Short discussion

1. LESSON 12: THE ESTABLISHMENT
OF A COLONIAL GOVERNMENT AND
THE THREATS AGAINST IT

2. Establishment of a colony:
 Establishment of pueblos or towns
 Established a colonial government:
 Insular
 National
 Provincial
 Municipal

3.  One problem of the Spaniards in spreading
Christianity was the scattered settlement of
natives and another one is the lack of priests.
 The answer to this problem is to encourage the
newly baptized and those be baptized to live in
the pueblo or town.
 TOWN: it has a church, basis for the municipal
government.
 Method of creating towns: REDUCCION or the
transfer of the inhabitants to the town.

4. CABECERA-VISITA
 The inhabitants who underwent reduccion were
made to stay at the cabecera or “under the bells”.
 CABECERA: To live in a place where they can hear
the sound of the church bell. The bell is a symbol of
reduccion.
 VISITA: Village or barrio surrounding the cabecera
where those undergoing Christians lived. There is a
chapel which was also called visita.
 The cabecera-visita was under the authority of the
Catholic church and the colonial government.
 Many refused it because it meant the transfer of
residence. The friars held feasts to encourage the
people to stay in the cabecera-visita.

5. PLAZA
 The center of the cabecera was the plaza.
 The plaza is an open space, square in shape,
where the streets of the town converge.
 Church, covenant of the friar, municipal hall,
the customs house, arsenal.

6.  customs house - was a building housing the
offices for the government officials who
processed the paperwork for the import and
export of goods into and out of a country
 Arsenal - A place where weapons and
military equipment are stored or made.

7. INSULAR GOVERNMENT
 The government established by the
Spaniards in the Philippines had different
levels of administration – insular, national,
provincial, municipal, and city.
 They started the administration of the
archipelago as a colony with the appointment
of the council that served as its administrator.
“THE COUNCIL OF THE INDIES” (Spain)

8. COUNCIL OF THE INDIES
 Duty: govern all of the colonies in the name
of the King of Spain
 Executive – recommended the officials
appointed to serve in the colonies
 Legislative – made laws, decrees, and orders
 Judicial – it was the highest and last court for
all cases of appeal coming from the colonies

9. NATIONAL GOVERNMENT
 Centralized form of government
 Hasten and make effective the
implementation of colonial policies

10. NEED TO KNOW WORDS
 Audiencia – Spanish Court
 Cumplase – Rights of being a governor
general
 Residencia – An investigation

11. GOVERNOR-GENERAL
 Highest official
 Appointed by the King
 Titles/ Roles:
 Captain-general: duty to defend the colony
 Vice royal patron: counterpart of the archbishop in
religious matters
 President of Audiencia: highest judge in the colony
 Right of Cumplase – the decision whether to implement a
law or not which came from Spain
 Residencia – An investigation on the performance of his
duty which most often administered by his replacement.

12. AUDIENCIA
 The grant of many powers to the governor-general
opened the possibility of abuse of these powers. Thus, it
was essential to have a court.
 Upon the suggestion of : DOMINGO SALAZAR
 Made up of:
 Governor general
 Oidores or judges
 Fiscal or prosecutor
 Alguacil mayor or police, notaries, clerks
THERE WAS CONFLICT OF INTEREST SO…
 ROLE OF AUDIENCIA: Adviser to governor-general; last court
of appeal

13. PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT
 The Spaniards divided the archipelago into
provinces for faster and more effective
governance.
 Two types of provinces:
 Alcaldia (Alcalde mayor) – province where there is
peace and order
 Corregimiento (Corregidor) – province where
there is chaos

14. PROVINCIAL GOVERNOR
 The position was open only to Spaniards
 Appointed by the governor-general
 ROLE:
 Administering the province
 Highest judge in the province
 Privilege of INDULTO DE COMERCIO (in English
“Pardon Trading” – allowed him to engage in trade
in the province

15. MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT
 The province was divided into pueblos or towns and the
pueblos were divided into barangays.
 Pueblo (Gobernadorcillo)
 Barangay (Cabeza) –used to be headed by former Datus
 In the 19th century positions are opened to election but it was
chosen by a board made up of the former gobernadorcillo and
members of the PRINCIPALIA.
 Principalia (NOBLE CLASS, NATIVE ELITES) – native elite;
former gobernadorcillo and cabeza; landowners
 ROLE: COLLECTION OF TAXES

