Intervento al Master in Project and Information Management dell'Università Bocconi

1. Roberto Masiero on ICT4D
Master in Project and
Information Management
ICT4D: tecnologie digitali per lo sviluppo
Roberto Masiero e Roberto Polillo
Think! The Innovation Knowledge Foundation
2 Febbraio 2012

2. Roberto Masiero on ICT4D
Sommario
1. What is ICT4D?
2. Digital divide
3. Internet evolution & ICT4D
4. Approaches to ICT4D
5. ICT4D: some good practices
6. Think! research methodology: the diamond of digital
innovation
2

3. THINK!: un think tank internazionale,
indipendente e non-profit
THINK! (The Innovation Knowledge Foundation)
intende dar vita a un Istituto di ricerca internazionale
indipendente e non-profit – un Think Tank – che si
ponga l’obiettivo di raccogliere, elaborare, condividere e
diffondere conoscenze sull’utilizzo delle tecnologie ICT,
digitali e science-driven per promuovere i processi di
innovazione, la crescita economica e lo sviluppo
umano nelle economie mature, emergenti ed in via di
sviluppo, in un’epoca caratterizzata dalla centralità dei
temi della sostenibilità ambientale ed energetica.
THINK! The Innovation Knowledge Foundation

4. 4 1. What is ICT4D

5. ICT4D
5
 Information and Communication
Technologies for Development
“The application of ICT within the field of socio-
economic development, international
development and human rights” (Wikipedia)
 Interdisciplinariety, different approaches,
philosophies, goals, ...
 We bring with ourselves our story, …

6. What does it mean
6
"development"?
 Development means different things to
different people
 At its core, it involves concepts of "progress"
and
"growth"
 It cannot be simply equated to the growth of
GNP or personal purchasing power…
 Development is a multi-dimensional entity,
involving empowerment, participation, ….

7. HDI: Human Development
7
Index
 Developed by UNDP (United Nations
Development Programme, www.undp.org ),
from 1992
 Covering almost 200 countries
 Three basic dimensions :
 HEALTH: Life expectancy at birth
 EDUCATION: Education Index
(adut literacy and enrolment at the primary,
secondary and tertiary schools)
 INCOME: Per-capita GDI Index

8. HDI divide in 2011
8
See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Index

9. Why ICT can contribute to
development
9
Information and Communication
E-
EDUCATION
Collecting, storing, processing Providing media for
and making available data and human communication,
information interaction, collaboration
and socialization
Supporting and managing POVERTY
E-HEALTH interaction processes of REDUCTIO
any kind N

10. But: What do we intend by ICT?
10
ICT paradigms are continuously changing….
Mainframe Client-server Cloud Mobile
computing computing computing access
1965 1985 2005+

11. Three phases of ICT4D
11
 ICT4D 0.0: mid 1950s -late 1990s
Focus on computing/data processing for back-office
applications in large governement and private
sector organizations in developing countries
 ICT4D 1.0: late 1990s – late 2000s
Millennium Development Goals and development of
Internet in rich countries investment in ICT
infrastructure and programmes. The diffusion on
Telecentres.
 ICT4D 2.0: late 2000s onwards
The impact of mobile phones, Web 2.0, and more
emphasis on “bottom up” innovation

12. WSIS
12
 World Summit on Information Society (held Geneva,
2003 and Tunis, 2005) to discuss ICT4D issues
 The Geneva Action Plan of Action identified 10 targets to
be achieved by 2015
 In 2010, ITU issued the report "Monitoring the WSIS
targets. A mid term review", 2010 (available on the net)

13. The WSIS 10 targets (2003-5)
13
1. To connect villages with ICTs and establish community access points
2. To connect universities, colleges, secondary schools and primary schools with ICTs
3. To connect scientific and research centres with ICTs
4. To connect public libraries, cultural centres, museums, post offices and archives
with ICTs
5. To connect health centres and hospitals with ICTs
6. To connect all local and central government departments and establish websites
and e-mail addresses
7. To adapt all primary and secondary school curricula to meet the challenges of the
information society, taking into account national circumstances
8. To ensure that all of the world’s population have access to television and radio
services
9. To encourage the development of content and put in place technical conditions in
order to facilitate the presence and use of all world languages on the Internet
10. To ensure that more than half the world’s inhabitants have access to ICTs within

14. ICT4D: two basic approaches
14
- ICT for productivity
"TOP DOWN" - From the experience and models of
developed countries
- Emphasis on [large] organizations
- ICT for human development
- From the needs of local
communities and individuals
"BOTTOM UP" - New models of services,
collaboration and interaction based
on local needs and experiences

15. 15
2. Digital divide

16. Fasce di reddito secondo World Bank
(2008)
35.500
48.000
GNI per capita (US$)
> 11.906
≤ 11.905
≤ 3.855
≤ 975 16
R.Polillo - Ottobre 2011

17. How can we measure and compare ICT
development?
17
Two important sources, highly recommended:
(can be downloaded from the net at no cost)

