1. Treatment of Recent Suicide Ideation Among Adolescents by a Program of
Meaningful Purposeful Goals
ABSTRACT
This study examines the effects of a meaningful, purposeful goal intervention
program on adolescents who have recently been identified with suicide ideation.
Using participants from S.A.F.E. Intensive’s residential treatment center in
Webster Groves, Missouri, we hope to find that adolescents participating in Making
Goals for the Future will have fewer suicide attempts than those not in the
intervention program. Throughout treatment we hope to see a significant decrease
in current suicide ideationon participant’s scores on the Beck Depression Inventory
(BDI-II), Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS) and Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation
(BSI) and an increase in meaning in life and purpose in life utilizing Purpose in
Life test (PIL) and Life Purpose Questionnaire (LPQ).
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2. INTRODUCTION
According to the National Institute of Mental Health in 2010, suicide is one of the major
leading causes of deaths in youths between the ages of 10 and 24. Girls are more likely to
attempt suicide, while boys are more likely to commit suicide through the most violent means
(i.e., firearms). Suicide is extremely devastating to not only members of the family, but to one’s
peers and the community at large, making it an important public health problem in the United
States.
Adolescents who attempt suicide often report feeling trapped, lonely, worthless and
hopeless about their lives and their future (Beck, Steer, Kovacs, & Garrison, 1985; Beck, Brown,
& Steer, 1989;Beck et al., 1990;Kidd, 2004). Suicidal adolescents often lose a sense of purpose
or meaning in life (Beck, Steer & Kumar, 1993) which makes suicide as a possible way out.
Adolescents to attempt suicide once are at risk for attempting it again (Lewinsohn, Rohde, &
Seeley, 1994).
Statement of Problem
The purpose of this study is to identifyadolescents who have expressed recent suicide
ideation and help them resolve this issue by participating in a meaningful, purposeful goal
oriented program. Since having a reason for living and leading a meaningful life are
incompatible with suicide, it is possible that realizing important personal goals might enhance
hope and meaning in life, two protective factors against suicide.
Review of the Literature
Multiple studies in the 20th century (Beck, Steer, Kovacs, & Garrison, 1985; Beck,
Brown, & Steer, 1989; Abramson et al., 1989; O’Connor & Cassidy, 2007; O’Connor & Sheely,
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3. 2000; O’Connor, Connery & Cheyne, 2000) focus on identifying risk factors. These studies have
led to the development of various suicide prevention strategies such as help lines, early
identification and treatment of depression, crisis intervention, restriction of access to suicide
methods (such as gun control), access to and improvement of mental health services and
treatment, and educational programsfor health professionals (Lapierre, Dubé, Bouffard & Alain,
2007; DeLeo &Scocco 2000; Jenkins & Singh, 2000). However, the effectiveness of these
suicide prevention services is extremely limited (DeLeo, 2002; Lester, 2002; Hepp, Wittman,
Schnyder & Michel, 2004).
Risk Factors
There is an abundance of research indicating that an individual’ssuicidal ideation
isassociated with hopelessness (Brown, Beck, Steer, & Grismam, 2000; Abramson et al., 1989),
a negative perception of one’s future (O’Connor & Cassidy, 2007; O’Connor & Sheely, 2000;
O’Connor, Connery & Cheyne, 2000), and a lack of meaning in one’s life (Frankl, 1959 & 1985;
Melton & Schulenberg, 2007). MacLeod’s 1997 study found a lack of positive future thinking is
associated with suicide risk. In other words, suicidal individuals are impaired at generating
positive future expectancies. Williams (2001& 2005) Cry of Pain Model builds upon
Baumeister’s 1990 study where it states that suicide is a response to entrapment rather than an
escape. William’s Cry of Pain model took this further by stating ―suicidal behavior is reactive, a
response to a stressful situation that has three components: defeat, no escape, no rescue‖
(O’Connor, MacHale & Masterton, 2008).
Frankl (1959 & 1985) theorizes that the most basic human motivator is a will to meaning.
When will to meaning is interrupted, or blocked, existential frustration develops and
consequently boredom and apathy emerge. Frankl believes that life has meaning under all
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4. circumstances, even when involved in intense and unavoidable suffering. With the opportunity,
individuals can decide on an individual basis what is meaningful and, therefore, this enables the
individual to sustain suffering with dignity, rather than focusing on emptiness and hopelessness.
Meaningful, Purposeful Goals
Setting new goals and looking to the future can benefit an individual’s psychological
well-being and happiness (Lapierre, Dubé, Bouffard & Alain, 2007; Sheldon & Houser-Marko,
2004; Brunstein, 1993). According to Snyder & Rand (2004) people who have hope believe that
they can improve their situation, take responsibility for their own well-being and actively commit
themselves to solving their problems. Additionally, past longitudinal studies have shown that
personal commitment in the pursuit of goals predicts psychological well-being (Sheldon &
Houser-Marko, 2004 and Brunstein, 1993).
In recent studies (Lapierre, Dubé, Bouffard & Alain, 2007 and Dubé et al., in press) found
that a goal-intervention program could have a positive impact on participants’ psychological
well-being, enhance their quality of life, find meaning in their lives and actualize their potential,
and, therefore, decrease their suicidality (Lapierre, Dubé, Bouffard & Alain, 2007; Edwards &
Holden, 2001; Malone et al, 2000; Jobes & Mann, 1999). More specifically Lapierre, Dubé,
Bouffard & Alain’s 2007 study used Dubé et al. (in press) goal preventionprogram on 154
participants who were transitioning into retirement. Out of those 154 participants 27 had suicidal
ideation. Despite their small sample size, they found that the goal-intervention program
increasedthe participant’s psychological well-being and decreased depression in the participants
with suicidal ideation.
