Excavadoras hidráulicas: Guía completa
•Descargar como PPT, PDF•
17 recomendaciones•18,713 vistas
Recomendados
Más contenido relacionado
La actualidad más candente
La actualidad más candente (20)
Destacado
Destacado (20)
Similar a Excavadoras hidráulicas: Guía completa
Similar a Excavadoras hidráulicas: Guía completa (20)
Excavadoras hidráulicas: Guía completa
- 1. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET CAPACITACIÓN DE EQUIPO PESADO VIAMONTE Excavadoras Hidráulicas RUSTON 1927
- 2. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET EXCAVADORA DEFINICION MAQUINA AUTOPROPULSADA SOBRERUEDAS O CADENAS. CON UNA SUPER ESTRUCTURA CAPAZ DEEFECTUAR ALMENOS 360 ° , QUEEXCAVA, O CARGA , ELEVA Y GIRA Y DESCARGA MATERIAL POR LA ACCION DE UNA CUCHARA FIJADA A UN CONJUNTO DEPLUMA Y BALANCIN, SIN QUE EL CHASIS O LA SUPER-ESTRUCTURA PORTANTESEDESPLACE.
- 3. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET CARACTERISTICAS MINIEXCAVADORAS EXCAVADORAS PEQUEÑAS EXCAVADORAS MEDIANAS EXCAVADORAS GRANDES
- 4. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET • Quiénes somos • De dónde venimos • Experiencia en excavadoras • Expectativas
- 5. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Programa • Programa de 2 días • Un poco de trabajo en clase • Mucho intercambio y conversación • Ensayos prácticos • Actividades en equipos
- 7. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Seguridad • En la máquina • Alrededor de la máquina • En el trabajo
- 8. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET El Elemento Humano
- 9. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET ? Seguridad en la Máquina ¿Puede nombrar todo el equipo de seguridad en una excavadora hidráulica?
- 10. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Excavator Safety Equipment • FOPS o ROPS • Cinturones de seguridad • Alarma de retroceso • Bocina • Espejos • Luces • Guardas • Etiquetas de advertencia • Luces indicadoras y medidores • Superficies antirresbaladizas • Pasamanos
- 11. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Subida y bajada de la máquina • Para todas las máquinas Usted debe usar las escalerillas y peldaños provistos Usted debe usar tres puntos de contacto al subir o bajar de la máquina Siempre enfrente la máquina al subir o bajar de ella Cerciórese de que los escalones y pasamanos estén limpios y que su uso no presente peligro alguno. ¡NO SALTE DE LA MAQUINA!
- 12. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Antes de bajarse de la máquina... • Baje todos los implementos al suelo • Ponga la palanca de control de la transmisión en la posición trabada
- 13. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Seguridad en la Máquina Conoce las características y dispositivos de seguridad de la máquina. Conoce la ubicación y función de todos los indicadores y sistemas de alarma. Lee y sigue las instrucciones del manual de operación y mantenimiento de cada máquina que esté operando. Durante este programa, usted aprenderá sobre muchas cuestiones relativas a la seguridad. Caterpillar no puede anticipar cada circunstancia posible que pudiera involucrar un peligro en potencia. Usted es el responsable de su propia seguridad. Cerciórese de que ...
- 14. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Cadenas: Inspección y Ajuste El tren de rodaje es un importante componente del mantenimiento de una excavadora. La operación, inspección y ajuste apropiados son de importancia fundamental para obtener el mejor servicio posible de sus partes integrantes.
- 15. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Procedimientos de Ajuste de las Cadenas
- 16. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET En la Máquina • Inspección de seguridad y mantenimiento alrededor de la máquina – Estudiar lista de comprobación – Demostración de inspección alrededor de la máquina – Práctica del sistema con ayudante
- 17. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Lista de Comprobación de Procedimientos
- 18. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Sesión en la Máquina Inspección de Seguridad y Mantenimiento Alrededor de la Máquina
- 19. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Compartimiento del Operador y Controles
- 20. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Compartimiento del Operador Tablero monitor Palanca universal derecha Controles de desplazamiento Llave de contacto Bocina Palanca universal izquierda Palanca de activación del control hidráulico Controles del aire acondicionado y calefacción
- 21. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Salida Secundaria • La ventana trasera es la salida secundaria
- 22. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Control de Sentido de Desplazamiento • Giros en redondo o de pivote • Palancas o pedales de desplazamiento • Tercer pedal para desplazamiento en línea recta (accesorio)
- 23. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Controles • Consultar la Guía de Operación y Mantenimiento – Remoción de contrapesos – Pasador de traba de rotación – Interruptor para levantamiento pesado – Control preciso de la rotación • Interruptor de velocidad del martillo • Pedal del martillo – Extensión de los bastidores de rodillos
- 24. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Movimiento de las Palancas Universales FIJA Brazo Afuera Rotación DerechaRotación Izquierda Brazo Adentro FIJA Bajar Pluma Descargar CucharónCerrar Cucharón Elevar Cucharón Patrón SAE
- 25. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Movimiento de las Palancas Universales FIJA Bajar Pluma Rotación DerechaRotación Izquierda Elevar Pluma FIJA Brazo Afuera Descargar CucharónCerrar Cucharón Brazo Adentro Sistema Estándar de Retroexcavadora Cargadora
- 26. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Palanca de Activación Hidráulica • La posición Trabada (hacia abajo) desactiva todos los controles hidráulicos • La posición Destrabada (hacia arriba) activa todos los controles hidráulicos
- 27. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET CABINA H.E. SERIE “C” PALANCAS UNIVERSALES CONSOLA DE LOS INTERRUPTORES INTERRRUPTORES DE RESPALDO PALANCAS DE DESPLAZAMIENTO
- 28. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET TABLERO MONITOR LUZ DE ACCION PANEL DE CUATRO MEDIDORES CENTRO DE MENSAJES PANEL DEL TECLADO
- 29. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET FUNCIONES DEL MONITOR
- 30. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET FUNCIONES DEL MONITOR
- 32. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Compartimiento del Operador
- 33. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Tablero Monitor Electrónico • Indicadores e interruptores • Señales de advertencia – Luces indicadoras y medidores – Luz de acción – Alarma de acción
- 34. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Tablero Monitor Electrónico Medidor de nivel de combustible Medidor de temperatura del aceite hidráulico Medidor de temperatura del refrigerante del motor Visualización de caracteres Velocidad del motor Luz de acción
- 35. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Indicadores Indicador de descarga de la batería Indicador de presión de aceite del motor Indicador de temperatura del aceite hidráulico Indicador de temperatura del refrigerante del motor Indicador del filtro de aire
