Prof. dr. rs mehta book

PUBLICATIONS
OF
PROF. DR. RAM SHARAN MEHTA
(Research Related)
CV, Abstracts, Research Articles,
Proposals, Projects & Research Notes

CURRICULUM VITE
Name : Prof. Dr. Ram Sharan Mehta
Designation : Professor (Medical-Surgical Nursing Department)
Date of birth : 30-12-1962 (2019-09-15)
Sex : Male
Marital status : Married with one son.
Nationality : Nepali
Religion : Hindu
Language : Fluent in English, Nepali, Hindi, Bhojpuris and Maithili (both written and spoken)
Permanent address : District: Sunsari, Rajgunj Sinuwari, VDC–5, Nepal
ACADEMIC QUALIFICATION
Degree Institution year percentage
S. L.C. SLC Board, Nepal 2039(1982) 62.5(1st
div)
I. Sc. T. U. Institute of science 2044(1987) 57.7(2nd
div)
ROPFFESSIONAL QUALIFICATION
Degree Institution Year Percentage
PCL (GNM) in nursing TU, IOM 046(1990) 77.2(1st
div)
Bachelor in Nursing TU, IOM 2054(1997) 85.7(distinction)
M. Sc. Nursing P. U. (PGIMER) 2059(2002) 70.47 (1st
div)
(Medical-surgical) Chandigarh, India
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) TU, FOHSS, RD 2068 (2011)

JOB EXPERIENCE
Designation Institution Duration
Health-aid Koshi zonal hospital, Biratnagar 2046-11-3 to 2046-12-4 (1.0M)
Staff-Nurse Rukum district hospital 2046-12-10 to 2047-6-9 (6.0M)
Clinical In-charge NFPA, Nepalgunj. 2047-7-15 to 2048-3-27 (8.0M)
Staff Nurse Bir-hospital, Katmandu 2048-2-21 to 2048-9-20 (7.0M)
Staff Nurse ERH, Dharan 2048-8-22 to 2050-4-1 (1.5Y)
Staff Nurse BPKIHS, Dharan 2050-4-1 to 2054-10-16 (4.5Y)
Nursing officer BPKIHS, Dharan 2054-10-17 to 2060-1-5 (5.0Y)
Senior Nursing Officer BPKIHS, 2060-1-2 to 2060-5-7 (4.0M)
Assistant Professor BPKIHS 28-8-2004 to 23-12-2007 (3.5Y)
Associate Professor BPKIHS 24-12-2007 to 13-3-2011 (3.2Y)
Additional Professor BPKIHS 14-3-2011 to 09-02-2014 (3.0Y)
Professor BPKIHS 10-02-2014 to continue
JOB DESCRIPTION:
Presently involved in teaching learning activities of CN programme, Generic B.Sc. nursing
programme, Bachelor in Nursing & M.Sc. Nursing Programme of the subjects Medical surgical
nursing, Fundamental of nursing, Advance Nursing Concepts, Leadership & Management and
Research. Completed the responsibility of deputy programme coordinator & coordinator of
Certificate and B. Sc. Nursing. Involved in In-service Education Programme of College of
Nursing. Supervisor of medical surgical nursing units, Provide clinical guidance on Basic
nursing concepts, fundamental of nursing, Medical-Surgical Nursing, Leadership-Management
and Research to the students. Assist in administrative activities and clinical Supervision of M.
Sc. Nursing, B.Sc. and C.N. student. Trainer of various workshops and training within and
outside the Institute. Involved as Member of various committees like, Entrance Committee,
coordinator anti-raging rapid response team, quality control committee of BPKIHS, and actively
involved in various research activities and research guide of M.Sc. Nursing & B.Sc. Nursing
Students. At Present I am involved in teaching Certificate Nursing, B.Sc. Nursing and M. Sc
Nursing students along with B.Sc. Radiology, B.Sc. in Laboratory Technology and B.Sc. OT at
B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences. At present I am the Coordinator of Post Graduate
Nursing Programme (M.Sc. Nursing) at BPKIHS.

CORDINATOR/MEMBER OF SPECIAL COMMITTEE
1. Member, Quality Assurance Committee: 2061-4-10 to 2063-5-29
2. Member, Research Committee: 21st
April 2008 to 21st
April 2011
3. Coordinator, Certificate Nursing Programme: 1st
September 2008 to 1st
September 2010
4. Member, Scholarship & Loan for Students committee, 2004-2005.
5. Member: HIV/AIDS core committee, BPKIHS, 2009 till date
6. Coordinator: M. Sc. Nursing Programme: 1st
September 2012 to 1st
September 2014.
7. Member: Entrance Committee of BPKIHS 2013.
PARTICIPATED IN RESEARCH RELATED TRAINING AND WORKSHOPS:
1. Research Methodology Training: 19-23 September, 2005, Organized by NHRC.
2. Training of Trainers on Data management & Analysis: 24-28 October 2005 Organized by NHRC.
3. Clinical Epidemiology Training Programme: 11-13 July 2005, Organized at BPKIHS.
4. Training of Trainer’s on advanced statistical Measures used in Epidemiological Research Design
(13-22 dept. 06) conducted by NHRC.
5. Epidemiology training (15-17 Nov. 06) organized by INDIACLEN.
6. Statistical Methods in Medical Research and introduction to SPSS: 10-11 July 2010, NIMHANS,
Bangalore, India.
7. Medical Writing Training: 17-20 May, 2011, PHSI, New Delhi, India.
8. Organizer and Resource Person: Research Methodology Training 3-7 March 2013.
9. Design and Conduct of Observational Studies: 11-14 March, 2014, New Delhi.
CONGRESS/CONFERENCES/WORKSHOP/TRAINING/MEETING
ATTAINDED:
1. International Conference on Pain: 25-26 February 2000.
2. M.Sc. Nursing Curriculum Development Workshop: 24-27 November 2003.
3. ONAI, Oncology Nursing Conference, 6-8 January 2005. Mumbai
4. ISCCM, Critical Care Congress 2012: 15-19 February 2012, Pune, India.
5. SARS Surveillance and Hospital Infection Control Training: 25-26 May 2004, MOH.
6. Short Term Training on HIV/AIDS: 17-18 January 2008.
7. Workshop: Nursing Management of Patient with Epilepsy. 10-19 September 2001.
8. Workshop: Nursing Management of Spinal Injury. 28th
August to 6th
September 2000.
9. Workshop: Palliative Care-Role of Nurse. 16-25 April 2001.
10. Workshop: Airway, Ventilation & Resuscitation. 13-14 March 2004. BPKIHS
11. Conference: Cancer Nursing 8-12, 2004, Sydney, Australia.
12. Primary Trauma Care: 3-5 October 2007, at BPKIHS
13. Logistic Management TOT for ARV drug and HIV test kits. 30th
May to 6th
June 2006.
14. Conference: ANEMECON-21, 5-8 March 2003. BPKIHS
15. Participation: INDIACLEN MEETING 2006. 15-17 November 2006.
16. Conference: GPAN.26-27 November 2006. Kathmandu.
17. Conference: 7th
Asian Cardiac Nursing. 20-22 February 2007, Escort, New Delhi.
18. Participation: National CME of Psychiatrics. 29-30 November 2007.
19. Conference: EMCON 2008, 14-16 November 2008, Salem, India.
20. Workshop: Head & Neck Live Surgery. 12-14 October 2007. BPKIHS.
21. Conference: 3rd
National AIDS conference. 4-7 July 2008. Kathmandu.

22. Conference: SAARC Tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS & Respiratory Disease. 15-18 December 2008.
Kathmandu, Nepal.
23. Conference: Cancer Nursing. 17-21 August 2008, Singapore.
24. Workshop: Trauma and Emergency Nursing Course. EMCON, 2008. Salem, India.
25. Participation: Holistic Health Conference for Nursing Professionals. 18-22 September 2009. Abu
Road, Rajasthan, India.
26. Course: Comprehensive Trauma Life Support, ITACCS, INDIA, 20-22 August 2009, Kolkata, India.
27. Teachers Training Completion: 2-4 May 2010.
28. European AIDS Conference, 12-15 October 2011, Belgrade, Serbia, Europe
29. 15th
WCTOH, Singapore, 20-24 March, 2012.
30. Criticare. 18-19 October 2012, Pune, India
31. Duty: International Conference, 3-5 Jaunary 2013, Kochin Kerala
32. Participated and Presented Paper on World Congress of Nephrology, 31 May to 4th
June 2013,
Hong Kong.
33. Global Nursing Leadership Training (GNLI), 7-13th
August 2013, Geneva, Switzerland.
34. 14th
European AIDS Conference, 16-19 October 2013, Brussels, Belgium.
FACILITATOR, RESOURCE PERSON OF WORKSHOPS/SEMINARS:
1. Resource Person: Training of Trainers on Clinical Management of Sever
Malaria. 28-31October 2007, BPKIHS
2. Facilitator: Short Term Training for Ward Attainments & Hospital Aids.
3. Resource Person: Development of Nursing Procedure Manuel. 8-10 June 2011. BPKIHS
SPECIAL GUEST LECTURE, PLENARY TALKS & APPRECIATION:
1. Appreciation for participation in: Diabetes, Hypertension, and Kidney disease screening camp.
2. Appreciation for judge for 19th
Scientific Session September 2012, BPKIHS.
3. Appreciation for conducting Entrance exam 2007. BPKIHS.
4. Appreciation: 7th
Convocation Ceremony of BPKIHS. 22 January 2010.
VISITING CONSULTANT/FACULTY:
1. Chitwan Medical College, TU, for M.Sc. Nursing Programme.
2. National Medical College, TU, for Bachelor Nursing Programme.
COUNTRIES VISITED:
1. India: New Delhi, Mumbai, Chandigarh, Cheeni, Kanya Kumari, Kochin, Kerala, Selam, Pune,
Amritsar, Simla, Hariduar, Risikesh, Kolkata, Patna, & Others.
2. Singapore
3. Thailand
4. Sydney, Australia
5. Austria, Europe
6. Serbia, Belgrade, Europe
7. Hong Kong
8. Belgium: Brussels
9. Netherlands: Amsterdam
10. France: Paris

11. Switzerland: Geneva
PRIZE, AWARD, SCHOLARSHIP & MEDALS RECEIVED:
1. Awarded “VICE-CHANCELLOR GOLD MEDAL” in 1997- for topper in all bachelor programmes in
Tribhuvan University (TU).
2. MERA DEVI RANA GOLD MEDAL of 2055 of TU, IOM- For topper in medical-surgical nursing.
3. MAHENDRA BIDYA BHUSHAN (GA) of 2000-For distinction and topper in bachelor programme in
T.U.
4. Rup Kumari Gurng Nursing Scholarship, for 2052/2053 BS.
5. Mahendra Bidhya Bhusan (KA): Completing PhD, 2013
6. Ph.D. Scholarship, 2008, UGC, Sanothimi, Bhaktpur, Nepal
7. Travelling Scholarship: to attain 13th
Europian AIDS conference, Belgrade, Serbia
8. Travelling Scholarship: to attain ISNCC cancer conference at Sydney, Australia
9. EAC travelling grant, 2011 to attain 13th
EAC at Belgrade, Srbia, Europe
10. WCN travelling grant, 2013 to attain Nephrology Conference at Hong Kong
11. EAC travelling grant, 2013 to attain 14th
EAC at Belgium, Europe
12. ICN, leadership training grant 7-13 August 2013 at Switzerland, Europe
13. Best Teachers Award, 2014, BPKIHS & Parikarma Society, Nepal
EXAMINER:
Examiner of Practical examinations of “Fundamentals of Nursing”, “Basic Nursing Concepts”, “Medical-
Surgical Nursing”, “Research”, “Leadership & Management” and “Nursing Education” to the
Certificate Nursing, B. Sc. Nursing and M. Sc. Nursing Students and served as the external examiner in
other universities of Nepal like Tribhuvan University, Purbanchal University and Kathmandu University.
LIFE MEMBER/MEMBER/ADVISOR & OTHERS:
1. Life Member of Nursing Association of Nepal (No- 1011)
2. Life Member of Asian Association of Cardiac Nurses (No- 00611)
3. Nepal Nursing Council Registration No- 507
4. Founder President of Rural Awareness Center, Sunsari, HMG-Reg. No. 482/447(2054),
SWC Reg. No-19039
5. Advisor and Members of various NGOs & INGOs of Sunsari & Morang District
8. President: Nursing Association of Nepal, BPKIHS Unit, Dharan (2010 till date)
9. Member: International AIDS Society (IAS)
10. Member: Academic Council, Purbachal Universtiy, 2011-2013.

