3. General Features of Epithelial Tissue
•Cells are closely packed with little
extracellular material (between cells)
•Are in continuous sheets
•Single or multiple layered
4. General Features of Epithelial Tissue
•Epithelia is avascular meaning
“without blood vessels”.
•Nutrients and wastes are exchanged
by diffusion with the adjacent
connective tissue.
5. General Features of Epithelial Tissue
•have a free surface which is
exposed to a body cavity, lining of an
internal organ, or the exterior of the
body, and
• a basal surface which is
attached to the basement
membrane.
7. General Features of Epithelial Tissue
•Subject to wear, tear and injury, so
has a high capacity for renewal (high
mitotic rate).
•Functions include protection,
filtration, lubrication, secretion,
digestion, absorption, transportation,
excretion, sensory reception, and
reproduction.
8. General Features of Epithelial Tissue
•Epithelial tissue sits on a basement
membrane located between it and
the tissue underneath.
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
http://www.ouhsc.edu/histology/Glass%20slides/13_04.jpg
9. Epithelial Tissue con’t
There are two kinds epithelial tissue
based on function:
(1) lining
or covering epithelium –
covers the skin and outside of some
internal organs, forms the inner
lining of body cavities, blood vessels,
and internal organs.
10. Epithelial Tissue con’t
There are two kinds epithelial tissue (function):
(2) glandular epithelium -
consists of cells that secrete
substances. (ex. Thyroid/sweat/oil
glands)
11. Epithelial tissue can be divided
into categories based on……
>the shape of the cells and
> the number of layers of cells.
12. SHAPES of epithelium:
1. Squamous
-flat cells
-thin which allows substances to pass
through (diffuse) them.
-have limited cell structures due to size
13. 2. Cuboidal
cube shaped
Important in secretion and
absorption
Have more cell structures than
squamous
Uses active transport to secrete and
absorb substances
14.
15. 3. Columnar
cells are tall and cylindrical
Have the most cell structures
Most complex
Most secretion ability
16. 4. Transitional
•cells can readily change shape
from squamous to columnar
•change shape due to stretching, of
body parts. (ex. Found in bladder)
17. Arrangement of Layers
1. Simple epithelium
a single layer of cells
found in areas where diffusion,
osmosis, filtration, secretion
and absorption occur.
Can be squamous, columnar,
or cuboidal
Ex. lungs
18.
19.
20.
21. Arrangement of Layers
2. Stratified epithelium
contains two or more layers of cells
protects underlying tissues
found where there is wear and tear
Ex. Skin
Named by the free surface.
22.
23.
24. Arrangement of Layers
3. Pseudostratified epithelium
contains a single layer of a mixture
of cell types
has a stratified appearance
but is a single layer
All cells touch basement
membrane
25.
26. Glandular Epithelium
Columnar epithelium that contains
special cells capable of synthesizing and
secreting certain substances such as
enzymes, hormones, milk, mucus, sweat,
wax and saliva
27. Glandular Epithelium
Goblet cells :
Special columnar cells that their
function is to secret mucin which
mixes with water to form mucous -
intestines
29. Glandular Epithelium
There are two types of
glands:
1. Exocrine glands
• secrete their products to the
target by ducts
• most glands in the body are
exocrine glands
(sweat/salivary)
32. Glandular Epithelium
There are two types of glands:
1. Exocrine glands
Types of exocrine glands based on how
they secrete:
a. Merocrine glands – by exocytosis
(without losing cellular material) into
the duct.
Example sweat glands.
33. Merocrine gland directly secretes
into duct.
http://www.med.umich.edu/histology/fieldTrip/sweatGland.jpg
34. Glandular Epithelium
There are two types of glands:
1. Exocrine glands
Types of exocrine glands based on how they secrete:
a. Merocrine glands
b. Apocrine glands - a portion
of the plasma membrane containing
the secretion and some cytoplasm
buds off the cell and enters the duct.
Ex. Mammary glands
36. There are two types of glands:
1. Exocrine glands
Types of exocrine glands based on how they secrete:
a. Merocrine glands
b. Apocrine glands
c.holocrine gland - the entire
cell containing its secretion
disintegrates in the duct.
Ex. Oil glands
37.
38. Glandular Epithelium
There are two types of glands:
1. Exocrine glands
2. Endocrine gland
no ducts
secrete hormones by exocytosis into
interstitial fluids that surround cells
and blood stream picks them up.
Ex. Thyroid gland
41. Why does skin flake off? Cells at
top of skin are so far from nutrients that
they are dead.
Keratin – protein that fills dead
epidermal cells at top layer
Keratinized membrane – top layer
of skin cells that are dead and filled with
keratin.
48. TYPE 1: Connective Tissue
Proper
Guess how many kinds of
connective tissue proper
there are?
4
49. TYPE 1: Connective Tissue Proper
Four types of Connective Tissue
Proper:
A. Loose connective tissue
Extracellular matrix is not strong
Is used for light binding and
flexibility
Also called areolar connective
tissue
50. TYPE 1: Connective Tissue Proper
Four types of Connective Tissue Proper:
A. Loose connective tissue
Found between the skin and the
muscles holding the skin to muscles
Has fibroblasts which make tissue’s
ground substance, protein fibers,
collagen fibers
Mature fibroblast are called
fibrocytes
52. Four types of Connective Tissue Proper:
A. Loose connective tissue
B.Dense irregular connective
tissue
Part of the skin
Collagen fibers more
densely packed than loose
connective tissue
53. B. dense irregular connective tissue continued
Denser packing give tissue
more strength
Irregular because fibers
run every which way
55. Four types of Connective Tissue Proper:
A. Loose connective tissue
B. Dense irregular connective tissue
C. Dense regular connective
tissue proper
Collagen fibers run in one
direction giving more
strength called tensile
strength
Found in tendons which hold
muscle to bones and
ligaments that hold bone to
56. c. Dense regular connective tissue proper
Tendons and
ligaments take a long
time to heal when
injured because of
dense amount of
58. Four types of Connective Tissue Proper:
A. Loose connective tissue
B. Dense irregular connective tissue
C. Dense regular connective tissue proper
D. Adipose tissue
Fatty tissue
it has fat cells in it as well
as connective tissue cells
59. D. Adipose tissue
Function is to store
energy, insulate, and
to hold organs in
place
Example – kidneys are
protected and held in
place by adipose tissue
60.