- 36. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Indicadores Indicador del filtro del aceite hidráulico de retorno Indicador de alerta del controlador Indicador de irregularidad en el tablero de instrumentos Indicador del calentador de aire
- 37. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Indicadores de Nivel Nivel del combustible Nivel del aceite hidráulico Nivel del aceite del motor Nivel del refrigerante
- 38. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Modalidades de Trabajo • 4 modalidades de trabajo – Prioridad a la pluma – Prioridad a la rotación – Prioridad al control preciso – Prioridad del usuario • Modalidad de apisonamiento • Modalidad de martillo • Modalidad del cliente
- 39. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Modalidad de Prioridad a la Pluma • Carga de rotación corta • Zanjas profundas • Terminado a nivel • Prioridad a elevación de la pluma • Usar 3 funciones para eficiencia total
- 40. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Modalidad de Prioridad a la Rotación • Carga de camiones/zanjeo, volcando el estéril a más de 180 grados • Nivelación horizontal/de acabado • Cuando se necesita más fuerza de rotación • Usar 3 funciones para eficiencia total
- 41. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Modalidad de Control Preciso • Trabajo de levantamiento • Trabajo de acabado de precisión • 70% de la potencia del motor • 1 bomba hidráulica para retraer el brazo en vez de 2
- 42. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Modalidad del Usuario • Apisonamiento (U1) • Martillo (U2) • Cliente (U3)
- 43. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Cómo Establecer la Modalidad del Usuario • Seleccionar modalidad secundaria • Muestra modalidad secundaria • 3 modalidades secundarias
- 44. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Modalidad de Apisonamiento (U1) • Operaciones que usan el fondo del cucharón • La pluma se eleva y baja suavemente
- 45. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Modalidad de Martillo (U2) • Aumenta las posibilidades operativas • Se deben ajustar de antemano la presión del circuito y el caudal de la bomba
- 46. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Modalidad del Cliente (U3) • Permite al operador elegir los ajustes que prefiera
- 47. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Modalidad de Potencia • Apropiada para trabajo pesado • 100% de la potencia del motor
- 48. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Control Automático del Motor • Reduce la velocidad del motor si no hay actividad en 3 segundos • Reduce el consumo de combustible • Reduce los niveles de ruido • Opera en 3 modalidades
- 49. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Control Automático del Motor • Modalidad 1= Interruptor AEC desconectado – Reduce las rpm del motor 100 rpm • Modalidad 2= Interruptor AEC conectado – Reduce las rpm – del motor a 1300
- 50. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Botón de Baja en Vacío • Situado en el extremo superior de la palanca universal derecha • Reduce la velocidad del motor a 1100 rpm • Funciona en ambas modalidades
- 51. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Velocidad de Desplazamiento • Usar baja velocidad para terreno difícil y alta velocidad para terreno llano • Velocidad alta continua = 2 horas • Parar cada 2 horas para dejar enfriar los motores de impulsión
- 52. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Interruptor de Cancelar Alarma • Apaga la alarma de desplazamiento • Se usa al desplazarse distancias largas o en lugares seguros • Se rearma cuando se detiene la máquina
- 53. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Tablero Monitor Electrónico de la Serie B
- 54. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Categorías de Advertencia ? Categoría 1
- 56. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Categoría 1 • Aviso – la máquina necesita atención • No se causará daño a la máquina
- 57. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Categorías de Advertencia ? Categoría 1 Categoría 2
- 59. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Categoría 2 • Se recalientan: Refrigerante, aceite hidráulico... • Requiere cambio en la operación de la máquina
- 60. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Categorías de Advertencia ? Categoría 1 Categoría 2 Categoría 3
- 62. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Categoría 3 • Requiere apagar la máquina inmediatamente
- 63. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Tablero Monitor de la Serie 300 Luz de acción Medidor de combustible Temperatura del refrigerante Temperatura del aceite hidráulico Prioridad a la pluma Prioridad a la rotación Control preciso Control Automático del Motor Ajuste de modalidades de potencia Velocidad de desplazamiento Cancelar alarma
- 64. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Tablero Monitor Electrónico de la Serie 300
- 65. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Tablero Monitor de la 350 y la 375 • Tablero monitor • Igual que el de la Serie 300 sin las modalidades de trabajo
- 66. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Tablero Monitor de la 350 y la 375 • Indicadores e interruptores
- 67. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Medidores Nivel de combustible Temperatura del refrigerante Temperatura del aceite hidráulico
- 68. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Visualización de Caracteres “A” = Interruptor de respaldo del sistema del regulador en posición Manual “H” = Interruptor de respaldo del sistema de bomba en posición de Tortuga “U” = Ambos interruptores en Manual o Tortuga
- 69. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Modalidad de Potencia Modalidad III = trabajo pesado II =trabajo común I = trabajo liviano •La fuerza de excavación no cambia en ninguna modalidad
- 70. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Control de la Velocidad de Desplazamiento • Baja velocidad • Alta velocidad
- 71. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Control Automático de Velocidad del Motor (AEC) • Nivel 1 – Interruptor desconectado – Reduce la velocidad del motor 100 rpm • Nivel 2 – Interruptor conectado – Reduce la velocidad del motor a 1300 rpm • Nivel 3 – Trabaja con el botón en la palanca universal derecha – Reduce la velocidad del motor a 1100 rpm
- 72. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Interruptor de Cancelación de Alarma • Apaga la alarma de desplazamiento
- 73. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Velocidad del Motor • Dial de velocidad del motor • Método de respaldo
- 74. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET ¿Qué máquina tiene este tablero? Pruebasorpresa
- 75. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET ¿Qué máquina tiene este tablero? Pruebasorpresa
- 76. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET ¿Qué significa este símbolo? Pruebasorpresa
- 77. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET ¿Qué significa este símbolo? Pruebasorpresa
- 78. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET ¿Qué significa este símbolo? Pruebasorpresa
- 79. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET ¿Qué significa este símbolo? Pruebasorpresa
- 80. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET ¿Qué significa este símbolo? Pruebasorpresa