RESEARCH/THESIS GUIDE/SUPERVISOR:
1. Change in the Knowledge and Attitude of ANMs Working at BPKIHS Regarding Cervical Cancer
after Educational Intervention. ( B. Sc. Nursing 2003)
2. Quality of Life of Patients of with Hypertension ( B. Sc. Nursing 2005)
3. Impact of Education Intervention on Knowledge Regarding Legal Issues among the Nursing
Personnel working in BPKIHS. ( B. Sc. Nursing 2006)
4. Knowledge and Practice of Universal Precaution among the nurses working in Medical-Surgical
Nursing Department of BPKIHS (B. Sc. Nursing, 2007).
5. Professional Satisfaction among the Pass-out B. Sc. Nursing graduates from BPKIHS. (B. Sc.
Nursing, 2008).
6. Knowledge Attitude and Practice Regarding Post Exposure Prophylaxis of HIV among the Nurses
Working in BPKIHS (B. Sc. Nursing, 2009).
7. Effectiveness of Education Intervention Programme on Hepatitis-B among the High School
students at Dharan (B. Sc. Nursing, 2010).
8. Nutritional status of the People Living with AIDS receiving ART at BPKIHS (B. Sc. Nursing, 2011).
9. Knowledge and Self Care Practice among the Clients of Chronic Liver Disease Attending B.P.
Koirala Institute of Health Sciences (B. Sc. Nursing, 2012).
10. Effectiveness of Educational Intervention on Knowledge Regarding CKD among the Nurses
working in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Eastern Nepal (Master Thesis, 2013)
SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS:
1. Impact of training programme on care of people living with HIV/AIDS among the nurses working
in BPKIHS. Nursing Journal of Nepal. 2010; 5:11-17.
2. Patient’s attitude towards nursing students of BPKIHS. Journal of Nepal Health Research
Council. 2006; 4(2):45-50.
3. Risk factors, associated health problems, reasons for admission and knowledge profile of
diabetes patients admitted in BPKIHS. KUMJ; 2006; 4(1):11-13.
4. Effect of training programme regarding First-aid management among the high school students.
2005; 3(1): 17-22.
5. Satisfaction of patients and their relatives receiving nursing care at BPKIHS. Journal of Nepal
nursing council. 2004; 2(2): 45-47.
6. Analysis of Nursing work activities in relation to patient care in medical surgical wards of a
tertiary level super-specialty hospital of Nepal. Journal of the Hospital Administration. 2004;
16(2):19-22.
7. Socio-demographic profile and outcome of the admitted AIDS patients in BPKIHS Nepal. Journal
of Tuberculosis, Lung Disease, and HIV/AIDS. 2007; 4(1): 19-22.
8. Perception of nursing students about nursing Profession. Nursing Magazine of NNC. 2006;
(3):82-83.
9. An overview of nursing service in TUTH. Journal of nursing education of Nepal. 1998; 1(1): 1-6.
10. Job-related stress among the nurses working in PBKIHS, Nepal. Nursing and Midwifery Research
Journal. 2005; 1(2): 70-76.
11. Research article, "Overview of nursing service at TUTH”, published in Journal of Nursing
Education of Nepal, 1998.
12. Nurses responsibilities in pain management. Published in Journal of Nursing Education of
Nepal, 2000.

13. Satisfaction of client’s and their relatives receive nursing at BPKIHS published in journal of the
Nepal nursing council 2004.
14. Nursing standards. Published in the Journal of Nepal Nursing Council 2004
15. Stress and it’s management co-author. Published in Journal of NEN 2004
16. Biomedical waste and Hospital Acquired infection. Published in Journal of Nursing Education of
Nepal 2004
17. Article, “quality patient care and nursing audit”, published in SOVENIR 40th
anniversary
celebration of nursing campus, Lalitpur, 1st
January 1997:22-23.
18. Research article (co-author):-Initial experiences with intermittent peritoneal dialysis at BPKIHS.
(Published in Indian kidney society journals).
19. Article, "Nursing profession in Nepal: past present and future”, published in Vision of BPKIHS
2056. (In Nepali)
20. Article, "common legal issues related to nursing”, published in VISION of BPKIHS 2056.
21. A study about health hazards among nursing personnel working at TUTH. Published in NAN,
Journal, 2056.
22. Relationship between admission eligibility criteria and academic success of the B.Sc. nursing
students admitted at BPKIHS ( Co-author).(Published in Indexed Journal-JNMC)
23. Publication of booklets: [for public information & interest: Free distribution by author]
a. Diabetes Patient Care
b. First-Aid: Common Problems
c. Cancer: Education & Information
d. Renal Failure
e. Hypertension: Information
f. HIV/AIDS: Information
g. HBC to the People Living with HIV/AIDS.
24. Publication of Books: [By: Jaypee Brothers, India & Makalu Publication, Nepal]
a. NURSING CONCEPTS”: ISBN: 99946-679-5-5: 2nd
Edition on 2009
b. Hand book of Diagnostic Procedures: ISBN: 99946-705-6-5
c. Leadership and Management: ISBN: 99946-755-9-1: 3nd
Edition
d. Oncology Nursing, Jaypee Brothers, India: ISBN: 81-8448-098-9
e. Text Book of Nursing Research. ISBN:978-9937-503-76-1, 2012
f. Nursing Entrance Guide: 2012
SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH PROJECTS COMPLETED:
1. Knowledge and practice of Health Hazards among the nurses working in the general wards of
TUTH; 1997.
2. Satisfaction of patients and their relatives receiving nursing care at BPKIHS; 1998. (Under BPKIHS
grant.)
3. Initial experiences with intermittent PD at BPKIHS; 1998.
4. Effectiveness of maintaining oral hygiene nursing care among self-care deficit patient. (paper
presented on BPKIHS Scientific forum 2003)
5. Socio-Economic, cultural, and Knowledge profile of kala-azar patients from eastern Nepal.
(Paper presented on BPKIHS Scientific forum)
6. Prevalence of Breast cancer among the admitted patients at BPKIHS.

7. Satisfaction of patient and their relatives regarding Emergency-Nursing service (Under BPKIHS
research grant and paper presented at BPKIHS Scientific forum 2004)
8. Socio-demographic, Knowledge and Health profile of the patients undergoing dialysis at BPKIHS.
(Paper presented on BPKIHS Scientific forum 2003)
9. Risk factors, associated health problems, reasons for admission and knowledge profile of the
diabetic patients admitted in the BPKIHS. (Paper presented at BPKIHS Scientific forum 2004)
10. Confidence of ANMs on performing basic nursing skills before and after planned training
programme for newly appointed ANMs at BPKIHS.2003 (paper presented on BPKIHS Scientific
forum 2003)
11. Analysis of nursing care needed for the patients admitted in medical-surgical wards at
BPKIHS.2003. (Paper presented on BPKIHS Scientific forum 2003)
12. Opinion of Bachelor nursing graduates (B.Sc./BN) regarding M.Sc. nursing programme. (Findings
presented during M.Sc. Nursing Curriculum Development Workshop)
13. Relationship between admission eligibility criteria and academic success of the B.Sc. nursing
students admitted at BPKIHS (paper presented on BPKIHS Scientific forum)
14. Job-satisfaction among staff nurses working at BPKIHS
15. Effect of planned training programme on cervical Cancer among the nurses working at BPKIHS.
(Research co-guide)
16. Perception about nursing among the newly admitted nursing students in 2003 batch at BPKIHS
(paper presented on BPKIHS Scientific forum)
17. Reasons for turnover among the nurses working at BPKIHS. (Under BPKIHS research grant)
18. Effectiveness of informational booklet on Dialysis (under BPKIHS research grant)
19. Job related stress among the nurses working in critical care areas at BPKIHS.(Paper presented in
BPKIHS Scientific forum)
20. Satisfaction of clients in relation to hospital expenditure (Under BPKIHS research grant & Paper
presented in BPKIHS Scientific forum 2005)
21. Effectiveness of first-aid training programme among the high-school students. Under NHRC
Research grant. ( Among 696 Participants) (paper presented on BPKIHS Scientific forum 2006)
22. Effect of First Aid Training Program For School Teachers And School Management Committee
Members of Morang District Nepal
23. Effect of Training for Nurses Working In Teaching District Hospitals. (paper presented on BPKIHS
Scientific forum 2006)
24. Perception of Newly Admitted Nursing Students in 2005 Batch at BPKIHS about Nursing
Profession. (paper presented on BPKIHS Scientific forum 2006)
25. Patients’ Attitude towards Nursing Students of BPKIHS. (paper presented on BPKIHS Scientific
forum 2006)
26. Socio-Demographic Profile of the HIV/AIDS Patients Admitted In BPKIHS. (paper
presented on BPKIHS Scientific forum 2007)

