1. JOINTS
CAPT RISHI POKHREL

2. INTRODUCTION
2

3. CLASSIFICATIONS
Fibrous Cartilaginous Synovial
Fixed Slightly movable Freely movable
(Synarthroses) (Amphiarthroses) (Diarthroses)
Types Types Types
Sutures Pri.cart. joints Plane
• Plane (Synchondroses) Hinge
• Squamous Pivot
• Limbous Sec.cart. Joints Bicondylar
• Serrate (Syndesmoses) Ellipsoid
• Dentate Saddle

Schindylesis Ball and socket
Gomphosis
Syndesmosis
3

4. CLASSIFICATIONS
JOINTS
SYNARTHROSES SYNOVIAL
FIBROUS

SUTURES

SYNDESMOSIS

GOMPHOSES
CARTILAGENOIS

SYNCHONDROSES

SYMPHYSES
4

5. FIBROUS JOINTS
SUTURES
5

6. Sutures
6

7. Syndesmosis
7

8. GOMPHOSES
8

9. CARTILAGENOUS JOINTS
SYNCHONDROSES
9

10. SYMPHYSES
10

11. SYNOVIAL JOINT
11

12. ARTICULAR SURFACE OF BONES
12

13. ARTICULAR CARTILAGE MIC. STR.
LAMINA SPLENDENS

Bright line at free surface of
articular cartilage seen on
oblique sections on negative
phase microscopy

Not an anatomically distinct
surface layer.

Artifect at border between
regions of different ref index
13

14. Joint capsule
14

15. SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE
15

16. SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE
16

17. SYNOVIAL FLUID
 Volume – 0.5 ml in knee jt
 Color – clear or pale
yellow
 pH - slightly alkaline
 Proteins – 0.9 mg/dl
 Cells – 60/ml
 Amorphous
metachromatic particles
17

18. INTRAARTICULAR MENISCUS & DISC
18

19. LABRUM
19

20. BLOOD SUPPLY
20

21. NERVE SUPPLY
Hilton's law 21

22. NERVE RECEPTORS
Ruffini endings
Lamellated articular corpuscles
Golgi tendon organs
Simple nerve endings
22

23. CLASSIFICATION OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS

Based on shape of articular surface
∞ Plane jt ∞ Ellipsoid jt
∞ Hinge jt ∞ Saddle jt
∞ Pivot jt ∞ Ball and socket jt
∞ Bicondylar jt

Articular shapes are never truly flat, spherical,
cylinder, cone or ellipsoids but part of a spheroid.
23

24. PLANE JOINT
24

25. HINGE JOINT
25

26. PIVOT JOINT
26

27. BICONDYLAR JOINT
27

28. ELLIPSOIDAL JOINT
28

29. SADDLE JOINT
29

30. BALL & SOCKET JOINT
30

31. FACTORS INFLUENCING MOVEMENTS OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS

Complexity of form

Degrees of freedom
31

32. ARTICULAR MOVEMENTS AND MECHANISMS

Combination of translation and angulation

Movement

slight – similar sized reciprocal surfaces

wide – habitually more mobile bone has larger
articular surface
32

33. ARTICULAR MOVEMENTS AND MECHANISMS contd...

Translation

Angulation
• Flexion and extension
• Abduction and adduction
• Axial rotation
• Circumduction
33

34. Development
Mesodermal origin with some neural
crest contribution.

Regions of developing cartilage
consist of widely spaced cells
surrounded by matrix.

Condensation of somatopleuric
mesenchymal cells develop
between developing skeletal
elements to form plates of
interzonal mesenchyme

Their subsequent development
varies acc. to type of joint

Fibrous joint

Cartilagenous joint

Synovial joint
34

35. Development
35

36. APPLIED ANATOMY
1.Craniosynostosis 36

37. 2. JOINT REPLACEMENTS
37

38. 3. Premature fusion of synchondroses
4. Arthritis
38

39. DISCUSSION 39