- 81. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET ¿Qué significa este símbolo? Pruebasorpresa
- 82. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET ¿Qué significa este símbolo? Pruebasorpresa
- 83. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET ¿Qué significa este símbolo? Pruebasorpresa
- 84. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET ¿Qué significa este símbolo? Pruebasorpresa
- 85. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET ¿Qué significa este símbolo? Pruebasorpresa
- 86. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET ¿Qué significa este símbolo? Pruebasorpresa
- 87. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET ¿Qué significa esto? ¿Qué debería hacer usted? Pruebasorpresa
- 88. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET ¿Qué significa esto? ¿Qué debería hacer usted? Pruebasorpresa
- 89. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Prueba de Arranque • Autoprueba al arrancar • Conectar llave de arranque • Esperar 2 segundos • Verificar que los módulos operan correctamente – Destellan los indicadores de alerta – Funciona la luz de acción – Se desplazan las imágenes en la ventanilla digital – Suena la alarma de acción
- 90. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Sistemas Monitores de Prearranque • Comprobar refrigerante • Comprobar aceite hidráulico • Comprobar aceite del motor
- 91. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET En la Máquina • Arranque y Parada – Repasar lista de comprobación de procedimientos – Demostración de inspección alrededor de la máquina – Práctica del sistema con ayudante • Operación general
- 92. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Lista de Comprobación de Procedimientos
- 93. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Aplicaciones e Implementos
- 94. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Aplicaciones • Excavación • Zanjeo • Excavación en gran volumen • Demolición • Explotación forestal • Minería
- 95. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Implementos • Cucharones • Martillos • Pulverizadores • Cizallas • Imanes • Barrenos
- 96. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Instrucciones de Operación
- 97. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Excavación • Guías o pautas • Normas y regulaciones • Preparación • Zanjeo • Carga desde el banco • Carga de camiones
- 98. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Guías Generales de Operación • Comprobar si el manual está en la cabina • El operador debe estar cómodo • El operador DEBE usar el cinturón de seguridad • Mantener una plataforma de trabajo estable • Movimientos de control suaves • Siempre mantenerse al tanto del entorno • ¡Recordar que la pluma está en el aire - fijarse en los objetos contra los que puede golpear!
- 99. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Guías Generales de Operación • Crear un plan de trabajo – ¡Muy importante! • Tener los auxiliares e implementos de excavación • Mantener el tren de rodaje en posición apropiada para excavación eficiente • Llamar siempre a los servicios de cables y conductos subterráneos antes de excavar • No sobrecargar el cucharón
- 100. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Posiciones de Excavación Excavar Excavar Posición más estable Posición más estable DescargarDescargar Posición menos estable Posición menos estable
- 101. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Trabajo en Pendientes • Pendiente Máx. = 70% o 35º para lubricación • Tener cuidado en laderas - vigilar el par de rotación • Mantener las ruedas motrices cuesta abajo 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 GRADOS PENDIENTE 25-1 20-1 10-1 6-1 5-120 4-1 10 0 3-1 2-1 1-1 ¾ -1 ½-1 ¼-1 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 POR CIENTO
- 102. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Desplazamiento • Desplazamiento cuesta abajo - el cucharón adelante y las ruedas motrices cuesta abajo – ¡SIEMPRE! • Desplazamiento cuesta arriba = el cucharón adelante y a baja altura • Desplazarse con el brazo vertical y el cucharón plano para tener mejor visibilidad
- 103. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Regulaciones de Excavación • Seguir todas las regulaciones locales y nacionales • Consultar con el ente regulador si surgen preguntas ¡¡LA SEGURIDAD ES LO MAS IMPORTANTE!!
- 104. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Tipos de Suelo Suelo Tipo A = cohesivo, con una fuerza de compresión no confinada de 1,5 tonelada por pie cuadrado Ejemplos = arcilla, arcilla cenagosa, arcilla arenosa, arcilla limosa, tosca o caliche y capas duras
- 105. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Tipos de Suelo Suelo Tipo B = cohesivo, con una fuerza de compresión no confinada de 0,5 tonelada pero menos de 1,5 tonelada por pie cuadrado Ejemplos = grava angular, cieno, limo cenagoso y limo arenoso
- 106. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Tipos de Suelo Suelo Tipo C = cohesivo, con una fuerza de compresión no confinada de 0,5 tonelada por pie cuadrado o menos Ejemplos = grava, arena o arena limosa
- 107. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Regulaciones de Excavación 20' Máx. 1 3/4 Talud simple - Suelo general de Tipo A 20' Máx. 4' Máx. Este banco se permite sólo en suelo cohesivo. Banco simple Suelo de Tipo A 1 3/4
- 108. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Regulaciones de Excavación 20' Máx. 5' Máx. 4' Máx. 1 3/4 Banco múltiple Suelo Tipo A 20' Máx. Altura total del lado vertical 18" Mín. Sistema con soporte o entibado 1 3/4 Porción inferior con lados verticales soportados o entibados - Suelo Tipo B
- 109. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Regulaciones de Excavación 20' Máx. 1 1 Talud simple Suelo Tipo B 1 1 20' Máx. 4' Máx. Este banco se permite sólo en suelo cohesivo . Banco simple Suelo Tipo B
- 110. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Regulaciones de Excavación 1 1 20' Máx. 4' Máx. 4' Máx. Este banco se permite sólo en suelo cohesivo . Bancos múltiples Suelo Tipo B 20' Máx. Altura total del lado vertical 18" Mín. Sistema con soporte o entibado 1 1 Porción inferior con lados verticales soportados o entibados - Suelo Tipo B
- 111. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Regulaciones de Excavación 20' Máx. Altura total del lado vertical 18" Mín. Sistema con soporte o entibado 1 1½ Porción inferior con lados verticales soportados o entibados - Suelo Tipo C 20' Máx. 1 1½ Talud simple Suelo Tipo C
- 113. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Instrucciones para Zanjeo • Seguir todas las normas y regulaciones de seguridad • Cerciorarse de que el área esté despejada • Marcar dónde va a excavar • Mantener gama de excavación apropiada • Mantener el brazo en movimiento • En modalidad de Potencia y prioridad a la pluma
- 114. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Instrucciones para Zanjeo • Excavar con las ruedas guías hacia el trabajo • Mantenerse dentro de la gama de trabajo • Excavar desde arriba hacia abajo • Quitar el material en capas
- 115. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Gama de Excavación Apropiada • 35º-45º fuera de la vertical a la posición vertical • El cucharón se debe cargar por la posición vertical