61. CONNECTIVE TISSUE
TYPES:
1. connective tissue proper
2. Cartilage
Supporting connective
tissue with tensile
strength and
supporting fibers of
collagen in the ground
substance
62. CONNECTIVE TISSUE
TYPES:
1. connective tissue proper
2. Cartilage
• Firmer than connective
tissue proper
• Has no blood supply
• Thin matrix
• Found in nose, ear,
larynx
• Often replaced by bone
64. CONNECTIVE TISSUE
TYPES:
1. connective tissue proper
2. Cartilage
Chondrocytes – mature
chondroblast that become
trapped in matrix and live
in hollow spaces called
lacuna in the cartilage
tissue.
66. CONNECTIVE TISSUE
TYPES:
1. connective tissue proper
2. Cartilage
3 types of cartilage:
A. Hyaline cartilage
occurs at end of bones, external
ear, fetal skeleton, nose, ribs and
vertebrae
Weakest and most common
67. CONNECTIVE TISSUE
TYPES:
1. connective tissue proper
2. Cartilage
3 types of cartilage:
B. Elastic cartilage
found in epiglottis and external
ear
contains elastic fibers
great flexibility and is able to
withstand repeated bending
68. CONNECTIVE TISSUE
TYPES:
1. connective tissue proper
2. Cartilage
3 types of cartilage:
C. Fibrous cartilage
Strongest
Dense collagen fibers with limited
ground substance
Found in disk between vertebrae and
skull
Where bears great amount of weight
Has fibrous appearance
70. CONNECTIVE TISSUE
TYPES:
1. connective tissue proper
2. Cartilage
3. Bone:
Hardest connective
tissue
Consist of cells, collagen
fibers, and mineralized
(calcium and phosphate)
ground substance
71. CONNECTIVE TISSUE
TYPES:
1. connective tissue proper
2. Cartilage
3. Bone:
Ground substance
becomes hard or
calcified through a
process known as
calcification
77. CONNECTIVE TISSUE
TYPES:
1. connective tissue proper
2. Cartilage
3. Bone
4. Blood
transports
Also known as vascular
tissue
Two types of cells – red
and white
78. CONNECTIVE TISSUE
TYPES:
1. connective tissue proper
2. Cartilage
3. Bone
4. Blood
Ground substance =
proteins in blood
Has fluid part – blood
plasma
Has clotting fibers
81. New Topic: Membranes
There are three categories of membranes:
1. Mucous
found in linings of organ
systems that open to the outside
82. New Topic: Membranes
There are three categories of membranes:
1. Mucous
Ex. Respiratory system,
reproductive system, digestive
system
Traps foreign material
83. New Topic: Membranes
There are three categories of membranes:
2. Serous
line the body cavities that do not
open directly to the outside
they cover the organs located in
those cavities
84.
85. New Topic: Membranes
There are three categories of membranes:
2. Serous
are covered by a thin layer of
serous fluid that lubricates and is
secreted by the epithelium
86. New Topic: Membranes
There are three categories of membranes:
2. Serous
Serous fluid lubricates the
membrane and reduces friction
and abrasion when organs move
against each other or the cavity
wall.
87. New Topic: Membranes
There are three categories of membranes:
3. Synovial membranes
connective tissue membranes that
line the cavities of the freely
movable joints such as the shoulder,
elbow, and knee.
88.
89. New Topic: Membranes
There are three categories of membranes:
3. Synovial membranes
secrete synovial fluid into the joint
cavity, and this lubricates cartilage
on the ends of the bones so that
they can move freely and without
friction.
90. New Topic: tissue repair
Remember: Tissues are made up of
cells.
Two types of cells that make up tissue
based on function:
1. Stromal cells – provide structure and
support to tissue; usually connective
tissue
91. New Topic: tissue repair
Remember: Tissues are made up of cells.
Two types of cells that make up tissue based on function:
1. Stromal cells – provide structure and support to tissue
2.Parenchymal cells – cells that
actually perform the function of
the tissue
92. Organ Parenchyma
kidney nephron
alveoli, respiratory
bronchiole, alveolar
lungs
duct and terminal
bronchiole
white pulp and red
spleen
pulp
brain neuron
liver hepatocyte
93. New Topic: tissue repair
Categories of cells based on ability to
reproduce or regenerate:
1. Labile cells
cells that multiply constantly
throughout life
Most of cells in body
ex. Parenchymal epithelial cells
replace themselves quickly
94. New Topic: tissue repair
Categories of cells based on ability to reproduce or regenerate:
2. Stable cells
only multiply when receive
external stimulus to do so
ex. Bone parenchymal cells
when a bone is broken can
reproduce and repair the broken
bone
95. New Topic: tissue repair
Categories of cells based on ability to reproduce or regenerate:
3. Permanent cells
do not have the ability to multiply
Nervous system parenchymal
cells (neurons) are permanent;
can’t be replaced.
96. New Topic: tissue repair
So, if cells are parenchymal permanent
and die they will be replaced by labile
stromal cells..
This is why brain damage or heart
damage is said to be irreversible.