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5. Statement of the Hypothesis
Although the previous studies (Lapierre, Dubé, Bouffard & Alain, 2007 and Dubé et al.,
in press) focused on retirees and was not offered to an entirely suicidal population, this research
team speculates that this goal intervention program will be valuable to adolescent suicide
prevention. Having a reason to live and leading a meaningful life have been found to be
protective factors when it comes to suicide ideation. An individual realizing an important
personal goal might enhance hope and meaning in life, as well as protect the individual from
future attempts on one’s own life. The present study will focus on youth who have expressed
recent suicide ideation. It is hypothesized that adolescents who have been identified with recent
suicide ideation and who participate in a purposeful, positive goal oriented therapy will exhibit
significantly fewer suicide attempts than adolescent who are just being treated at a residential
facility.
METHOD
Participants
Participants will be recruited for this study from S.A.F.E. Intensives residential treatment
program. S.A.F.E. Intensives is located in Webster Groves, Missouri. S.A.F.E Intensives
specifically focuses on the treatment of adolescents who engage in self-injurious behavior. The
participants will be between the ages of 12 to 21 years old and will be one of the 36 newly
admitted clientele.
The study chose this site especially because of its no medication policy, which focuses on
tolerating distress, learning new coping skills as well as teaching the adolescents appropriate
ways to manage their feelings and providing them with a sense of mastery over their emotions.
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6. Also, the site’s program lasts 10 to 12 weeks which is a perfect match for our goal-intervention
program.
Assessment Instruments
Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II)
The BDI-II is a 21 item self-report questionnaire that assesses severity of depression. This
instrument is one of the most widelyused assessment measures in both research and clinical
settings.
Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS)
The BHS examines an individual's thoughts and beliefs about the future. This self-report
questionnaire consists of 20 true-false items that measure 3 major aspects of hopelessness:
feelings about the future, loss of motivation, and expectations. The hopelessness construct is a
factor in many mental disorders and is highly correlated with measures of depression, suicidal
intent, and ideation.
Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation (BSI)
The BSI is a 21-item self-report questionnaire that may be used to identify the presence and
severity of suicidal ideation. Items on this measure also assess the respondent's suicidal plans,
deterrents to suicide, and the level of openness to revealing suicidal thoughts.
Purpose in Life test (PIL)
Crumbaugh & Maholick in 1964 designed the PIL test operationalize Frankl's ideas. The PIL is
a 20-item self-report that may be used to quantify the respondent’s experience of meaning and
purpose in life. Each item is rated on a 7-point scale and total scores therefore range from 20
(low purpose) to 140 (high purpose) Examples of the 20 items include: "I am usually: completely
bored (1) — exuberant, enthusiastic (7)"; "As I view the world in relation to my life, the world:
completely confuses me (1) — fits meaningfully with my life (7)," and "With regard to suicide, I
have: thought of it seriously as a way out (1) — never given it a second thought (7)."
Life Purpose Questionnaire (LPQ)
The LPQ is a 20-item self-report with an agree/disagree responseinstrument designed to
measure an individual's sense of life meaning. Although, Hablas & Hutzell made this self-report
to aid comprehension to their participants in their 1982, we will use this in addition to the PIL to
make sure there is internal validity and internal consistency in our study.
Description of the Program
Participants are given the opportunity to join a program called Making Goals for the
Future, which invites the participants to identify a meaningful, personal goal and pursue it
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7. effectively. The participants are encouraged to learn how to manage their life goals in order to
achieve enhanced and lasting well-being (Lapierre, Dubé, Bouffard & Alain, 2007).
Based on a cognitive-behavioral approach and goal-intervention literature, the desired
therapeutic changes are to increase the participant’s ability to identify and modify irrational
beliefs that are detrimental to the goal-identification process, promote cognitive factors that
improve regulation of goal-directed action, as well as increase the participant’s ability to view
alternative means to achieve a goal. In addition, another objective of the intervention is to create
warm, interpersonal relationships and mutual support among the participants. During
adolescence peer support plays an important role in the teenager’s need for acceptance and
psychological well-being (Sullivan, 1953; Steinberg, 2008).Billie-Brahe & Jensen (2004) found
that social support is a protective factor against suicide.
Making Goals for the Future program will include 10 to 12 meetings of 2 hours each week of 3
small groups of 6 participants each. Each group will be conducted by graduate counseling
students who have been trained in the goal-intervention program.
Appendix 1 presents the content and purpose of each step of the program: goal setting, goal
planning, goal pursuit and outcome evaluation, with an introductory meeting and a follow-up
meeting as well. During the program, each participant will be expected to identify, plan, pursue
and realize one personal, concrete, meaningful, purposeful goal.
Procedure
The participants will be divided up randomly into 6 groups. Three groups with 6
participants in each group will take part in the goal-intervention program; the other 3 groups with
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8. 6 participants in each groupwill participate in S.A.F.E. Intensive program which involves group,
individual, milieu and family therapy, impulse control management, case management, education
and support, as well as after-care planning.
The study will include three measurement points: pretest, midtest and the post-test at the end of
the intervention program, which will include a follow-up, 6 months later. During the preliminary
meeting (shown in Appendix 1) informed consent will be obtained and the participants will be
provided a brief description of the study. Also, the first assessment will be administered to the
participants in order to obtain an initial, baseline score. The control group will also complete the
questionnaires at this time. The same action will take place during meetings 5 and then during
meeting 11. The study will take 3 to 4 months to complete.Follow up meetings according to
participant’s wishes can occur. Once follow up meeting are adjourned, the data will be collected
and analyzed.
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