- 116. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Carga de Camiones
- 117. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Instrucciones para Carga de Camiones • Cargar siempre de adelante hacia atrás • Usar la bocina para detener el camión • Estar preparado para detener el camión, de ser necesario • Amortiguar la caja primero, al cargar material de gran tamaño • Carga sobre el costado o riel – el riel debe estar alineado con la pluma y el pasador del brazo
- 118. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Carga por Atrás, Modalidad de Corte en Fosa Los camiones y la Excavadora ME deben estar al mismo nivel • Carga de uno o dos camiones • Profundidad de excavación mínima • Rotación de 60º
- 119. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Carga por Atrás, Modalidad de Corte en Fosa Los camiones y la Excavadora ME deben estar al mismo nivel • Método con camión paralelo • Es mejor cuando hay limitación de camiones • Profundidad de excavación máxima • Rotación de 90º
- 120. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Carga por Atrás, Modalidad de Corte Ancho Los camiones y la Excavadora ME deben estar al mismo nivel • Mínima rotación por posición del camión • Profundidad de excavación máxima • Posiciones de carga alternadas • No necesita máquinas de respaldo para limpieza
- 121. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Instrucciones de Operación
- 122. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Carga desde el Banco
- 123. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Instrucciones para Carga desde el Banco • Altura del banco = longitud del brazo • Modalidad de potencia y prioridad a la pluma • No trabajar encima de la cabina • Excavar desde arriba hacia abajo • Quitar el material en capas
- 124. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Longitud del Brazo • Longitud del brazo = pasador de la pluma al pasador del brazo • No incluye el cucharón o la parte superior Longitud delbrazo
- 125. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Modalidad de Carga Sobre el Costado Camiones en el nivel inferior • La profundidad de excavación es igual a la longitud del brazo • La rotación es mínima • Esta modalidad permite amplia excavación y gran alcance • Posiciones de carga alternadas
- 126. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Modalidad de Carga por Atrás Camiones en el nivel inferior • La profundidad de excavación es igual a la longitud del brazo • La rotación es mínima • Esta modalidad permite amplia excavación y gran alcance • Posiciones de carga graduales
- 127. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Modalidad de carga fuera de escuadra, método de corte ancho Camiones en el nivel inferior • Profundidad de excavación igual a longitud del brazo • Rotación mínima • Menos movimientos de la excavadora • Posiciones de carga alternas Alcance máximo Alcance máximo
- 128. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Modalidad de Carga por Atrás Camiones en el nivel inferior • Método de camión al sesgo • Es mejor cuando hay limitación de camiones • Rotación de 90º
- 129. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Levantamiento Profundidad de la zanja Radio de carga Diámetro del tubo Punto de levantamiento de carga Ground Line Límite del alcance de excavación Disminuye la capacidad de levantamiento Gama de levantamiento óptima Disminuye la capacidad de levantamiento
- 130. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Instrucciones para Levantamiento • Cerciorarse de que el área esté despejada • Usar el punto de levantamiento • Tener cuidado al girar con una carga • Usar la modalidad de control preciso • Las cadenas deben estar perpendiculares a la zanja al bajar la carga • Levantar y bajar cargas suavemente
- 131. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Carga y Levantamiento desde el Banco
- 132. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Cómo Elegir el Cucharón • Radio de la punta • Tipo de cucharón • Capacidad • Facilidad de carga
- 133. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Cómo Cambiar de Cucharón • Extraer el pasador de articulación • Reemplazarlo con una barra de pequeño diámetro • Equilibrar el cucharón para aliviar la carga sobre el pasador del cucharón • Extraer fácilmente el pasador del cucharón • Invertir el proceso para instalar otro cucharón
- 134. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Cómo Elegir el Cucharón Apropiado
- 135. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Martillos • Trabajo en zanjas • Excavación en gran volumen • Util tipo cincel o con punta • Material blando, en capas o plástico Fractura por Penetración Tipo de Util
- 136. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Martillos • Trabajo de tamaño mayor • Trabajo en canteras • Util romo • Material duro, quebradizo y abrasivo Fractura por Impacto Tipo de Util
- 137. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Sugerencias para Trabajar con Martillos Mantener el martillo a 90º con respecto al material
- 138. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Sugerencias para Trabajar con Martillos Parar el martillo antes de que se desmorone el material
- 139. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Sugerencias para Trabajar con Martillos No doblar el útil mientras está golpeando
- 140. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Sugerencias para Trabajar con Martillos No golpear más de 15 segundos en un mismo lugar
- 141. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Otros Implementos de Trabajo Seguir las instrucciones del manual de Operación y Mantenimiento
- 142. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Sugerencias para Aumentar la Eficiencia • Equipar la máquina para el trabajo • Dar servicio/reabastecer de combustible entre turnos • Seguir las instrucciones de operación • Hacer inspecciones diarias - mantener la máquina limpia y en buen estado de operación • Usar la excavadora, no abusar de ella
- 143. Excavadoras Hidráulicas CET Capacitación de Equipos Caterpillar Excavadoras Hidráulicas
Notas del editor
- Welcome to Caterpillar Equipment Training Operator Certification Program. This class focuses on the safe and effective operation of Caterpillar Hydraulic Excavators. Caterpillar Equipment Training has been in existence since 1995. Students completing the course and earning certification will receive a commemorative belt buckle and a certificate. Students who do not pass will receive a certificate of course completion.
- It’s important that you know why you’re here, and what we’re trying to accomplish. This is not a course for beginners. It’s for experienced operators. Caterpillar Equipment Training is dedicated to improving the return on the investment your company has made in Caterpillar products. By helping you understand how to use your equipment better, regardless of what model you have, CET will help you work faster, more safely and efficiently, and with more confidence. That, in turn, should help you increase productivity and make your work easier.
- [ Read objectives to class…ask for questions and further explain objectives if required. ] It is our expectation that all of you already have some experience operating excavators and are here to improve your skills. So, let’s spend a few moments finding about one another...
