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324 01 history, methodology
1. Human Learning
Topic 1: Historical Contexts, Methodology, and Non-
Human Research.
Cedp 324 - Ryan Sain, Ph.D. 3/29/2012
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2. Descartes Dualism
Early 1600’s
Prior to Descartes: conscious intent and free will ruled
the day.
Behavior was not lawful.
Descartes believed that some
behavior was lawful.
Voluntary vs. Involuntary (the reflex)
Cartesian Dualism
Cedp 324 - Ryan Sain, Ph.D. 2 3/29/2012
3. Why reflex?
Stimulus
(sense)
Pineal
Brain Mind
Gland
Muscles Source of voluntary
(voluntary, Behavior
involuntary)
•Arrows represent nerves.
The Reflex Arc •Animal spirits (inside nerves)
•Other critters have reflexes only
Sensory input is REFLECTED
in the response.
Cedp 324 - Ryan Sain, Ph.D. 3 3/29/2012
4. Dualism
Mind
Body
Separate but working together
Two new fields
Mentalism
Reflexology
Cedp 324 - Ryan Sain, Ph.D. 4 3/29/2012
5. Mentalism
Study of how the mind works
Cognitive psychology
Descartes:
Mind contains things outside of experience
God, concept of self, axioms of geometry
Nativism
Cedp 324 - Ryan Sain, Ph.D. 5 3/29/2012
6. A Debate
Nativism (Descartes and others)
Empiricism (John Locke and
others – 1600 - 1800)
Tabula Rasa
Association
Basic experiences combine to
NOT
form complex ideas
Rules
Contiguity, similarity, contrast
This debate rages on
Cedp 324 - Ryan Sain, Ph.D. 6 3/29/2012
7. Comparative Cognition
Descartes started a fire – humans are not as unique
as we think we are
Darwin took it a step further
He claimed contiguity between species
The human mind is the product of evolution
Other critters may share our abilities
Very difficult to investigate
Cedp 324 - Ryan Sain, Ph.D. 7 3/29/2012
8. Investigating Intelligence
A definition proposed:
Romanes (1882)
“to make new adjustments, or modify old ones, in
accordance with the results of it’s own individual
experience.”
Familiar?
This became it’s own branch – Comparative
Psychology
Cedp 324 - Ryan Sain, Ph.D. 8 3/29/2012
9. Neural Function
Pavlov
Focusing on gastric secretions
Nervism – all key physiological functions are governed
by the nervous system
Eventually studied conditioning of reflexes
A form of learning
Step two in using animal models
Exploring biological function
Cedp 324 - Ryan Sain, Ph.D. 9 3/29/2012
10. Animal Models
Animals provide a model of human behavior
Primates, rats, pigeons
Models are not perfect
But representative
Comparable in terms of features or functions
Simple, easily controlled, less expensive
Cedp 324 - Ryan Sain, Ph.D. 10 3/29/2012
11. Learning Defined
What are some definitions?
Your book:
“Learning is an enduring change in the mechanisms of
behavior involving specific stimuli and/or responses that
results from prior experience with those or similar
stimuli and responses”
A functional definition
A relatively permanent change in behavior due to
experience of the organism.
Cedp 324 - Ryan Sain, Ph.D. 11 3/29/2012
12. Learning vs.
Performance
Observation issues
Learning without performance?
Only way to know learning has occurred
Change in performance is not necessarily learning
Factors influencing behavior
Cedp 324 - Ryan Sain, Ph.D. 12 3/29/2012
13. The Science of Learning
Prior experience effects learning
Looking for cause and effect
Requires experimentation
Manipulate events and measure effects
Behavior change not due to learning
Fatigue, maturation
Need to rule these out
We look for general laws – commonalities
We are empirical
Cedp 324 - Ryan Sain, Ph.D. 13 3/29/2012
14. Credits:
Photo of Descartes – Ken Wilson
http://kenwilsonelt.wordpress.com/2010/01/
Caricature of John Locke – Ryan Neal
http://ryanjneal.blogspot.com/2009/03/john-locke-
caricature.html
Image of John Locke – philosopher
http://www.spaceandmotion.com/philosophy-john-
locke-biography.htm
Cedp 324 - Ryan Sain, Ph.D. 14 3/29/2012