ,
!
You are only limited by
your own creativity!

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Now That You Have Your
Pictures
Time for the workflow
Why do you need a workflow?
Because your photos are trapped in your card
and somebody has to liberate them
Because it’s too expensive not to get them out
and print/email/put-them-on-the-web yourself
Because you want artistic control over how your
photos are displayed

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Now That You Have Your
Pictures
Typical Post-capture Workflow:
Download And
Store
File naming
Storage
Metadata Edit
Crop/Straighten
Tone
Contrast
Color correction
Sharpening
Cataloging
Output
Printer
Email
Web
Image source: Epson

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Download And Store
 Downloading directly from the camera can be slow
 usually USB 2.0 – maximum transfer rate of 480
Mbits/sec.
 Use a fast external card reader if possible
 USB 3.0 capable of up to 5-8 Gbits/sec.
 Software available to download, rename, add metadata
 Downloader Pro (Breeze Systems)
 Photo Mechanic (Camera Bits)
 .
Use the same file naming
scheme for your edits and originals.
 Metadata
.

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! Backups!
Backups!
CD
DVD 5-10
!

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

 ,

 metadata
 EXIF (Exchangeable Image File Format)
 IPTC (The International Press Telecommunications
Council)

 Adobe Photoshop
 Photo Mechanic
 iPhoto

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
 EXIF
 IPTC
 File names
 Folder names
 Allows searching of your photos regardless of
where they are
 Popular software
 Adobe Photoshop Elements
 Extensis Portfolio
 iView MediaPro
 Canto Cumulus

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Time To Edit
 Crop and straighten
 Tone and contrast
 Color correction
 Creative sharpening
 Many software packages available:
 Adobe
 Corel
 Apple
 Microsoft
 Extensis
 Ulead
 JASC
 Nova
 Free/share-ware
 Etc.

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Adobe
Photoshop?
Because it’s the best!
Because the camera is good, but you might be able
to do better in post
Because your in-camera technique is good,
but you might be able to do better in post
Because you might have been forced to do
something like underexpose on purpose, and only
you know how to deal with that

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Why Adobe Photoshop?
Because you may
want to create a
piece of art out of
your photos…

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Adobe Photoshop Family
 Adobe Photoshop Album 2.0 – casual
snapshooters
 Adobe Photoshop Album Starter Edition 3.0
 Adobe Photoshop Elements 3.0 – photo
enthusiasts and most amateur photographers
(This is probably all you need!)
 Adobe Photoshop CS2 – professional gold
standard

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Sharing Your Photos
 Print
 Desktop printers
 Commercial printing services
 Shutterfly, Ofoto, etc.
 Costco
 Web
 Online services
 Shutterfly, Ofoto, etc.
 Web pages (72 dpi)
 Email
 Good for small files only! (72 dpi)

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Printing Tips

 Set the correct printer and paper (including size,
orientation, fit on paper)
 Your software gives you options, then your printer
gives you options – can be confusing
 – either let your software manage the
colors, or let the printer do it, but not both!
 Set the color profile of the paper you’re using
 Do a nozzle check beforehand. (Keep scrap plain
paper around!)
 .
 Use third-party inks and paper at your own peril!

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
Mbyte

dpi, 4 pixels

winzip


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Web Tips
 If you have already enhanced your
photos, make sure your service
(Shutterfly, Ofoto, etc.) doesn’t
enhance them again!
 If you manage your own web pages,
use small files (72 dpi)
 Software available to create galleries
 Adobe Photoshop
 CompuPic

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Sharpening
 In digital terms, adding adjacent light and dark
pixels to enhance contrast
 Amount – how much (gas pedal)
 Halo (Radius) – how many pixels affected
 Threshold – how many surrounding pixels considered
“edge”
 Different needs
 Print: inkjet, laser, offset, etc.
 Web/email (screen)
 After resizing
 Schools of thought
 For output only
 Workflow (artistic) sharpening

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“Good art comes of good
craftspersonship.”

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Photography
 The Digital Photography Book Scott Kelby
 Digital photography: expert techniques Ken Milburn
 The Adobe Photoshop CS5 Book for Digital Photographers
 The Adobe Photoshop Lightroom 3 Book for Digital Photographers Scott
Kelby
 The Photoshop Elements 7 Book for Digital Photographers Scott Kelby
 Scott Kelby's Digital Photography Books, Volumes 1, 2, and 3, EPub

Photoshop on the Web
Adobe Photoshop (http://www.adobe.com/products/photoshop/overview.html)
National Association of Photoshop Professionals (NAPP)
(http://www.photoshopuser.com/)
a blog/Photoshop site made to house and showcase some of the best Photoshop
tutorials (http://psd.tutsplus.com/)
Scott founded KelbyTraining.com (http://www.scottkelby.com/)
Web Blog for Knowledge about Photography (http://www.digitalpixels.net/)
Photoshop News (http://photoshopnews.com/)
Photoshop Café (http://www.photoshopcafe.com/)
Adobe Evangelists (http://www.adobeevangelists.com/)rujroadk@msn.com Rujroadk- Digital Photography

Rujroad Photography
Rujroad
Photography
rujroadk@msn.com

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