- Let’s start by having each of us introduce ourselves… tell us where you’re from… your experience on excavators… and what you expect to get out of this class. Let me start… [ Tell the students about your background and experience. ] [ Go around room and repeat for all participants. Students will have a tendency to say as little as possible. Draw them out with some questions if they don’t open up. ]
- This will be a 2.5 day session that includes some time here in the classroom and more time with the iron. There will be some lecture…but we’ll also have a lot of discussion, team activities and hands-on practice. Each day will include a break at mid-morning, lunch at noon, and another break in the afternoon. [Explain planned evening activities…or if there is free time, mention some of the optional activities for the area they’re in.] Input from each of you will greatly improve the quality of the classroom work (and make it more fun), so I not only encourage you to participate…I require it. Hands-on work helps you to get to know the machines and each other. The team activities include walk-around inspections, start-up procedures, and some in-the-seat practice. You will become familiar with the controls and do some basic operation of the machine.
- Let’s turn our attention now to safety. This is, without exception, the most important part of the next 2 1/2 days. If you cannot operate Caterpillar machines safely, you WILL NOT be certified. While we have just a short part of this morning’s session titled “Safety,” this is certainly not the only time we’ll discuss safety issues. They will be present in every part of the program. So pay close attention throughout…and ALWAYS think before you act!
- Safety isn’t limited to operation of the machine. You must always be aware of everything going on AROUND the machine…whether you are in the operator’s seat or not. As we all know, construction sites and mines can be very dangerous places. So we must also be aware of safety hazards on the job.
- As we’ve discussed, sometimes forces outside our control…such as weather, machine problems and other circumstances…cause or create the opportunity for accidents. But in most cases, PEOPLE either cause the accident or fail to take the necessary precautionary actions that might have prevented the accident. We’ll watch a video now entitled “The Human Element.”
- Most of what we’ve talked about so far applies to any type of heavy equipment. Let’s focus now on excavators. [ Go to flipchart and ask students to name all the safety equipment they can think of on an excavator. Encourage students to explain why the item they suggest should be considered safety equipment. ] [ When the group has exhausted all their ideas, advance to next slide. ]
- Let’s compare the list we made with this one. This isn’t all the equipment on a excavator that might be considered safety items…but it includes the more important ones. [ Discuss those items omitted on the flipchart…and those the class thought of that are not on this list. ]
- Inappropriately mounting and dismounting is the most common cause of heavy equipment accidents. [ Describe 3-point contact and importance of using the ladders and steps provided in the prescribed manner. ] Just so everyone knows the rules up front: If you jump from any machine at any time during the next two days, you fail this class. End of story.
- Get into the habit of always lowering all implements before you get off a machine…whether you have shut down the engine or not.
- During this program, you’ll learn about many safety related issues. Caterpillar cannot anticipate every possible circumstance that might involve a potential hazard. You are responsible for your own safety. Make sure that you…. Know the machine safety features and devices Know the location and function of all warning indicators and systems Read and follow the Operation and Maintenance Manual for each machine you are operating. [ Read this slide to the group. This is a disclaimer that MUST be covered word for word. ]
- The operator is the single biggest factor affecting undercarriage wear. Undercarriage is an important maintenance item on an excavator. The way an operator uses the machine, for instance, turning the same direction all the time or using reverse a lot, are all items that can affect undercarriage wear.
- Now let’s watch a video on track adjustment procedures.
- Up next... We’ll go out to the machines and learn how to perform a safety and maintenance walk-around. First, we’ll go over the procedures checklist to make sure we all know what’s involved. Then we’ll take a short break, and head outside where I’ll take you through a walk-around demonstration. Then we’ll pair off into teams of two and let you practice doing a walk-around inspection yourselves. [ Have the students pair up with the individual seating next to them. If there are an uneven number of students, have the remaining student pair with you. ]
- Does everyone have a copy of the checklist? This is the checklist you’ll use to do the walk-around. At the top, in the blank named “Inspector” write your name. Now, trade checklists with your partner…and on your partner’s list, write your name next to “Evaluator.” There are three columns here. The first one tells you what you need to inspect. The second column tells you what you’re looking for on that item. The third column is to note what you found. There are also four sections: components you can see from the ground, inside the engine compartment, on the machine but outside the cab, and inside the cab. [ Depending on the experience of the students, you may want to take a moment to go down the list and have them identify where each item is on the machine. ] [ Explain how the practice session will work. Refer to the Instructor’s Guide for more details. ]
- OK…let’s take a 15 minute break…then we’ll head for the field to practice the walk-around procedures.
- Let’s now talk about the monitor panel on hydraulic excavators.
- [Go around the class and discuss each lever/control/panel as you build the operator station. Answer any questions the class may have.]
- The rear window of the Operator Station is a secondary exit in case of an emergency.
- The B-Series Excavators offer you a choice of travel levers or travel pedals. Both, left and right, travel pedals and levers will allow you to go forward, reverse and turn. You can also spot turn or pivot turn, as well. A third pedal for straight travel is available as an attachment--and equipped only on certain machines. This pedal will move the excavator in a straight line.
- You may encounter machines equipped with controls and switches you are not familiar with. Always consult the Operation and Maintenance Manual before operating.
- The standard Cat excavator system is SAE and the Backhoe Loader System is the second most common system.
- A quick change valve quickly switches between patterns. If the machine is equipped with an optional quick change valve, the proper control pattern must be displayed on an information card in the cab. It is good practice to verify the control pattern with the information card in the cab.
- The hydraulic activation control lever in the LOCKED position makes all factory-installed hydraulic controls inoperable. The engine will not start unless the hydraulic activation control lever is in the locked position.
- Let’s watch a video about the Operator Station.
- The Electronic Monitor Panel consists of indicators and switches. The indicators are gauges for various machines systems. And the switches are for selecting the various work modes and the power modes. Included on the Electronic Monitor Panel is an action alarm, action light, gauges and alert indicators to let you know when the machine is in trouble. The monitor panel is designed to alert you of an immediate problem or of an impending problem. The panel has individual alert indicators for each machine system that is listed on the monitor panel. The problem could be in more than one of the machine systems that are listed.
- [As you build the monitor panel sequence, go around the room and highlight each to class. Students may take the opportunity to ask a question about a certain gauge highlighted.]
- [Read aloud each indicator to the class as it is highlighted. Ask class if they have any questions and then discuss.]
- [Continue to read aloud each indicator and highlight each to the class. Discuss any questions with the class.]