27. Knowledge Profile About the Care of Spinal Cord Injury Patients & Their Caretakers at BPKIHS
(paper presented on BPKIHS Scientific forum 2007)
28. Reasons for Ingestion of OPP among the Admitted Clients in BPKIHS. (Paper presented
on BPKIHS Scientific forum 2007)
29. Effectiveness of Training Programme on Care of Patients with AIDS among the nurses
working in BPKIHS in 2007. (Paper presented in scientific session of BPKIHS in 2008)
30. Profile of the Admitted Cancer Patients in B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences
Nepal. (Paper presented on BPKIHS Scientific forum 2007)
31. Knowledge and attitude towards the people living with HIV/AIDS among the nurses working in
BPKIHS. (paper presented on BPKIHS Scientific forum 2008)
32. Knowledge about HIV/AIDS among the nursing students studying in BPKIHS (Paper
presented in scientific session of BPKIHS in 2008)
33. Needs and Experiences of family members of the patients admitted in ICU/CCU of B. P. Koirala
Institute of Health Science (Paper presented in Scientific Session 2009)
34. Home-based Care to the People living with AIDS and their Effects on the Family in
Eastern Rural Nepal: An Aspects analysis (Paper presented in Scientific Session 2009)
35. Family Burden of the People living with AIDS getting treatment of BPKIH (Paper
presented in Research Forum Meet of BPKIHS 2009)
36. Professional Satisfaction among pass-out B.Sc. Nursing Students of BPKIHS. (Paper presented in
scientific session of BPKIHS 2009)
37. Impact of Education Intervention Programme on Care and Support to the People Living with
HIV/AIDS Receiving ART at BPKIHS.
38. Audit of the Patients Admitted in Critical Care Units of BPKIHS
39. Critical Care Nurses’ Knowledge on Adult Mechanical Ventilation Management
40. Impact of Education Intervention Programme on Care and Support to the People Living
With HIV/AIDS Receiving ART at BPKIHS
41. Critical Care Nurses’ Skill Working in B P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences
42. Nursing Care Times Required Providing the Care to the Patients on Adult Mechanical
Ventilator Admitted in ICU of BPKIHS
43. Home-based Care to the People living with AIDS and their Effects on the Family in
Eastern Rural Nepal: An Aspects analysis.
44. Strengthening leadership qualities among the nurses working in BPKIHS.
45. Enhancing the knowledge and practices on PEP of HIV among the Nurses working in
BPKIHS.
46. Nutritional Status of the People Living with AIDS Receiving ART at BPKIHS.
47. Enhancing the Knowledge and Practices regarding the prevention and care of Hepatitis-B
among the nurses working in Medical Units of BPKIHS.

48. Strengthening Knowledge and Practices Regarding Life Support Measures among the
Nurses Working in Medical Units of BPKIHS.
49. Lung Cancer Patients in Eastern Region of Nepal
50. Lifestyle Pattern among the People Living with AIDS in Eastern Nepal
51. Cancer in the People Living with AIDS.
52. Smoking, Alcohol and Sexual Practices among the PLWHA.
53. Economical Problems Faced by the People Living with AIDS.
54. Profile of the hospitalized Japanese Encephalitis Patients admitted in BPKIHS.
55. Telephone Health Service to Improve the Quality of Life of the People Living with AIDS
in Eastern Nepal.
56. Self-management Intervention to Improve the Quality of Life for People Living with AIDS.
57. Effectiveness of Education Intervention in Improving the QoL of the PLWA in Eastern Nepal
(Continue).
Contact Address:
Ram Sharan Mehta, Ph.D.
Professor
Medical–Surgical Nursing Department
College of Nursing
B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences
Dharan, Sunsari, Nepal
Post Box No: 56701
Tel. No.: 00 977 – 25 – 525555 Ext. 5430(O), 3022 (R)
Fax No. 00 977-25-520251
Mobile: 00977- 9842040537
Email: ramsharanmehta7@yahoo.com, ramsharanmehta@hotmail.com, ramsharanmehta@gmail.com
Websites: www.bpkihs.edu & www.slideshare.net/rsmehta

Abstracts:
1. Satisfaction Of Clients And Their Relatives Regarding Emergency Service At BPKIHS
Mehta RS*
1
, Sharma SK*
2,
Mandal G*
3
Aims and objectives: Emergency nursing is a specialty in which nurse’s care for patients in the
emergency or critical phase of their illness or injury and is adopt at discerning life threatening problems,
rapidly and effective caring out resuscitative measures and other treatment, acting with a high degree of
autonomy and ability to initiate needed measures without outside direction, educating the patient and his
family with the information and emotional support needed to persevere themselves as they cope with a
new reality. The activity of settings and not necessary in an “emergency room”.
Materials and methods: Keeping in view, the increasing emphasis on the quality of nursing care in
today’s health care setting, a study was undertaken to evaluate the, or satisfaction of client’s and their
relatives regarding emergency services at BPKIHS. A descriptive exploratory research design was
adopted to carry out the study among 300 samples with a population proportionate sampling method,
among the client’s admitted in indoor (medial, surgical & Orthopaedic) after minimum stay of 3 Hrs. in
emergency; using valid and reliable interview schedule by the trained interviewers.
Results and conclusions: Majority of the subjects (83%) reported that the request and needs of the
patients were raised and met properly. The most of the subjects reported nurses were of caring attitude,
received patients in friendly atmosphere, maintained privacy, maintain proper communication with clients.
They reported delay information about investigation results. Overall satisfaction was good.
The reasons for dehumanization of patient care in emergency unit reported by various authors are:
Differences in social classes between health care providers and population, standardized care, staff
attitude, patient overload, hospital system, lack of supportive services, poor decision making autonomy
and teaching environment.
2. Demographic Profile And Perceptions About Various Aspects Of Nursing Among The Newly
Admitted Nursing Students At Bpkihs In 2003.
Mehta RS, Khanal SS, Gautam A.
Aims and objectives : In this fast moving society a change in both health care and higher education is
needed. A look at nursing education is evident from the academic achievement of students. Nurses need
additional preparation to work in educational settings, as they need to teach function as clinical
practitioner to fulfill the expanded and emerging role of nurse. Nursing education and its quality, which is
evident from the academic achievement of nursing students, foretells the efficiency of services to be
provided by this students
1
Materials and methods: To find out the demographic characteristics and explore the various motivating
factors to select nursing profession among admitted nursing students in 2003 batch. It was descriptive
exploratory study, conducted among the admitted nursing students in B.Sc. Nursing and Certificate

Nursing programme in 2003 batch at BPKIHS.A total enumerative sampling technique was adopted to
carry out the study. All the 15 students of B.Sc. Nursing and 40 students of certificate nursing were
included in the study. An opinionaire was prepared by the investigator to collect the data. After explaining
the purpose of study, the verbal consent was obtained from the student. The students were assured that
the information obtained will be highly confidential and anonymity will be maintained The study was
conducted in their respected classes after the 2 weeks of orientation programme at BPKIHS by the
investigator, who is the deputy programme coordinator of first year certificate nursing and the nursing
subject teacher of basic nursing concepts of B.Sc. nursing first year. The tool was distributed among the
students and the facts were collected. The collected data were analyzed using average, mean and
percentage: and presented in the forms of tables.
Results and conclusions: The main reasons for selecting nursing as carrier among the B.Sc. Nursing
students were: unable to get selected in MBBS (53%), has good scope & opportunity (40%) , to serve
sick/ needy people (33%) , job security /easy job (27%) and thinking that it is also a medical line.(27%).
Where as the reasons among the C.N students were: Interested to be a nurse (35%), to serve sick/ needy
people (30%), force of the parents (18%) and others.
3. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ADMISSION ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA AND ACADEMIC SUCCESS OF
THE B. SC. NURSING STUDENTS ADMITTED AT BPKIHS
Mehta R.S., Khanal S. S., Niraula S. R., Pokhrel N.,
New millennium has arrived. In this fast moving society a change in both health care and higher
education is needed. A look at nursing education is expected in this quality of education is evident from
the academic achievement of students. It foretells the efficiency of services to be provided by these
students.
Aims and objectives : Evaluation of the skill, knowledge and attitudes is measure with different tools in
all-educational programmes. The examination scores quantify the students. This study analyses the
performances of three senior batches of B. Sc. Nursing graduates from 1996 to 1998 from B.P. Koirala
Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal. BPKIHS established in 1993; as an autonomous,
International health Sciences University with a mandate to work towards developing socially responsible
and competent health work force best suited to look in the present scenario
2
.
The primary outcome of interest was the average percentage scores, of each B.Sc. Nursing students of
first, second, third and fourth year.
Materials and methods: Karl-pearson correlation coefficient was used to identify the association of the
variables. Findings show that the scores in different years of B. Sc. Nursing was significantly correlated
with SLC scores, where as there was no association with I. Sc. Scores. The average B. Sc. Nursing
scores were significantly associated with the performance of SLC, Entrance, B. Sc. – I, B. Sc.–II, B. Sc.–
III and B. Sc.–IV except the I. Sc. Score. Therefore it can be concluded that performance in SLC can be a
predictor for B. Sc. Nursing Scores.
Results and conclusions: The percentage scores in SLC, Entrance, and average B. Sc. Nursing
examination scores were significantly different between the three batches i.e. 1996, 1997 and 1998
(P<0.0001). But the I. Sc. Scores had no significant role in average B. Sc. Nursing scores.

The scores in different years of B. Sc. Nursing was significantly correlated with SLC scores, where as
there was no association with I. Sc. Scores.
The average B. Sc. Nursing scores was significantly associated with the performance of SLC, I. Sc.,
Entrance, B. Sc.- I, B.Sc.- II, B. Sc. III and B. Sc. IV.
Findings of the study clearly indicate that competency and performance of students at the entry level
influence their overall performance in theory and practical. In 21
st
century where the demand, needs,
expectations, and awareness of the society has increased much, Nurses have to equip themselves to
keep in pace with the expectations of the society. To achieve this goal only the competent candidates
should be given chance to undergo Nursing Programme.

5. Risk Factors, Associated Health problems, Reasons For Admission and Knowledge Profile
of Diabetes Patients Admitted in BPKIHS.
Mehta RS*
1
, Karki P*
2
, Sharma SK*
3
Aims and objectives : (DM) is a major non-communicable disease affecting approximately 150 million
people in world in 2002,180 million in 2003 and expected to reach 330 million in 2025. The prevalence of
DM is steadily increasing world wide, particularly in developing countries. It is projected to increase by
170%, out of which 76% will be from developing countries.
Materials and methods: 310 patient were admitted in medical units of BPKIHS between 1-3-2003 to 29-
2-2004.The objective of the study was to find out the demographic profile, Identify the known risk factors,
assess the associated health problems, find out the reasons for admission and explore the knowledge
profile of the patients admitted with diabetes. It was hospital based exploratory study conducted among
the admitted DM patients during the period of 1-3-2003 to 29-2-2004 in medical units using simple
random sampling which included 35 samples.
Results and conclusions: About 53.6% subjects were of age group between 40-60 yr., Hindu 85.7%,
married 92.9%, and non-vegetarian 75.9 %. About 50% of subjects were on Insulin. Majority of subject
(60.69%) used mustard oil in cooking regularly. About 60.7 % subject had hypertension, 39.3 % had
ocular problem, 25 % had renal problems. Majority of subject (82.1 %) knows about the disease (DM)
they were suffering but limited subject had the knowledge about, causes, curability, treatment modalities,
diet, and other aspects. As the knowledge regarding various aspects of DM is very low, there is need for
informational booklet in Nepali and health education programme among public will be very useful.
Key Words: Risk Factors, Associated Health problems, Knowledge profile, Diabetes.
5. EFFECT OF PLANNED EDUCATIONAL INTERVENTION AMONG THE ANMs WORKING AT
BPKIHS REGARDING CERVICAL CANCER.
Pokharel N, Dhungana L, Shrestha N, Piya S, Mehta RS
Cervical Cancer, the 2nd
commonest cancer among female is a major health problem in the World today.
Carcinoma of the cervix accounts for 11% of all cancer. Cervical cancer accounts for 50 – 65 percent of
all malignant tumors of the female reproductive tract. It is the second top carcinoma among women. The
study was conducted to evaluate the change in the knowledge and attitude of Auxiliary Nurse Midwives
(ANMs) working at B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences (BPKIHS) regarding cervical cancer after
educational intervention in 2003.
The objectives of the study were to assess the level of knowledge and attitude regarding cervical cancer,
to provide structured teaching and cervical cancer to evaluate the effectiveness of the structured teaching
programme by assessing the change in the level of knowledge after intervention.
The study was a single group pretest posttest interventional research design with 66 ANMS and it was
census study. Data were collected using a Semi-structured questionnaire, 15 regarding knowledge and 6