18. Global ICT developments, 2000-
18
2010
2011 est:
86.7%
12%
Source: ITU, Measuring the Information Society, 2011

19. Mobile cellular subscription
by level of development, 2000-2010
19
Source: ITU, Measuring the Information Society, 2011

20. Mobile cellular penetration by
20
2011*
CIS:
Commonwealth
of Independent
States
http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/statistics/

21. Rural population covered by a mobile
signal, 2002-2008
21
ITU, "Monitoring the WSIS targets. A mid term review", 2010

22. 22

23. 23

24. Internet Users
by level of development, 2000-1010
24
Source: ITU, Measuring the Information Society, 2011

25. Internet penetration, by region,
25
2011*
http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/statistics/

26. Broadband divide
26
Fixed broadband subscribers Mobile broadband subscribers
Source: ITU, Measuring the Information Society, 2011

27. IDI (ICT Development Index)
27
 Developed by ITU to measure the level and
evolution over time of ICT in different
countries, and to measure the digital divide
 Based on a 3 stage model of ICT development
 Computed for 159 countries, 2002, 2007 &
2008

28. The 3 stages model of IDI
28
1 2 3
Access Use Skills 11
IDI sub-index sub-index sub-index indicators

29. IDI components
29
Source: ITU, Measuring the Information Society, 2010
Source: ITU, Measuring the Information Society, 2009

30. Digital divide by IDI values
30
Source: ITU, Measuring the Information Society, 2010

31. 31
3. Internet evolution & ICT4D

32. Evoluzione di Internet
32
1985+ 1995+ 2005+
COMMUNICATION HYPERTEXT, eCOMMERCE SOCIAL MEDIA
NETWORK  Company web sites  Blogs
 E-mail  Web portals  Social networks
 File transfer  Search engines  UGC
 Newsgroups  E-commerce  Cooperative
 ….  Web as an interface creation
 ….  Sharing
 Reusable contents
 …

33. Natale 2006 Natale 2010 Natale 2011
33

34. Evoluzione di Internet
34
2010+
Mobile access

35. Never, in the story of technology, we had at our
disposal a set of powerful tools like those
resulting from the evolution of the internet in
the last few years…
These tools can change completely
the approach of ICT4D, and its
results…
Three big revolutions…
35

36. 1. Communications
36
 Cellular telephony
 SMS
 Mail
 Forum
 Chat
 Blog
 Social networks
 Microblogging
 IP telephony
 Web radio
 Tele-conference

37. 1. Communications
37
 Cellular telephony 2011 est:
 SMS 86.7%
 Mail
 Forum
 Chat
 Blog
 Social networks
 Microblogging
 IP telephony
 Teleconference
 Web radio/TV
Source: ITU, Measuring the Information Society, 2011

38. 1. Communications
38
 Cellular telephony 2003: Skype, Linkedin, MySpace,
 SMS 2004: Facebook, Flickr, Orkut
 Mail 2005: Youtube, Ning, Zoho
2006: Twitter , Google Docs
 Forum
2007
 Chat 2008: Livestream
 Blog 2009: Foursquare
 Social networks 2010
2011: Google+
 Microblogging
 IP telephony
 Web radio
 Tele-conference

39. 2. Utility computing
39
 Computing power accessible from the net
(cloud)
 Large reduction of entry barrier to the
implementation of ICT solutions: no hardware
& software infrastructure needed
 Sustainability of ICT solutions: low operation
costs

40. 2. Software as a service
40
Application
 Computing power accessible from the net
(cloud)
 Large reduction of entry barrier to the
implementation of ICT solutions: no hardware
& software infrastructure needed
 Sustainability of ICT solutions: low operation
costs

41. Before
41
Entry barrier (CAPEX) Sustainability (OPEX)
- Hw & sw client & server - hw & sw maintenance
- K-H (systems & apps) - Recurrent fees
- Infrastructure - Technical support
- Organization set-up - Operations
Entry
barrier
t

42. After
42
Entry barrier (CAPEX) Sustainability (OPEX)
- Hw/sw client - Client maintenance
- Recurrent fees
(applications and
connectivity)
Entry
barrier
t

43. 2. Software as a service
43
SaaS Provider /
Cloud Provider SaaS User
Cloud User
Developing country
Developed country
A new role for NGO?

44. Application virtualization
44

45. 3. IApplications building applicazioni
3. building block per le blocks
45
 “Ecosystems” of open-source software
components, developed and maintained by
large communities
 Online services easily integrable to provide
higher level services (embedding & mashup
technologies)

46. The pace of change…
46
• Piattaforme open source
• Servizi di hosting
• Servizi online per costruzione e hosting
• Servizi di pagamento online
• Social network sites
• Photo, video, slides and document sharing sites
•Telefonia IP
• Microblogging
• Online application suites
• Online intranet
• Geolocalizzazione
00 01 02 09 10

47. An agenda for change
47
 Invest in broadband [mobile] access
 The software is there, and is (almost) free
 Develop skills to identify, mix and integrate
existing software and services
 Take advantage of utility computing to avoid
building local infrastructures
 Concentrate on applications requirements,
prototyping and experimentation
 Share results over the net