- Look again at the various shapes included in each symbol. Each level check shows an arrow. [Read aloud to class as highlighted and discuss]
- The Work Mode selector allows the choice of four modes. They are the Boom Priority Mode, Swing Priority Mode, Fine Control Mode and the User Mode. The User Mode has three submodes which allows you to customize the machine for specific jobs. The four work mode switches are on the left side of the monitor panel. Each work mode switch is set for different boom speeds or for different swing speeds. Only one work mode can be selected at at time. If a new work mode is selected, the previous work mode is deactivated automatically.
- The Fine Control Mode uses 70% of available engine power for lower sound levels, precise implement movement and reduced fuel consumption. This work mode limits the oil flow to the circuit that moves the stick inward. Normally, the oil flow to the circuit that moves the stick inward is available from both pumps. This moves the stick quickly. When the fine control mode is used, the oil flow is limited to one pump. This will slow the stick movement, which allows more control. This work mode is used most often when you finish a slope. This work mode is also used for lifting applications or for fine grading.
- To select the sub-mode, press the switch repeatedly until the desired sub-mode is displayed in the right two positions of the liquid crystal display. This work mode has the following three sub-modes: Tamping mode or U1, Hammer Mode or U2 and Customer Mode or U3.
- The Automatic Engine Control automatically reduces engine speed when there is no hydraulic demand or when the hydraulic demand is very small. The AEC is also designed to reduce fuel consumption and noise. It is important to note that the AEC system will be inoperable while the backup switch of the electronic controller system is in the MAN or manual position. If the hydraulic oil is not at a normal operating temperature, the AEC may respond slowly.
- The AEC system will operate in 3 modes. In Mode 1, the electronic controller automatically reduces engine speed by 100 rpm after there has been no hydraulic demand for approximately three seconds. In Mode 2, the AEC system will automatically reduce the engine rpm to approximately 1300 rpm after there has been no hydraulic demand for approximately three seconds. And in Mode 3, whenever the switch for One-Touch Low Idle is activated, the engine speed is reduced to approximately 1100 rpm. Pressing the switch again will allow the engine speed to return to the setting of the engine speed dial.
- In Mode 3, whenever the switch for One-Touch Low Idle is activated, the engine speed is reduced to approximately 1100 rpm. Pressing the switch again will allow the engine speed to return to the setting of the engine speed dial.
- When turning on the engine start switch, the travel speed control is always set at the Low Travel Speed position. Whenever the travel speed control switch is pressed, the travel speed changes. If any other hydraulic circuit is actuated while the machine is traveling in High Speed, the excavator will automatically decrease the travel speed to Low. Continuous travel at High Speed should be limited to two hours. If you need to continue traveling at High Speed for more than two hours, stop the machine for ten minutes before restarting.
- The switch can be used to stop the travel alarm when it is sounding. Push the switch to stop the alarm.
- Let’s watch a video about the B-Series Monitor Panel. Answer any questions the class may have after the video.
- Now that we know the symbols, let’s talk about the warning categories. Who can tell me what a Category 1 warning is ?
- Here’s an example of a Category 1. Typically, one of the indicator lights will flash. [ If an unsatisfactory or incomplete answer was given to the last question, again ask if anyone can tell you what you should DO if you see a Category 1 warning.]
- Right. A Category 1 warning simply means the machine needs attention. You can safely continue to operate the machine without causing damage…but you should report the situation at the next opportunity (end of shift, break, lunch, etc.) and get the problem resolved.
- How about a Category 2 warning. Who knows what that means?
- In Category 2, the “Big Red” light will flash and the indicator light will flash. In a Category 2 warning, there could be a problem with the coolant or hydraulic oil which requires a change in machine operation.
- Here is an example of a Category 2 warning. Notice that in category 2, the “Big Red” light will flash and the indicator light will flash. There could be a problem with the coolant or hydraulic oil which requires a change in machine operation.
- Category 3, of course, is the most serious warning condition. Who know what this means?
- During a Category 3, a horn will sound, the indicator light will flash and the “Big Red” light will flash. A Category 3 warning requires an immediate shutdown.
- Notice that a horn will sound, the indicator light will flash and the “Big Red” light will flash during a Category 3 warning. This machine requires an immediate shutdown.
- Let’s now talk about the 300 -Series monitor panel.
- Let’s watch a video on the 300-Series Electronic Monitor Panel. [Answer and discuss any questions the class may have after watching video.]
- We’ll now talk about the 300-Series monitoring systems. This session will help you correctly identify the different types of monitoring systems on Cat machines and familiarize you with the warning categories.
- The Electronic Monitor Panel consists of an action alarm, an action light, indicator lights and gages. The monitor panel is designed to alert the operator of an immediate or impending problem in one or more of the machine systems covered.
- The Fuel Level indicator indicates the amount of fuel in the fuel tank. Add fuel immediately when the gauge indicates the level is in the white range. The Engine Coolant Temperature indicator indicates engine coolant temperature. The green range is the normal operating temperature. The red range indicates overheating. The Hydraulic Oil Temperature indicator indicates hydraulic oil temperature. The green range is the normal operating temperature. The red range indicates overheating.
- In normal condition, the character display gives a digital indication of the engine speed dial position selected. When either or both of the governor system backup switch and pump system backup switch is placed in the Manual or tortoise position, the character display reads a backup sign in its first position to alert the operator. An “A” is displayed when the governor system backup switch is in the Manual position A “H” is displayed when the pump system backup switch is in the Tortoise position A “U” is displayed when both the governor system and pump system backup switches are in the Manual or Tortoise positions.
- This switch changes the Power Mode of the machine. When the engine start switch is turned on, the Power Mode is always set at the II position. Select a suitable Power Mode position from the three positions, depending on the type of working conditions or purposes. The digging force does not vary in any mode.
- Press this switch to select either HIGH or LOW machine travel speed. Select the LOW speed position when driving on rough or soft surfaces or when requiring a highdraw bar pull. Select the HIGH speed position when driving on a hard, even surface.
- The Automatic Engine Speed Control automatically reduce engine speed when there is no hydraulic demand or when the hydraulic demand is very small. The purpose of the AEC system is to reduce fuel consumption and noise. The AEC System operates in three levels. In any condition, the engine rpm will recover automatically to the engine speed dial setting upon activation of any hydraulic function.
- The switch can be used to stop the travel alarm when it is sounding. Push the switch to stop the alarm. The alarm will be reactivated when travel stops and travel is resumed.