regarding attitude about cervical cancer. The teaching module was distributed to ANMs to study followed
by structured interactive session (SIS). Second time data was collected after two weeks of SIS. Data
were analyzed using graph, tables and Z test to test the hypothesis of the study.
The results indicated that there was significant increase in the level of knowledge on cervical cancer
among ANMs working at BPKIHS after educational intervention (P<0.001). Attitude was more or less
similar before and after the Educational Intervention.
The study recommends introducing cervical cancer in the curriculum of ANMs educational programme,
training the ANMs working in different part of the country on cervical cancer and using them to provide
health education to the public.
6. Socio-Demographic and Knowledge profile of the Renal Failure patients under Haemodialysis at
BPKIHS.
Mr. Ram Sharan Mehta, Dr. Sanjeev Sharma, Ms. Bengmu Tamang.
Introduction: Haemodialysis (HD) is a mechanical process of removing waste products from the blood
and replacing essential substances in patients with renal failure. First artificial kidney developed in
Netherlands in 1943 AD First successful treatment of CRF reported in 1960AD, life saving treatment
begins for CRF in 1972 AD. In 1973 AD Medicare took over financial responsibility for many clients and
after that method become popular.
BP Koirala institute of health science is the only center outside the Kathmandu, where HD service is
available. In BPKIHS PD started in Jan.1998, HD started in August 2002 till September 2003 about 278
patients received HD. Day by day the number of HD patients is increasing in BPKIHS as with institutional
growth. No such type of study was conducted in past hence there is lack of valid & reliable baseline data.
Hence, the investigators were interested to conduct the study on " Socio-Demographic and Knowledge
profile of the Renal Failure patients under Haemodialysis at BPKIHS".
Objectives: The objectives of the study were: to find out the Socio-demographic characteristics of
the patients, to explore the knowledge of the patients regarding disease process and
Haemodialysis and to identify the problems encountered by the patients.
Methods: It is a hospital based exploratory study. The population of the study was the clients under HD
and the sampling method was purposive. Fifty-four patients undergone HD during the period of 17 July
2002 to 16 July 2003 of complete one year were included in the study. Structured interview schedule was
used for collect data after obtaining validity and reliability.
Results: Total 54 subjects had undergone for HD, having age range of 5-75 years and majority of
them were male (74%) and Hindu (93 %). Thirty-one percent illiterate, 28% had agriculture their
occupation, 80% of them were from very poor community, and about 30% subjects were unaware
about the disease they suffering. Majority of subjects reported that they had no complications

during dialysis (61%), where as 20% reported nausea and vomiting, 9% Hypotension, 4%
headache and 2%chest pain during dialysis.
Conclusions: CRF leading to HD is a long battle for patients, required to make major and
continuous adjustment, both physiologically and psychologically. The study suggests that non-
compliance with HD regimen were common. The socio-demographic and knowledge profile will
help in the management and early prevention of disease and evaluate aspects that will influence
care and patients can select mode of treatment themselves properly.
7. Confidence of ANMs on performing basic nursing skills before & after planned training
programme for Newly appointed ANMs at BPKIHS.
Mehta RS, Kumar N, Pokharel N
Aims and objectives: The main objective of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the planned
teaching programme by assessing the change in the knowledge and skill on basic nursing.
Materials and methods: The research design used for the study was a single group pretest – posttest
design. The populations of the study were all the newly appointed ANMs joined the BPKIHS on 11
th
June
2003. Data was collected using a semi – structured questionnaire to filled before the starting of training
and at the end of training. The collected data were analyzed using statistical interventions.
Conclusions: Majority of the subjects (91%) reported that the training programme was very useful, where
as only 9% reported that the programme was useful but none of them reported that programme was not
useful. Regarding the conduction of programme (operation of programme) 69% subjects reported that the
programme carried out was very effective, where as 31% reported good but none of the subject reported
all right and poor.
The planned training programmes arranged by the inservice education committee regarding various
components of basic nursing were found very effective.

8. Effectiveness of Nursing Care in maintaining oral Hygiene Among self Care Deficit Patients
Mehta RS
Aims and objectives: The objectives of the study were: to assess the oral hygiene nursing care needs,
to develop a set of procedure for oral hygiene nursing care, to provide oral hygiene nursing care as per
the needs and to evaluate the effectiveness of oral hygiene nursing care provided to the respondents.
Materials and methods: A quasi – experimental research design was adopted to carryout the study with
a simple random sampling method, where 32 respondents were included in the control group and 36 in
the experimental group having modified Barthel ADL Score more than 50 percent; of age more than 15
years, admitted in medical wards.
Assessment guide, modified Barthel ADL index, a structured interview schedule, observation
checklist, Beck's oral assessment scale, and planned oral hygiene nursing care guidelines were
used to collect data.
Conclusions: Planned oral hygiene nursing care provided by the investigator to the respondents of
experimental group were effective, where oral hygiene nursing care routinely provided to the respondents
of the control group by the ward nurses/ relatives lacked effectiveness.
The reasons for poor oral hygiene nursing care reported by various authors are: Lack of standard oral
assessment tool and oral nursing care procedure, professional nurses neglect the oral care and oral care
provided is based on rituals.
9. Analysis of nursing care needed for the patients admitted in Medical – Surgical wards of
BPKIHS.
Mehta RS, Pokharel N
Aims and objectives: The objectives of the study were to analyze the nursing care needed for the
patients admitted in Medical – Surgical wards of BPKIHS.
Materials and Methods: A prospective survey study was conducted among all the admitted patients in
the medical surgical units of BPKIHS from 1
st
May 2003 to 6
th
June 2003 i.e. of 37 days. Data was
collected using checklist in the 8 to 9 AM morning on 24 hours recall basis.

Conclusions: In the Medical – surgical units 81% beds were occupied daily. DM (12%) HTN (11%), CVA
(6%), TB (7%), Tetanus (5%), COAD (11%) were the diagnosis of the patient admitted in Medical units
daily, which needs specialized nursing care. In Medical units 37% patients were on IV infusion, 8% needs
suctioning, 18% needs Oxygen therapy, 24% completely bed ridden, 15% needs nebulization daily where
as in Surgical units 33% on IV infusion, 9% Oxygen therapy and 11% having ET tube or on
ventilation/tracheotomy. In spite of high bed occupancy rate (81%) and in availability of super specialty
Medical services the LAMA (0.5%) and death (1%) rate are very low.
At the time of study there was two nursing staff in night duty two in evening duty and three to four in
morning duty which is very less as compared with the nursing hour demands of the admitted patient.
9. EFFECTIVENESS OF INFORMATION BOOKLET ON DIABETES AMONG THE
ADMITTED DIABETES CLIENTS IN BPKIHS
Mehta RS*1
, Karki P*2
, Sharma SK*3
B.P. kiorala Institute of Health Sciences, Nepal
ABSTRACT:
Introduction:
Diabetes is a major non-communicable Public health problem, rising prevalence of the disease in the
developing countries, which was rare before, is due to industrialization, socio-economic development,
urbanization and changing life-style. As the disease cannot be cured, it is a life long and it can only be
controlled, hence there is need for self-motivation and knowledge to manage the disease. The Objectives
of this study is to prepare an information booklet on Diabetes and to find out the effectiveness of it.
Research Design and Methodology:
It was single group pre-test post-test quasi-experimental research design, conducted among the admitted
diagnosed diabetes cases admitted in medical units of BPKIHS in 2005. Using purposive sampling
technique 50 subjects were selected. After the pre-test, Information booklet on diabetes (In Nepali) was
given to subjects along with explanation. After 3 days of pre-test, post-test was taken and the collected
data was analyzed using SPSS-4 package.
Results:
It was found that 76% clients were suffering with NIDDM, 22% on OHA, 72% on insulin, and 80% on diet
therapy. About 80% subjects reported that they studied this type of booklet first time, and was easily
understandable. Ninety percent subject reported that the booklet is very helpful, 10% mentioned it all right
where as none of them reported not helpful, and 100% subjects mentioned that they refer others to study
this booklet.

This booklet will be very beneficial for diabetes clients attending diabetes clinic, MOPD and admitted in
medical units.
*
1
Mr. Ram Sharan Mehta (Corresponding Author), Asst. Professor, Medical surgical Nursing
department, College of Nursing. (Email: ramsharanmehta@yahoo.com) *
2
Prof. (Dr.) Prahlad Karki,
HOD, Department of medicine & Hospital Director. *
3
Dr. Sanjeev Kumar Sharma, Department of
Medicine, B.P. kiorala Institute of Health Sciences, Nepal
10. SOCIO-ECONOMIC, CULTURAL AND KNOWLEDGE PROFILE OF KALA-AZAR
PATIENTS FROM ESTERN NEPAL
Mehta RS, Asst. Professor, College of Nursing
Email: ramsharanmehta@yahoo.com
Rijal S, Asso. Professor, Department of Medicine
B.P. Koirala Institute of health Sciences
Dharan, Nepal
Abstract:
Kala-azar is a Major public health problem in the Terai districts of Nepal. This study was conducted at
B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences (BPKIHS), when kala-azar project was first started in this
institute. The main objective of this study was to to assess the socio-economic status of kala-azar
patients, to explore the presence of known environmental factors which predispose to breading of sand
flies, to assess the knowledge and attitude towards kala-azar and to identify any issues that hinders or
delay in seeking prompt treatment.
It was an exploratory hospital based study. Patients admitted to the medical wards at BPKIHS during the
period of 2056-4-1 to 2057-3-30, and diagnosed to suffer from kala-azar, by demonstrating leishmania
donovani were included in the study. A total of 93 patients admitted over a period of one year were
selected purposively for the study after obtaining verbal consent.
The study revealed that 53% study subjects were male. Maximum subjects were from morang 34%
sunsari 32% and 29% from saptari. The majority of study subject i.e. 95% was from rural area and only
5% from urban. The occupation of 35% of study subjects were agriculture, where as 26% were
housewives and 23% student. Majority of study subjects 77% lived in houses made up of mud and
bamboo (fus) 75% had single store houses and 61% Respondents slept on a bed. Only 24% subject
reported that they knew the cause of kala-azar and 50% subjects reported that disease is curable.
For prevention, to decrease relapse rate and eradication of kala-azar, public awareness i.e. Health
education, IEC regarding diseases process and available services; and community participation is
essentials for prevention and eradication of kala-azar.