48. 48
4. Approaches to ICT4D

49. Roberto Masiero on ICT4D
Two possible
approaches
• ICT for Productivity
• ICT for Human Development
49

50. Roberto Masiero on ICT4D
From IT Investment
to Higher GDP
HIGHER INCREASED TAX
GDP REVENUES
LOWER HIGHER
PRICES WAGES
ECONOMIC
COMPETITIVENESS
INNOVATIVE
LESS SEVERE FASTER PRODUCTS
ECONOMIC MORE JOBS PRODUCTIVITY LOWER
INFLATION AND
DOWNTURNS GROWTH SERVICES
ACCESSIBLE HIGHER BETTER LARGER AND
FLEXIBLE NEW
AND FLEXIBLE INCREASED QUALITY DECISIONS MORE
SUPPLY RESEARCH
WORK EFFICIENCY GOODS AND MAKING EFFICIENT
CHAINS TOOLS
OPPORTUNITIES SERVICES TOOLS MARKETS
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
(hardware, software, applications
and telecommunications)
Source: ITIF
50

51. Positioning mature &
Roberto Masiero on ICT4D
emerging Countries in terms
of innovation-based global
Overall Score
competitiveness
ITIF: The Atlantic Century
Source:
51

52. Positioning mature &
Roberto Masiero on ICT4D
emerging Countries in terms
of innovation-based global
Change Score competitiveness
1999-2009
ITIF: The Atlantic Century
Source:
52

53. Roberto Masiero on ICT4D
IT drives
productivity growth
IT investment as a share
Annual labor productivity growth of total capital investment
Source: ITIF: Digital Prosperity
53

54. Sources of total
Roberto Masiero on ICT4D
factor productivity
growth
Source: ITIF: Digital Prosperity
54

55. The growth of
Roberto Masiero on ICT4D
productivity & the
internet
Source: ITIF: Digital Prosperity
55

56. Beyond the productivity Roberto Masiero on ICT4D
concept:
ICT for Human
Development
3 guidelines for an extended concept of “Human
development”:
1.Development as empowerment, not a sheer economic
growth
2.Approaching ICT4D in a context-based way, nor through
deterministic stances
3.Predominance of political analysis over performance
evaluation
Source: Silvia Masiero, Digital Technologies and Human Development, Think! Paper, Oct 2010
56

57. Roberto Masiero on ICT4D
From IT Investment to
Human Development
HIGHER
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
HDI
POVERTY HIGHER BETTER QUALITY
HPI-2 PER-CAPITA GDP OF LIFE
REDUCTION
HIGHER NEW SECTORAL
BETTER REDUCTION ACCESS TO
MORE EFFICIENCY TOOLS REDUCTION IN
PUBLIC IN GLOBAL
MORE JOBS EFFICIENT OF INTERNAL (E-HEALTH, INFORMATION
SERVICE HUMAN MARKETS FOR
SUPPLY CHAINS RETAIL E-SCHOOL, ASYMMETRIES
DELIVERY ISOLATION LOCAL SMEs
SYSTEMS E-INCLUSION)
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Source: Silvia Masiero, Digital Technologies and Human Development, Think! Paper, Oct 2010
57

58. 58
5. ICT4D: some good practices

59. Idee da alcune esperienze Roberto Masiero on ICT4D
internazionali:
Hole-In-the-Wall Education, India,
Bhutan, Cambogia, Africa
Hole-In-the-Wall Education
Source: Think! Innovation Map
59

60. Roberto Masiero on ICT4D
eHomemarkets, Malesia
eHomemarkets
Source: Think! Innovation Map
60

61. Roberto Masiero on ICT4D
Sambaina Villaggio ICT,
Madagascar
Sambaina Villaggio ICT
Connessione
satellitare
attraverso la
piataforma
satellitare
Infopoverty
Centro d’azione remoto a Centro di supporto
Mahobong al DiPSA – Milano
Source: Think! Innovation Map
61

62. Idee da alcune esperienze Roberto Masiero on ICT4D
internazionali:
Akshaya e-Centres, Kerala,
India
Akshaya e-Centres
Source: Think! Innovation Map
62

63. Roberto Masiero on ICT4D
NETRA: visita oculistica a
costo zero attraverso
l'iPhone
Source: Think! Innovation Map
63

64. Roberto Masiero on ICT4D
E-Toilet: improving
sanitation facilities in
developing countries
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IYsygg1ZJAg&feature=
player_embedded#!
Source: Think! Innovation Map
64

65. 65
6. Think! research methodology

67. Roberto Masiero on ICT4D
Roberto Masiero
rmasiero@thinkinnovation.org
Roberto Polillo
roberto.polillo@unimib.it
www.rpolillo.it
The Innovation Knowledge Foundation
Via Palermo 5
20121 Milano
www.thinkinnovation.org
Join our Innovator Community:
http://theinnovationknowledgefoundation.ning.com/ /
67