- The engine speed dial is located next to the engine start switch. You turn the engine speed dial in order to control the engine speed or engine rpm. There are ten available positions to choose from and the position you select can be found on the electronic monitor panel. If the control system does not work due to a malfunction and the engine speed cannot be adjusted by the engine speed dial there is an alternative method to help you temporarily. You should..check the indicator for the electronic controller. If the indicator light is on, there is a problem in the electronic controller--check the Operation and Maintenance Manual “Electronic Controller System Backup Switches”. See this same section if the indicator light does not come on. It is important to note that even if you cannot control the engine speed, you can turn the engine on and off with the engine start switch.
- What machine has this panel? [Answer: B-Series Excavators]
- What machine has this panel? [Answer: A-Series Excavators]
- [ Answer: Instrument Panel ]
- [ Answer: Hydraulic Oil Level ]
- [ Answer: Air Inlet Heater]
- [ Answer: Coolant Level ]
- [ Answer: Alternator ]
- [Answer: Engine Oil Level ]
- [ Answer: Fuel level or low on fuel ]
- [ Answer: Hydraulic oil temperature ]
- [ Answer: Coolant Temperature ]
- [ Answer: Interior Dome Light ]
- [ Answer: Lights]
- Let’s see what you remember. What does this warning mean and what should you do? [ Answer: This is a Category 1 warning telling you that the electrical charging system is malfunctioning. ]
- Let’s see what you remember. What does this warning mean and what should you do? [ Answer: This is a Category 3 warning telling you to immediately shut down the machine.]
- [ Explain how the monitoring system does self-test. ] During self-test, hold key in the “on” position for 2 seconds, all alert indicators flash and the digital display window shows the following readouts: - all indicators are lit - key in “on” position for 2 seconds - action light stays illuminated - action alarm sounds once for 1 second - all this happens in 1.5 seconds
- The Pre-Start Monitoring System allows you to check coolant, hydraulic oil and engine oil levels from the monitor inside the cab. However, the pre-start monitoring system does not cover all daily maintenance items. I recommend that you check these levels manually. Also keep in mind that the monitor indicator does not guarantee that the machine is in a good condition. Do not use the monitor panel as the only method of inspection.
- Okay…it’s time to get back to the machines. After lunch we’ll review start-up and shut-down procedures and get some practice on the equipment. We’ll use the same “buddy system” we used for the walkarounds. After that, we’ll do some general operation.
- [Ask class to get out their start-up and shut-down procedure sheets and sign their names the same way they did earlier.] [Next, go through the steps on the procedure sheet and make sure everyone understands each item.]
- [ Welcome students back and cover any “housekeeping” announcements.] Let’s quickly go over some of the applications typically performed by excavators. Then we’ll talk about a few of the attachments that help you get those jobs done.
- Excavators are one of the most versatile machines in the heavy equipment industry. They are commonly used in digging, trenching and mass excavation work, but they are also popular at demolition and waste sites, in forestry applications, and in many different kinds of mines.
- As you know, there are many different kinds of attachments for excavators. Buckets, of course, are the most common--however you may be asked to operate an excavator with a hammer, grapple, shear, magnet, drill or pulverizer. We’ll talk about how to use some of these a little later. Configuring the machine with the proper attachment is important, but usually the machine will come already configured for you. If this is not the case, choose the attachment carefully as it will effect your productivity and costs. Different attachments and varying applications may require different guarding packages. Consult your local Cat Dealer for the guarding packages available.
- Now we’ll look at some tips and techniques that will improve your operating skills.
- These are the applications we’ll cover today. Obviously, there are other things you might be able to do with these machines, but you’ll be performing these tasks most often. We’ll have more opportunities later today and tomorrow to practice several of these applications.
- Let’s go over these general guidelines. Keep these in mind when operating an excavator in any application.
- Again, let’s go over these general guidelines. Keep these in mind when operating an excavator in any application.
- This diagram demonstrates the optimal digging and dumping positions when excavating.
- The maximum slope you can work on is 35 degrees or 70%. Use caution on hills, it is important to watch your swing torque and be sure to keep your drive sprockets downhill.
- When traveling downhill the bucket should always be in front and the sprockets down. When traveling uphill the bucket should always be in front and kept low. Be sure to travel with the stick vertical and the bucket flat for better visibility.
- Be sure to follow all local and national regulations when excavating. Consult your regulatory agency with any questions you may have. Each agency will vary with geographic location. Always remember, safety first!
- Type A soil is a cohesive soil with an unconfined compressive strength of 1.5 ton per sq. ft. Examples of Type A soil are clay, silty clay, sandy clay, clay loam, caliche and hardpan.
- Type B soil is cohesive soil with an unconfined, compressive strength greater than 0.5 ton per square feet but less than 1.5. Examples of Type B soil are angular gravel, silt, silt loam and sandy loam.
- Type C Soil is cohesive soil with an unconfined, compressive strength of 0.5 ton per square feet or less. Examples of Type C soil are gravel, sand or loamy sand.
- All benched excavations 20 feet or less in depth should have a maximum allowable slope of 3/4 to 1 and maximum bench dimensions as shown in slide.
- All excavations 8 feet or less in depth which have unsupported vertically sided lower portions should have a maximum vertical side of 3 1/2 feet. All other simple slope, compound slope, and vertically sided lower portion excavations should be in accordance with all other options.
- All simple slope excavations 20 feet or less in depth should have a maximum allowable slope of 1:1. All benched excavations 20 feet or less in depth shall have a maximum allowable slope of 1:1 and maximum bench dimensions as shown in slide.
- All excavations 20 feet or less in depth which have vertically sided lower portions should be shielded or supported to a height at least 18 inches above the top of the vertical side. All such excavations should have a maximum allowable slope of 1:1.
- All excavations 20 feet or less in depth which have vertically sided lower portions should be shielded or supported to a height at least 18 inches above the top of the vertical side. All such excavations should have a maximum allowable slope of 1 1/2:1. All simple slope excavations 20 feet or less in depth should have a maximum allowable slope of 1 1/2:1.
- Now let’s discuss trenching.
- Be sure to always follow all Safety Standards and Regulations and refer to the OMM before operating. There are several things to keep in mind when trenching. First, be sure there is no one in the work area, the area is clear of obstructions and there is plenty of room for tail swing. Next, mark where you’re going to dig. That will give you a guide for making your trench. Put the machine in the Power Mode On and Boom Priority Mode to bring the bucket up and out of the trench more quickly. A good general rule for loading the bucket is to have it full in the shortest distance possible. Keep the stick moving so that material continues to flow into the bucket.