11. REASONS FOR TURNOVER AMONG THE NURSES WORKING AT BPKIHS
Mehta*
1
RS, Karki*
2
P, Paudel *
3
BH, Chaudhary*
4
R
B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences
Abstract:
Introduction: Conflict is a natural phenomenon and is inevitable in any organization. Conflict in nursing
organizations leads to turnover of nurses. Conflict, however, can also be valuable to an organization
since it promotes innovative and creative problem solving, clarifies issues, and allows underlying
problems to rise to the surface. The Objectives of this study were to explore the factors influencing Job
satisfaction among the nurses working at BPKIHS, to investigate the reasons which have influences
nurses in their decision to leave BPKIHS and to suggest recommendations for a more satisfying working
environment by aiding staff retention.
Methodology: It was hospital based cross sectional Analytical study, conducted among the nurses
working at BPKIHS for more than six months at the time of study and those who have resigned from
BPKIHS. Stratified simple random sampling method was used to select the nurses working in BPKIHS
and purposive for the resigned nurses. Total 150 nurses were included in the study. Using pre-tested
questionnaire the data was collected, fulfilling all the ethical considerations. The collected data was
analyzed using SPSS-4 package.
Results: It was found that majority of nurses (68.7%) were less the 25 years, Unmarried (49.3%), have
job experiences less than 5 years (54.7%), from sunsari (48%), and living in quarter of BPKIHS (86%).
Career opportunity elsewhere, Chance for further education, Negative attitude of nursing leaders, In-
adequate salary and poor promotion opportunity are the Major reasons of nurses to leave or resign from
BPKIHS.
Conclusion: To retain the nurses or decrease turnover there is need of increasing salary, Job security
provisions, Immediate starting of BN programme, fair evaluation system and clear promotion policy. This
study is useful for nursing leaders as well as BPKIHS authority to take corrective action in time to improve
the situation and prevent the future consequences.
*
1
Mr. Ram Sharan Mehta,( Corresponding Author) Assistant professor, Medical-surgical nursing dept.
College of Nursing, Email: ramsharanmehta@yahoo.com, *
2
Prof. Dr. Prahlad Karki, HoD, Dept. of
Medicine and Hospital Director, *
3
Dr. Bishnu Hari Paudel, Asso. Professor, Dept. of Physiology, *
4
Mr.
Ramanand Chaudhary, Master in Nursing, Paediatric Nursing dept. B.P. Koirala Institute of health
sciences, Dharan, Sunsari, Nepal.

12. Patients’ Attitude Towards Nursing Students of BPKIHS
Mehta*1
RS, Singh*2
B
Abstract:
Introduction: Health care is a social role relationship between a helping agent and a person needing
help. This relationship is considered psychologically and socially as half cures treatment procedure.
Therefore the nature of relationship between nurses and patient has some degree of significant impact on
the overall quality of health care.
Objectives: The objectives of this study were to assess the attitude of the patients regarding the
presence and involvement of the nursing students in their clinical care in Medical–Surgical units of
BPKIHS.
Methods: It was hospital based cross sectional study. The clients admitted in medical-surgical units in the
day of data collection constitute the population of the study. The stratified simple random sampling
method was used to select the sample and 75subjects were selected from all the wards of Medical-
Surgical units of BPKIHS, where only 60 tools were returned back out of 75 tools. The collected data was
entered in SPSS-10.5 software package and analyzed.
Results: The respondents reported that, presence of student nurses in ward make the clients glad
(96.6%), know about own disease process (68.5%), behavior and temperament is good (93.2%), can ask
most trivial questions (95%), learn while teach by senior nurses (96.7%), like to ask details of personal
questions (93.3%), have more time for clients (51.7%), they examine in details (54.2%), help very much in
treatment process (84.86%), and students also have knowledge about disease process (84.5%).
Conclusions: The development of technology has meant that hospital nurses are required to keep
developing their skills to maintain professional standards and their understanding of new procedures and
new equipment along with the need to develop the therapeutic relation with the patients to overcome the
future challenges.
Key Words: Patients, Attitude, Nursing Students
Corresponding Author: *
1
Ram Sharan Mehta, Asst. Professor, Medical-Surgical Nursing Department,
ramsharanmehta@yahoo.com , B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, *2 Babita Singh, Ward In-
charge, Medical unit-I.

13.PERCEPTION OF NEWLY ADMITTED NURSING STUDENTS IN 2005 BATCH AT
BPKIHS ABOUT NURSING PROFESSION
Mehta R.S.
Asst. Professor
Medical-Surgical Nursing Department
B.P Koirala Institute of Health Science
Introduction:
Nursing education and its quality, which is evident from the academic achievement of nursing students,
foretells the efficiency of services to be provided by these students
.
The objective of this study was to find
out the demographic characteristics and explore the various motivating factors to select nursing
profession, among newly admitted nursing students of 2005 batch at BPKIHS.
Methodology:
It was descriptive exploratory study, conducted among the admitted nursing students in B.Sc. Nursing
and Certificate Nursing (CN) programme in 2005 batch at BPKIHS.A total enumerative sampling
technique was adopted to carry out the study. All the 20 students of B.Sc. Nursing and 41 students of
certificate nursing were included in the study. After two weeks of orientation programme, using
opinionaire the data was collected in their respective classroom maintaining confidentiality and explaining
the purpose, by the investigator himself, as he is the nursing teacher.
Results & Discussion:
Total 61subjects (20 from B. Sc. Nursing and 41 form CN) were included in the study. It was found that
the majority of the subjects were below 19 yrs. Ninety percent students of B. Sc. Nursing completed their
schooling from English medium schools, where as 56.1% of CN. 100% B. Sc. nursing students completed
their SLC and I. Sc. with first division where as 65.9% CN students completed SLC with first division.
Majority of the students were self-motivated to study nursing. Easy access to job is the main reason for
choosing nursing profession. Adequate infrastructure/facilities, competent teachers, healthy environment,
safe place, reputed organization are the major factors that influences students to choose BPKIHS for
study.
Conclusion:
Satisfaction level with getting seats in nursing course and nursing profession is higher among the CN
students in comparison to B. Sc. Nursing students. Similar study can be conducted in large scale taking
sample from many nursing schools. It is mandatory for nursing leaders to think on raising the professional
standard so that society will give due respect to the nursing profession as well as nurses.

14. EFFECT OF TRAINING FOR NURSES WORKING IN TEACHING DISTRICT
HOSPITALS
Mehta*
1
R S, lama*
2
S, Parajuli*
3
P
Abstract:
Introduction:
Knowledge, like muscles, must be nourished-constantly and used frequently to retain function. Learning
like motion, is more easily maintained if it’s momentum has not been interrupted. The objectives of this
study are to discuss the recent trends and development in various fields of nursing practice and update
knowledge and skills in concerned nursing practice areas for nurses working in these teaching district
hospitals.
Research Design and Methodology:
It was single group pre-test post-test education intervention research design conducted among
the nurses working in district and zonal hospitals of eastern Nepal in two slots in 2004 and 2005.
Total 26 nurses (11 in first slot and 15 in 2
nd
slot) were involved in one-week skill oriented training
programme. After pre-test training programme was taken. The collected data was analyzed using
spss-4 package. The TA, DA and other allowances were provided to the participants as per WHO
policy.
Results:
It was found that in average there is 46% incensement in the score value in posttest. Regarding
the programme evaluation most of the participants evaluated the content, duration, methods, clinical
posting very good.
Conclusions:
The participants were highly appreciated this workshop and requested to continue in future as it is very
useful and practical.
Authors: *1 Mr. Ram Sharan Mehta, (Corresponding author), Asst. Professor, Medical-Surgical Nursing
Department. *2 Ms Sami Lama, Asso. Professsor, Psychatric Nursing Department, *3 Ms Pushpa
Parajuli, Asso. Professor, Medical-Surgical Nursing Department, B.P.Koirala Institute of Health Sciences,

15. Impact of First Aid Training Program for School Teachers and School Management
Committee Members of Morang District Nepal
Ram Sharan Mehta, Asst. Professor
B.P. Koirala Institute of health sciences
E-mail: ramsharanmehta@yahoo.com
Abstract: For life time exposure the average person in a developed country have 1% risk of death and
30% risk of injury. In world’s rood daily 1,40,000 people injured, 3,000 die and some 15,000 disabled for
life
1
. The cost of treatment and the complications after trauma can be decreased, if first-aid support is
given and patient is transferred for the treatment in proper place as early as possible.
The objectives of this study was to train the schoolteachers and school management committee members
regarding first-aid management of common problems requiring first-aid and evaluate the effectiveness of
the training programme.
It was education intervention single group, pre-test post-test research design, conducted among the
teachers and school management committee members of Selected schools of Morang district.
Maintaining validity and reliability of the tool, pre-test was conducted. After pre-test training program on
first-aid was conducted for two days and post-test was conducted at last. The findings were analyzed.
It was found that the training program conducted is very effective. The application of Mc Nemar’s chi
squire test (P=0.0001) is highly significant in all the situations
Finally, it concludes that training program is highly effective and it can be implemented for all the teachers
as well as high school students.

16.Satisfaction of clients in relation to THEIR hospital expenditure
Mehta RS*
1
, Karki P*
2
, Baral DD*
3
ABSTRACT:
Introduction: Hospital costs can be a valuable guide to hospital management, if used intelligently.
Costing data, like other statistical data, can be collected only by expenditure of money and this should be
undertaken only if the data are going to be used as a tool of management.
Objectives: The objectives of this study were to find out the socio-economic status of the admitted
patients, explore their expenditure related to treatment and find out their satisfaction level.
Methodology: This was hospital based exploratory study, Conducted among the admitted patients in
wards of BPKIHS. Stratified simple random sampling method was adopted to collect data and 250
samples were included. Interview schedules were used after testing validity and reliability. The data were
analyzed using descriptive as well as inferential statistics.
Results: The Mean indoor hospital expenditure of the client is 10,895 Rs., whereas 65 % subjects
expended Rs. in between 1000-10,000 and 30.8% expended more than Rs. 10,000. About 7 % subjects
were satisfied more than their expenditure where as55.2% were fully satisfied and 32.8 % were just
satisfied and only 4.8 % were not satisfied.
Discussion and Conclusions: This study gives the real insight about hospital expenditure and client
satisfaction, so that aid in future management.
Investigators:
*
1
Corresponding Author: Ram Sharan Mehta, Asst. Professor, Medical-Surgical Nursing Department,
College of Nursing, B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Sunsari, Nepal. Phone: 00977-25-
525555, Fax: 00977-25-520251, Email: ramsharanmehta@yahoo.com
*
2
Prof. (Dr.) Pralahad Karki, HOD Dept. of Medicine and Hospital Director
*
3
Mr. Dharnidhar Baral, Asst.Professor, Medical Record section & Statician

17. Demographic Profile and Outcomes of the Patients admitted in Critical care Units (ICU
& CCU) of BPKIHS
Mehta*
1
RS, Karki*
2
P, Gupta*
3
PK, Rai*
4
HK
Abstract:
Introduction: Critical care units, may be thought of as having context (the demographics and
characteristics of the kind of work they do), structure (the grouping of people and the allocation of
responsibility through specialization, expertise, formalization, and some degree of centralization or
decentralization), process (intraorganizational relationships such as the flow of information and
coordination), and outcomes (productivity, goal attainment, morale, and satisfaction of the members).
B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences (BPKIHS) has a 740 bedded tertiary care center hospital with 10
beds ICU and 4 beds CCU with modern facilities.
Objectives: The main objectives of this study were to find out the demographic profile and outcomes of
the admitted patients in Intensive care unit (ICU) and critical care unit (CCU) of BP Koirala Institute of
Health Sciences.
Methodology: It was a hospital based retrospective descriptive study design, conducted among the
admitted patients (In ICU from 1-1-2003 to 31-12-2006 and in CCU from 15-3-2004 to 14-3-2006) of
critical care units (ICU/CCU). The total number of patients admitted in critical care units during the study
period constituted the population of the study. Total enumerative sampling technique was used to collect
the data using the prepared Performa from the admission register of the ward. Total 1615 patients were
included in the study i.e. 997 from ICU and 618 from CCU.
Results: In ICU among 997 patients 588 were transferred to ward after improvement, 262 expired, and
115 left against medical advice and 2 referred to better centers. In CCU among total 618 patients 426
transferred to ward after Improvement, 35 discharged, 93 expired, 61 left against medical advice and 7
were referred to better centers for treatment.
Conclusions: The number of admission in ICU/CCU is increasing yearly as the bed strength, patients
load and complexity of cases increasing; hence the necessary management in ICU/CCU is mandatory to
overcome the future problems.

Key Words: Demographic Profile, Outcomes, Critical Care
Authors: *
1
Ram Sharan Mehta, Asst. Professor, Medical-Surgical Nursing Department, *
2
Prof. Prahlad
Karki, HOD of Internal Medicine, *
3
Prof. P K Gupta, HOD, Dept. of Anesthsiology, *
4
Ms. Hari Kurmari
Rai, In-charage, ICU/CCU unit.
18. Quality of Nursing Service in B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Nepal
College of Nursing
B.P. Koirala Institute of health sciences
E-mail: ramsharanmehta@yahoo.com
Abstract:
Quality nursing service means offering a range of nursing service as per the hierarchical needs of the
clients in various settings. The success should be appropriate, safe, effective, and economical and should
satisfy clients in all dimensions of health. Nursing with other health workers all over the world are facing
difficult challenges. The public's expectation of them continues to rise. Nurses are asked to provide higher
quality health services with fewer resources and different constraints. At the same time, the knowledge
and skills-base needed to perform effectively in their chosen fields of endeavor continues to grow and
change rapidly. Health care personnel will continue in the workforce for many years, while the information
that they acquired during their education may rapidly become obsolete.
Health care institutions and their managers are also confronted with these realities. The challenge is to
continue to maintain or improve the quality of the care and the comprehensiveness of health service
converges, while introducing changes in care delivery system. Finally governments at local, regional and
national levels are attempting to obtain greater value for the money they spend on health care. Faced
with growing expectations of quality they are being asked to be more accountable for the results of their
health care expenditures. Thus, they also have an important role to play in ensuring and improving the
quality of health services provided in both the public and private sectors.
1
The main objectives of this study were to assess the quality of nursing service provided by ward in-
charges and nurses. It was hospital based descriptive exploratory study conducted in all the 28 wards of
BPKIHS using five sets of Performa (tool) to evaluate their leadership qualities, functional capabilities,
nursing care status, environmental sanitation of the unit and the documentation of clients. The data was
collected in May and June 2006 by trained nurses, nurses working in the unit by participative observation
methods. It was found that in average the ward in-charges were middle range performers (69.2%),
performance level of ward in-charges are average (48.28%), nursing care status is satisfactory (72.32 %),
cleanliness level is also satisfactory ( 65.9 %), and the level of documentation is above average ( 73.23
%).

The findings of the study clearly illustrate the need of continuous in-service education on managerial
aspects of nurses so that quality of nursing service can be improved.
Key Words: Quality, Nursing, Service
19. Effect of Training Program Regarding First-Aid Management Among The High-School Students
Mehta*
1
RS, Sharma*
2
SS, Paudel*
3
RK
Abstract
Introduction: For life time exposure the average person in a developed country have 1% risk of death
and 30% risk of injury. In world’s rood daily 1,40,000 people injured, 3,000 die and some 15,000 disabled
for life
1
. The cost of treatment and the complications after trauma can be decreased, If first-aid support is
given and patient is transferred for the treatment in proper place as early as possible.
Objectives: The objectives of this study was to train the high school students regarding first-aid
management of common problems requiring first-aid and evaluate the effectiveness of the training
programme.
Methods: It was education intervention single group, pre-test post-test research design, conducted
among all the students studying in class 9 and 10 in the three selected high schools of sunsari district. It
was census study and 696 students were selected. Maintaining validity and reliability of the tool, pre-test
survey was conducted. After pre-test training program, first-aid training was conducted for two days. After
two weeks post-test was taken. The collected data was analyzed.
Results: Out of 696 subjects 60.5% were Male and 39.5% were female. The mean age of students was
15.51 yrs. (Range=12-20 yrs and SD=1.41). It was found that the training program conducted was very
effective. The application of Mc Nemar’s chi squire test (P=0.0001) is highly significant in all the situations
except the management of unconscious patient (P=0.2148). Majority of the subjects (87.2%) reported
that the training programme conducted was very useful and 12.8% reported useful.
Conclusions: Finally, it concludes that training program was highly effective and it can be implemented
for all high school students. It will be beneficial if some important topics of first-aid included in curriculum
of high school course.
Key words: First-aid, Training, High School, Students
Authors: *
1
Ram Sharan Mehta, (Corresponding Author), Asst. Professor, Medical-Surgical Nursing
Department, Email: ramsharanmehta@yahoo.com, *
2
Prof. (Dr.) S.S. Khanal, Rector, *
3
Dr. R.K.

Paudel, Dept. of Emergency, B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Sunsari, Nepal. Phone:
00977-25-525555, Fax: 00977-25-520251,
20. Socio-demographic Profile and Outcomes of the Admitted AIDS Patients in BPKIHS
Babita Singh, Nursing Officer
B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Nepal
Abstract: In world More than 40 million people are living with HIV/AIDS, 2.3 million are under 15 yrs ,
14000 new infections each day , 1.7 million human infected with HIV/AIDS, 3.1 million deaths from AIDS ,
Million new HIV cases (13425) per day. In south East Asia 6.3 million PLWHA in 2005 (Source: WHO,
UNAIDS).
It was retrospective descriptive study design conducted at B.P. Koirala Institute of Health
Sciences (BPKIHS) among the admitted AIDS cases using their case notes during the period of 1-
9-2003 to 30- 8-2006 using developed Performa. It was found that Majority of the subjects (83.4%)
were of age group 20-40 years, Male (89.6%), and from sunsari district (47.9%). Half of the subjects
were improved after treatment and then discharged.
As the number of AIDS cases are increasing rapidly in eastern Nepal and BPKIHS is a centre for
treatment of AIDS cases, it is essential to conduct awareness activates regarding prevention of
disease and advocacy about available facilities of BPKIHS.
Key words: AIDS, Socio-demographic profile, BPKIHS

21. Knowledge Profile About the Care of Spinal Cord Injury Patients Among Their Caretakers at
BPKIHS
Mehta RS*
1
, Shrestha B*
2
, Khanal GP*
3
, Rijal D*
4
B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
Abstract: According to the National Spinal Cord Injury Association, as many as 450,000 people in the
United States are living with a spinal cord injury (SCI). Other organizations conservatively estimate this
figure to be about 250,000. Every year, an estimated 11,000 SCIs occur in the United States. Most of
these are caused by trauma to the vertebral column, thereby affecting the spinal cord's ability to send and
receive messages from the brain to the body's systems that control sensory, motor and autonomic
function below the level of injury.
It is chronic disease condition which requires a lot of care during hospitalization as well as in the home.
Special training to care the activities of daily living is vital. Keeping these issues in mind the investigator
has planned to assess the training need of the SCI caretakers so that educational package can be
planned and implemented in ward for better patient care.
It was a hospital based descriptive analytical study conducted among the SCI patients and their
caretakers admitted in orthopedic ward. Using purposive sampling technique 30 subjects were selected
from 1
st
July 2006 to 31
st
December 2006. Using prepared semi-structured questionnaire data was
collected.
It was found that the most of the subjects were between age 20-60 years, male, married, middle
economic group and from villages. Majority of cases admitted in first time (83%) having cervical and
thoracic spine injury. The main reasons are fall injury. Most of the subjects have the ability to care
manage the problems of bed sore, Paralysis, Nutrition where as very less no of care takers have
knowledge about management of UTI, constipation, Pneumonia, and traction.
This study concluded that the continuous in-service education programme on care of SCI patient to their
caretakers is very essential for quality patient care.
Key Words: Knowledge Profile, Spinal Cord Injury, Caretakers
Note:
*
1
Ram Sharan Mehta, Asst. Professor, Medical-Surgical Nursing Department,
*
2
Dr. Bikram Shrestha, Associate Professor, Department of Orthopedics,