- It is important to dig or work with the track idlers facing the work. Avoid digging or lifting over the side. Every excavator has a maximum digging envelope. Within that digging envelope there is a working range that is most efficient. As much as possible, work in this range to maintain maximum digging forces. When your working, use the force of the stick and try to get full bucket loads with every pass. It is important to start at the top and work down in layers. Avoid digging off the bottom and filling the bucket by raking up the face. Working from the bottom up is much harder digging and each cycle will be longer because you’ll be going all the way to the bottom of the trench each time.
- Maintain a proper digging range. This is typically 35-45 degrees out from vertical to the vertical position. Ideally, the bucket should be loaded by the time you reach vertical. As you dig, continue to move the machine undercarriage forward and backward to maintain this range.
- Now, let’s discuss truck loading.
- When truck loading, use these tips for optimum efficiency and increased productivity.
- When loading Thru-the-Gate in a Box Cut setup where the truck and excavator are on the same level, the following tips are helpful: Use for single or double loading Minimum dig depth Position excavator for a 60 degree swing
- When loading Thru-the-Gate in a Box Cut Set-Up, where the excavator and truck are on the same level, the following tips are helpful: Drive-by method Use when trucks are limited Maintain the maximum dig depth Position excavator for a 90 degree swing
- When loading Thru-the-Gate in a Wide Cut Set-up where the truck and excavator on the same level, the following tips are helpful: Position truck for minimum swing per pass Maintain maximum dig depth Alternate loading positions No clean-up support needed
- Let’s watch a video on Operating Tips. [After video, answer and discuss any questions the students may have.]
- Now, let’s discuss bench loading.
- Here are a few general guidelines when bench loading. Ideally the bench height should be about equal to the length of the stick. In unstable materials, it should be lower. The object of bench loading is to maximize production. Your goal is to load trucks in the shortest cycle time possible, and keep time between trucks to an absolute minimum. To keep cycle times short, make your swing distance as short as possible. In most applications, you would choose Power Up and Boom Priority for fastest loading. Work smoothly to avoid spilling material. Dump with the wind at your back to keep dust from obscuring your vision. The truck should be positioned so the nearest side rail is below the boom/stick hinge pin. As often as possible, you should load work across the left side or rear of the truck and work in the direction of the cab--never over the top of the cab. As you swing over the top of the truck bed, don’t waste movement by raising the boom too high--raise it just enough to easily clear the side of the truck. Whatever your loading position, dump so that you create a full even load across the truck bed. It’s also important to keep your machine stabilized and your tracks facing the area that you’re digging. As in trenching, you should start at the top and work your way across in layers. Going to the bottom of the pile each time takes longer and wastes movement. Also, be careful not to hit the track with the retracted bucket.
- Stick length can be measured by the boom pin to the stick pin. It does not include the bucket or top.
- When loading over-the-rail where the truck is on the bottom level, the following tips are helpful: Dig depth equals stick length Minimum swing Set-up provides ample dig and reach Alternate loading positions
- When loading thru-the-gate where the truck is on the bottom level, the following tips are helpful: Dig depth equals stick length Minimum swing Set-up provides ample dig and reach Alternate loading positions
- When loading off-set with a wide-cut where the trucks are on the bottom level, the following information is helpful: Dig depth equals stick length Minimum swing is needed Offers less excavator moves You have the ability to alternate loading positions
- When loading thru-the-gate where the truck is located on the bottom level, the following information is helpful: Drive by method Best where truck is limited 90º swing
- As you know, on many sewer jobs an excavator must lift and swing heavy pipe and manboxes in and out of the trench, place manholes and unload material from trucks. In some situations the excavator’s lift requirements may be so critical that they determine the size of excavator selected. What determines an excavator’s lift capacity? Well, the lift capacity depends on the excavator’s weight, center of gravity, the lift point position and its hydraulic capability. Changes in boom, stick and bucket position affect attachment geometry and can drastically change a machine’s hydraulic lifting capacity. Lifting charts are included in every machine, know the load you are handling and be familiar with the load chart.
- When lifting, there are several fundamental things that must be done. First of all, be sure the area is clear. Use the lifting point at the back of the bucket or linkage. Lifting capacities are calculated from this point, and maximum lifting capacity is achieved using this method. Never swing a load over a truck cab or workers. The load must not exceed the machine rating. And, don’t swing heavy loads over the side. It’s also very important that your tracks face the trench as you’re lowering the object. Use the Fine Control Mode for smooth steady lifting. When picking up an object, the most stable position is to lift over either corner of the track. And for the most stability carry the load close to the machine and close to the ground. Finally, lower the object gently into the trench. Use smooth steady movements. And, of course, always, pay extra attention to the safety of personnel and equipment in and around the trench.
- Let’s watch a video now that will demonstrate some of the things we’ve been talking about.
- Choosing the right bucket for your job is very important. You must consider the tip radius, the type of bucket best-suited for the application, the bucket capacity, loadability and the material you will be working in. The proper bucket is a critical as it can directly affect the overall performance and productivity of the excavator.
- To change a bucket, pull the link pin and replace it with a bar of a smaller diameter. Balance the bucket to take the load off of the bucket pin and it can be quickly removed. Reverse the process to install another bucket.
- Now, let’s watch a video which will help you choose the right bucket.
- Penetrative breaking occurs during trenching and/or mass excavating. Use a moil or chisel tool for soft, layered or plastic material.
- Impact breaking occurs in oversize work or when working in a quarry. Use a blunt tool for hard, brittle or abrasive material.
- Be sure to keep the hammer at a 90 degree angle to the material for best results.
- It is very important to stop the hammer before the material collapses.
- Be sure not to bend the tool while striking.
- Do not strike more than 15 seconds in one spot.
- Excavators can be equipped with many different attachments. Consult your Operating and Maintenance Manual for proper operating techniques.
- Use the right track shoes, undercarriage, attachment etc. Trying to work with the wrong equipment can cost you time, money, loss of production. Servicing between shifts saves time because the machine is already out of production and stopped. Check the operating tips in the O&M manual. Dig from the top in layers, not from bottom up Do a walk-around inspection every time you get off the machine. This helps keep the machine clean and in good working order. The last point is just good common sense. Caterpillar equipment is built to work hard…but you don’t have to abuse it. Take care of your equipment and it will take care of you.
- Thank you for participating in Caterpillar Equipment Training.