*
2
Dr. Guru Prasad Knanal, Asst. Professor, Department of Orthopedics,
*
3
Mrs. Dewa Rijal, Nursing Officer, orthopedic Ward
Corresponding Author: RS Mehta, Email: ramsharanmehta@yahoo.com
22. A Profile of Admitted Organophosphorus Poisoning Patients in B.P. Koirala Institute of Health
Sciences Nepal
MEHTA RS*
1
, KARKI P*
2
, SINGH B*
3
, SHAH I*
4
B. P. KOIRALA INSTITUTE OF HEALTH SCIENCES, NEPAL
ABSTRACT:
Organophosphorus (OP) agents are used worldwide in increasing quantities as insecticides. Since
agriculture is the main occupation in Nepal, OP compound are widely and easily available in ordinary
shops and are often stored improperly.
The objectives of this study were to find out the socio-demographic profile of the admitted OPP clients,
assess the details about the ingestion of Organophosphorus Poisoning (OPP) and explore the reasons
for ingestion of OPP.
It was descriptive study conducted among admitted OPP clients in medical units, using convenient
sampling technique. Thirty eight subjects were selected during the study period of 14th
April 2006 to 13th
April 2007 i.e. complete one year and interview was taken from them. The collected data was analyzed in
SPSS-10 software package.
It was found that most of the subjects (94%) were age less than 40 years, female (57.9%), Hindu
(78.9%), Married (57.9%), Non-vegetarian (94.7%) and belongs to middle class family (73.3%). The major
brand names of poison used are Metacid (36%), Phorate (24%), and Thaimide (7%). About half of the
clients (55.3%) were provided first-aid on spot, most of the clients (73%) brought to emergency within 2
hours of ingestion of poison and abut half of the clients (44.7%) were brought in unconscious state. The

main reasons of ingestion of poison are family problems (55.3%), personal problems (42.1%), followed by
accidental (2.6%).
Based upon the findings we can conclude that it is common below age group of 40 years, female, farmers
and middle class clients. Most of the clients not received first-aid on spot and brought to emergency in
unconscious state. The public awareness on prevention of ingestion and first-aid management of OPP is
vital to reduce the morbidity.
Key words: Profile, Organophosphorus, Poisoning
Note: *
1
Ram Sharan Mehta, Assistant Professor, Medical-Surgical Nursing Department, College of
Nursing. Email: ramsharanmehta@yahoo.com *
2
Prof. Prahlad Karki, HOD, Dept. of Medicine.
*
3
Ms Babita Singh, Ward In-charger, Medical Unit-I. *
4
Mr. Isrial Shah, Ward In-charge, Medical
Unit-II.
23. Socio-demographic Profile of the Cancer Patients Treated at BPKIHS in 2004
Mehta*1
RS, Bhandari*2
S, Jha*3
CB.
Abstract:
Introduction: The burden of cancer is increasing worldwide. About 100 types of cancer affect human
being. During the period of 1998-2002, there were 24.6 million people living with cancer. More than 10
million People developed cancer in 2000. World wide about 8 million cancer deaths a year. The number
of new cases annually is estimated to rise from 10.9 million in 2002 to more than 16 million by 2020, if
this trend continues. By applying existing evidenced based knowledge, it is possible to prevent at least

30% of cases and 30% cases could cured, If given earlier diagnosis and effective treatment. Hence,
cancer information and education programme is essential.
Objectives: The main objective of this study is to find out the socio-demographic profile of the cancer
patients treated in BPKIHS in 2004.
Methods: It is hospital based descriptive exploratory research design, conducted among the discharged
diagnosed cancer patients at BPKIHS, using their discharge file/record. Using prepared Performa the
socio-demographic profile of all the 528 diagnosed cancer patients of 2004 was collected, by identifying
the case notes using coding index card from Medical record section.
The collected data was analyzed and presented in tables and graphs. This study also provides the
base line information for the cancer information and education activities at BPKIHS.
Results: As per the record it was found that the number of cancer patients diagnosed and treated in
BPKIHS is increasing i.e. 203 cases in 2054 BS where as 485 in 2060. Among the diagnosed cases: 62 %
were of age group 36-65 yrs, 50.7 % Male, 82.8 % Hindu, and 82.8 % patients were diagnosed by
histology report.
Discussion: The numbers of cancer patients are markedly increases in BPKIHS, especially in advanced
age and in late stage. As BPKIHS is tertiary care hospital of eastern Nepal having cancer diagnosis, It is
easier to diagnose cases in early stage and can be treated and refer to BPKMCH, Bharatpur and other
centers in time for proper management. As these data are hospital based, it could not reflect the true
picture of Nepal.
24. Knowledge Attitude and Practice Regarding Post-exposure Prophylaxis of HIV
among the Nurses Working in B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences
Email: ramsharanmehta@hotmail.com
Mehta RS, Thapa S.
B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Nepal

Background: Post Exposure Prophylaxis of HIV is a medical response given to prevent the
occupational transmission of pathogens after potential exposure to blood and body fluids. This
study was conducted to assess the Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Regarding Post Exposure
Prophylaxis of HIV among the Nurses Working in BPKIHS.
Materials & Methods: Descriptive cross sectional design was adopted for the study. The sample
size was 105 and Stratified systematic sampling technique was adopted to select the respondents
from various wards and OPD’s of BPKIHS which constituted of 13 SSN, 72 SN and 20 ANM.
Data were collected using pre-tested, self administered semi- structured questionnaire.
Results: The study results showed that the median percentage of overall knowledge regarding PEP
of HIV was 55.55% and that of attitude was 80.00%. The overall median percentage of practice was
33.33%. This shows that there is lack of proper practice in comparison to knowledge and attitude.
Majority of them i.e. 74.28% suggested that ISE/ training should be provided for improving KAP
regarding PEP of HIV among Nurses.
It was found that there was significant association of knowledge with variables like previous
training on HIV/AIDS (p-value=0.001). Similarly attitude regarding PEP of HIV was
significantly associated with age (p-value=0.006) and total nursing experience after the
completion of study (p-value=0.04) and practice was also significantly associated with previous
training on HIV/AIDS (p-value=0.006). The three dependent variables (KAP) were positively
significantly correlated with each other.
Conclusions: Based on the study, it can conclude that there is difference in knowledge and
practice among the nurses who received previous training and those who do not.

25.
Home Based Care to the People Living with AIDS in Eastern Rural
Nepal: An Aspects Analysis
Mehta RS*1, Silwal UK*2 .
Email: ramsharanmehta@gmail.com
Abstract:
Background: Home based care (HBC) is the care in the home which responds to the physical, social,
emotional and spiritual needs of PLWA from diagnosis to death and through bereavement. The objective
of this study was to examine the aspects of HBC to the people living with AIDS (PLWA) and their effects
on caregiver and family in Eastern Rural Nepal
Methods: There is two parts in the study. The first part of the study, i.e. the situation analysis,
descriptive cross-sectional research design and in the second part, pre-experimental research design
was used.
Results: Most of the (72%) PLWA were male, whereas, most of the caregivers (69.6%) were female.
Most of the caregivers (84%) were married, illiterate (25.6%), and HIV positive (37.6%). Most of the
caregivers (67.2%) reported high caregiver burden and family burden (57.6%). Majority of the caregivers
were suffering with psychological problems (100%), financial problems (85.7%), stress (60%), insomnia
(56%), and headache (55.2%). Only 12% caregivers had received CHBC training. There are significant
relationships between demographic variables with HBC aspects, caregiver burden and family burden at
0.05 level of significance. The education intervention programme on HBC implemented was very
effective. The findings of the study obtained from caregivers of PLWA are supported by the results
obtained from Case Study, Focus Group Discussion, and Key Informant Interview.
Conclusions: The findings of the study have implications in the capacity building of
caregivers of PLWA for enhancing the quality of life of PLWA. It is recommended that
government continue to support increasing access to community and HBC as part of its
national strategy and identify ways in which to expand and integration of these services
into the public health care system.
1Ram Sharan Mehta,Ph.D. , Additional Professor, B. P. Koirala Institute of Health
Sciences, Dharan, Sunsari, Email: ramsharanmehta@hotmail.com, 2Dr. Uma
Kant Silwal, Associate Professor, Central Department of Rural Development,
Tribhuvan University.

Introduction:
In world More than 40 million people are living with HIV/AIDS, 2.3 million are under 15 yrs , 14000 new
infections each day , 3.1 million deaths from AIDS , Million new HIV cases (13425) per day. In south East
Asia 6.3 million PLWHA in 2005 as reported by UNAIDS1
.
In Nepal the estimated number of PLWHA at end 2005 is 61,000, HIV prevalence in 2005 was 0.5,
estimated number of AIDS cases are 7,800, number of child (0-18) orphaned by HIV/AIDS is 18000,
receiving Anti Retroviral Treatment (ART) till December 2005 was 210.
Due to industrialization, modernization, labor migration, tourism, increase in IV drug users, the number
of PLWA is increasing in eastern Nepal. Most of the areas in eastern Nepal is deprived from HIV/AIDS
available services. The care of PLWA is mostly provided in home, hence trained caregiver can play vital
role and help in rural development.
The eastern region of Nepal is very prone area for HIV/AIDS because of increasing number of IV drug
users in Dharan, Lauhure is the main occupation of majority of Mangolians residing in Dharan, Ithari,
Damak, and eastern hilly districts. Eastern border of Nepal Kakarbhita is very near to Indian city of New
Jalpaigudi, Siliguri and Darjiling. Southern boarder of Nepal is also open and rural people used to go to
India especially in Punjab, Delhi, Mmumbi and other major cities of India frequently for earning and
labor work. In eastern Nepal, especially Jhapa and Morang there is major issues of Bhutanese refuses,
where the problems if HIV/AIDS is also evident.
In eastern region of Nepal the main towns are Dharan, Biratnager, Ithari, Damak, Inruwa, Rajbiraj,
Bhadrapur, and Kakarbhita, where the migration of people from urban to rural and rural to urban is very
high. The NCASC data shows that eastern region of Nepal is the prone area of HIV/AIDS. In eastern
region of Nepal there are four ART centers at Dharan, Biratnagar, Rajbiraj and Bhadrapur. Some other
centers are going to establish in near future as per the record of NCASC.
Objectives:
1. To find out the Socio-demographic profile of the people living with AIDS and their caregivers.
2. To explore the aspects of home-based care to the people living with AIDS.
3. To find out the association between Socio-demographic variables and home-based care aspects
of caregivers.
4. To investigate the effects of home-based care on their family.

Null Hypothesis:
Ho1: There is no association between socio-demographic variables and aspects of home-based
care of caregivers.
Ho2: There is no association between socio-demographic variables of people living with AIDS and
aspects of home-based care.
Ho3: There is no association between aspects of home-base care and effects on family.
Research design and methodology:
It was descriptive cross-sectional study conducted among the caregivers of people living
with AIDS in eastern region of Nepal. The data was obtained from the primary caregivers,
PLWA, and key informants. Interview Schedule guidelines, Case Study guidelines, Focus
Group Discussion guidelines and Key Informant Interview guidelines were used to
collect the relevant Information from concerned people involved in the care of PLWHA.
In the second phase pre-test post-test questionnaire was used to collect the data. It
was found that total 722 PLWHA were registered in all the four ART centers of eastern
region of Nepal and among those 299 were on ART and 139 clients were on ART belongs
to villages.
From the prepared list the subjects were approached individually with the help of VCT/ ART nurse and
after obtaining informed written consent the data was collected maintaining privacy.
The research instrument used for study was interview questionnaire. There are major four parts in
interview questionnaire. The first part consists of socio-demographic profile of PLWA and the second
part consists of socio-demographic profile of caregivers. The third part of the tool consists of the various
aspects of home based care and burden assessment scale. The part four of the interview questionnaire
consists of the questions to assess the effects of home based care on family. The tool was prepared from
the standard tools used by Zarit10
, Donabedian4
, Montogometry9
and Kipp11
Content and face validity of the tool was established with the experts of concerned field like:
Academicians working in the areas of HIV/AIDS, family caregivers and qualitative researchers as well as
practioners working in the field of HIV/AIDS were review the research methodology and validity was
established.

Results:
Demographic profile of the PLWA: It was found that most of the PLWA were male (73.4%), age less than
40 years (85.9%), Hindu (92.2%) and Married (71.9%). Most of the PLWA were suffering with disease for
more than 6 months i.e. 76.6%, at WHO stage of disease four (81.3%), main route of the disease
transmission is commercial Sex–workers (50%) and most of them (95.3%) were adherent to ART
therapy. About 35.9% PLWA were infected with pulmonary TB, 45.3% were smoker, 37.5% had past
history of alcohol use, and 7.8% were suffering with HCV positive.
Demographic characteristics of caregivers: Most of the caregivers were female (64.1%), Hindu (90.6%),
Married (81.3%) and 35.9% care givers were HIV positive.
Home based care aspects of caregivers: Most of the (85.9%) caregivers were their direct family
members and their wife (51.6%). Most of the caregivers (51.6%) had received informal health education
on HIV/ AIDS and 21.9% reported they have high risk of transmission of HIV infection; where as 18.8%
were HIV positive. Most of the caregivers had knowledge about transmission of HIV infection i.e. vaginal
sex (89.1%), Blood transfusion (85.9%), virus is found in blood (87.5%) and 71.9% reported the disease is
communicable. The services provided by the caregivers to PLWA usually were emotional support
(15.6%), helping in ADL (20.3%), health care advocacy (21.9%) and nursing care (17.2%). The help and
support received by caregivers from others were, physical care support (40.6%), material support
(34.4%), financial support (42.2%), and network support (26.6%).
Effects on caregivers using burden assessment scale: There are fifteen components in burden
assessment scale in 4 likert scale. The full score is 60. The mean burden score is 36.1719 with SD
7.04983 and range 19-51. The details are in table – 1.
Effects on family based using burden assessment scale: Family burden was calculated using burden five
point rating assessment scale on 20 components. The total burden score is 80. The mean burden score
found was 44.6250 with SD 10.93342 and Range 18 – 72. The details are in table – 2.
Association between Demographic Variables of caregivers, mean caregiver burden score, mean family
burden score, knowledge score on HIV / AIDS and problems faced by the caregivers: The association
between selected demographic variables and mean burden score was calculated using Pearson chi-

squire test at 5% level found not significant. The association calculated between selected demographic
variables with mean family burden score found insignificant at 5% level of significance.
The association calculated with selected demographic variables with selected knowledge components
found significance on the association between age and blood transfusion (P = 0.014), Relationship with
Clint and blood transfusion (0.057), age and communicable nature of diseases (P = 0.002), Relation with
client and PEP (P = 0.042) at 5% level of significance. The associations between other variables are found
insignificant.
The association calculated between selected demographic variables and problems faced by caregivers
were found significant between the variables, type of family members and stresses / Anxiety (P = 0.005),
type of family members and insomnia (P = 0.035), Relation with client and insomnia (P = 0.012), and
type of family members with insomnia (P = 0.047). With other variables there is not significant
association at 5% level of significance.
The association calculated between mean caregiver burden scores and mean family burden scores
found significant (P = 0.014) at 5% level of significance using Pearson chi-squire test.
Discussion:
Most of the (73.4%) PLWA were male, age less than 40 years (85.9%), Hindu (92.2%), married (71.9%),
and adherence to ART (95.3%). The major route of transmission was CSW (50%) followed by IDU (15.6%)
and about 36% PLWA were infected with pulmonary TB, history of smoker (45.3%), and HCV positive
(7.8%). The study conducted by Dhungel10
reported the pulmonary TB is common infection among PLWA
and it was about 30, which is similarly to this study. The study conducted by Acharya11
reported that
60% patients were from lower socio-economic status and worked in Indian metropolis. As per NCASC12
report 95% PLWHA belongs to low and middle income countries and the major mode of transmission is
heterosexual. Similarly the reports of UNAIDS1
mentioned that 10% migrant workers returned from India
is HIV positive. Similarly Joshi13
in his study reported that the disease is common in male than female.
Similar findings were reported by Wade14
.
Most of the caregivers (64.1%) were female, Hindu (90.6%), Married (81.3%), and 35.9% were HIV
positive. Most of the care givers (51.6%) were their wife and most of them reported they were at risk of
getting HIV infection. The Orner15
reported that majority of caregivers were female, which is similar to
the findings to this study. Leana16
in her study reported that palliative care in the formal health services

was generally poor due mainly to lack of specific training in this field and the stigma associated with this
diagnosis, which is equally significant in our context also.
Most of the care givers had knowledge about the major route of transmission of HIV infection i.e.
vaginal sex (89.1%), blood transfusion (85.9%), and sharing raiser (50%). Only 32.8% reported the care of
HIV infection is virus, and it is found in blood (87.5%), semen (85.9%), and vaginal fluid (85.9%), where as
29.7% reported that it is also found in saliva. Most of the caregivers don’t have the knowledge about
taking temperature, pulse, etc. Chappell7
in his study reported that most of the caregivers had less
knowledge about disease process and management of it , which is similar to the findings of this study.
There is no association between selected demographic variables (age, Sex, type of caregiver, relation
with client, duration of providing care and HIV-sero-statas of caregiver) with the mean caregiver burden
sores at 5% level of significance. Similarly there is no association with selected demographic variables
with mean family burden score at 5% level of significance.
The association calculated between selected demographic variables with knowledge sores were found
significant with some variables like age and blood transfusion (P = 0.014), age and communicable nature
of disease (P = 0.002), relationship with client and PEP (P = 0.042). The study by Olley17
, reported that
decreasing education, lower income, urban residence of the respondent and female gender were
associated with a negatively attitude to home based care to the PLWA.
The association calculated between mean caregiver burden scores and mean family burden scores
found significant (P = 0.014) at 5% level of significance using Pearson chi-squire test. The study
conducted by Bhardwaj19
found that female caregivers felt more burden than male caregivers. Gender
and family income is not associated but length of care giving is associated which is similar to the findings
to this study. Neena20
in her study found that well-being was directly affected by four variables:
perceived social support, burden, self-esteem, and hours of informal care. Burden was affected directly
by behavioral problems, frequency of getting a break, self esteem, and informal hours of care and was
not affected by perceived social support. She also reported the fact that social support is strongly
related to well-being but unrelated to burden affirms this view.
Conclusion:

HIV/AIDS is a disease with severe social consequences that primarily affects those who are already poor
and socially disadvantaged. HIV/AIDS is accompanied by bereavement, loss of relationships,
unemployment, disability, increased health care costs, stigma and ostracism, and fear of premature
death16
. Home based care is recommended as an appropriate form of support for people live with
HIV/AIDS. Innovative strategies are required to establish effective partnerships between the NGOs,
INGOs and government agencies.
References:
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epidemic
2. Mwinituo Prudence, Mill JE. Stigma associated with Ghanian Caregivers of AIDS patients. Western
Journal of Nursing Research. 2006; 28(4): 369-382.
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Gerontologist. 2000;42(6): 772-780.

Quality of Nursing Service in B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences
Ram Sharan Mehta, Associate Professor
B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Nepal
Email: ramsharanmehta@hotmail.com
Introduction:
Knowledge, like muscles, must be nourished constantly and used frequently to retain function.
Learning like motion, is more easily maintained if it's momentum has not been interrupted.
Quality of care simply means that what is done for the patient is necessary, and that what is necessary is
done. Coordination of care is displayed when the different parts of the care on different days by
different caregivers, and care from various departments are harmonized into the whole patient care
Leadership qualities: The quality of technical care consists in the application of medical science and
technology in a way that maximizes its benefits to health without correspondingly increasing its risk. The
degree of quality is, therefore, the extent to which the care provided is expected to achieve the most
favorable balance or risks and benefits. Proper performances of interventions are known to be safe,
affordable to the society and produce an impact on mortality, morbidity, disability and malnutrition.
The dimensions of quality are: Technical competence effectiveness (correct manner), efficiency
(maximum benefit to client, use of available resources, cost affective, continuity service delivery,
interpersonal relations (respect, confidentiality, courtesy, responsiveness and equality), safety
(maximum risk of injury; infection and side effect), and Amenities.
Some of the important quality assurance mechanism, which is considered, for providing health
care in our country is: Licensure, credentialing (granting authorization to provide specific patient
care and treatment), Accreditation, standards, indicators, continuous education, procedure and
infection control.
Functional capabilities: In recent years, acquired a new philosophy of health, which may be
stated as: Health is human fundamental rights, an essence of productive life, and not the result of
ever increasing expenditure of medical care. Health is intersectorial, and integral part of

development, health is counter to the concept of quality of life, involves individuals, states and
international responsibility. Health and it's maintenance is a major social investment and health
is world-wide social goal.
Nursing care status: Factors like overflow of patients, imbalanced nurse patient ratio, ineffective
work distribution, inadequate facilities for in-service education training, inadequate supply of
equipment and facilities, first contact care provider, unknown about diagnosis, advances in
disease pathogens, new trends of disease, twenty four hour station duty etc. effects the health of
nursing personnel14
. Therefore, it's necessary to evaluate whether these factors are helping or
hindering nursing care in the institute or not.
With the ongoing emphasis on resource management, cost control, efficiency in patient care, quality
improvement, and accountability, we are required to provide quality patient care and documentation at
the same time. Nurses are expected to fulfill major and sometimes conflicting responsibilities with
reduced staffing. When we cannot fulfill both the responsibilities, we try to satisfy ourselves by fulfilling
the one with the higher priority.
Documentation: Documentation must be accurate, clear, concise, complete, and timely. Speed is of
the essence when working in healthcare, but accuracy and completeness are imperative when
documenting. Do not let the patient’s health be compromised by worrying about the speed; make sure
it gets done right the first time. Documentation must have meaning today, tomorrow, and in the
unforeseen future. One of the difficulties with documentation is that we never know when what we
document will be needed. You want to make sure the right information gets documented and that
documentation is done correctly. Nursing documentation is important and not just for legal purposes.
The results and benefits of nursing documentation are greater than the sum of the tasks themselves.
It isn’t an easy task, but it is necessary and it is a way of giving high-quality patient care. The lack of
proper documentation can negatively impact patient care and can ultimately cause other problems.7
Transitions in health care have sparked public and professional concern regarding the status of
inpatient hospital nursing and its effect on the quality of care in hospitals, prompting the
Institutes inquiry into this issue. It has been well documented that the work environment affects
nurse satisfaction and turnover; which in turn influences the organizational lost of replacing
nurses. Theoretically, the environment in which care is delivered affects patient, nursing and
institutional outcome. Nursing can be though of as an organization's surveillance system, in those
nurses is present around the clock. In addition, nurses functioning in such an environment can
apply resources as appropriate for best meeting patient needs and for communicating problems to
the physician in a timely manner. Theoretically, these environmental factors are responsible for
better patient, nurse and organizational outcomes.
Objectives:
The Objectives of the study was to find out the leadership characteristics ranking of the ward in-
charges, evaluate performance level of ward in-charges on various managerial activities, investigate the
nursing care status in the wards, assess the environmental sanitation status maintained in the ward and
evaluation of nursing documentation standard maintained in their respective wards.

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