16. CITY GOVERNMENT
 City had a governing council called
AYUNTAMIENTO or CABILDO.
 Made up of:
 2 alcaldes
 6 up to 12 regidores/councilors
 Alguacil or police
 FIRST CITIES:
 Santissimo Nombre de Jesus (Cebu)
 Manila
 Nueva Segovia (CITY IN SPAIN) (Cagayan)
 Nueva Caceras (NEW HOME) (Camarines)

17. COLONIAL LAWS
 The law that served as the basis for the
framework that the Spaniards implemented
in the Philippines was made by the Council of
the Indies.

18. ROLE OF FRIARS IN THE
GOVERNMENT
 He supervised the election of the
gobernadorcillo and cabeza.
 He was the keeper of the list of residents of
the town.
 His signature must be seen in all financial
papers of the town.
 Mediator of rebellions
 Powerful – owners of HACIENDAS

19. EXTERNAL THREATS
 Intense competition among European
countries which started from the desire to
reach Asia first.
 In the desire to elevate her honor at the
expense of her rivals, Spain made use of the
lives and resources of the Filipinos.

20. THE PORTUGESE
 Violation of the TREATY of ZARAGOZA
 Tried twice to regain ownership of the
Philippines
 Spain used her forces in the Philippines to
strengthen her dominance over the Portugese in
the Moluccas.
 Gov-gen Gonzalo Penalosa sent an expedition to
Moluccas but it did not succeed because the
soldiers got sick of beriberi (lack of thamine or
B1)

21. Symptoms of dry beriberi include:
 Difficulty walking
 Loss of feeling (sensation) in hands and feet
 Loss of muscle function or paralysis of the
lower legs
 Mental confusion/speech difficulties
 Pain
 Strange eye movements (nystagmus)
 Tingling
 Vomiting

22. THE CHINESE
 Lin Feng (Limahong) – one if the men of CHU LIANG
PAO; pirate on the southern coasts of China.
 Limahong found out that the defense of the Philippines
was weak; Limahong along with 3000 men on 62 ships
went to the Philippines and conquer the archipelago.
 Defeated in the first battle although Martin de Goiti was
killed.
 Gov-gen Guido de Lavezres strengthened the defense
of the city and put four cannons in Fort Santiago
because Limahong might come back
 Limahong’s men were driven away because of the fierce
defense put up the Spaniards; they eventually left the
Philippines.

23. THE DUTCH
 Spain vs. Netherland began when Netherlands
became part of Spain.
 The Dutch desired to be free especially since the
Dutch were Protestants while Spaniards were
Catholic.
 Prince of Netherlands ordered Admiral Oliver van
Noort to invade the ports of Spain. In 1600s, Van
noort arrived in the Philippines; they had a naval
battle with Spain. ANTONIO DE MORGA
 After six days, Dutch warship CONRAD was
captured; Noort escaped using MAURITIUS; SAN
ANTONIO of the Spaniards sank and SAN
BARTOLOME survived.

24. SPAINISH-DUTCH Wars
 In 1605, Dutch established commercial outposts in
Amboina, Ternate, Tidore Indonesia.
 Spaniards did not like this and sent an expedition to
drive away Dutch; Spaniards succeeded and
recovered the Kingdom of Tidore.
 Admiral Francois de Wittert reached
Panay(defeated) then went to Manila Bay then
Playa Honda (A Fort in Zambales) (defeated by Gov-
Gen JUAN DE SILVA); Wittert died in battle.
 Dutch returned to the Philippines under Admiral
Joris van Speilbergen and attacked IloIlo; they went
to Manila but just besieged trading ships entering
Manila Bay.

25.  Admiral Jan Derickson Lam arrived Manila Bay; AIM:
destroy the trade in Manila
 Gov-Gen Ronquillo defeated Dutch in Playa Honda
Zambales.
 In 1620, 3 Dutch ships conspired against San Nicolas
which arrived from Acapulco.
 3RD BATTLE in PLAYA, 7 Dutch ships, Dutch left.
 Dutch changed their strategy, instead of fighting
they destroyed the trade between Manila and China
by putting trading posts in Formosa (Taiwan)
 The Spaniards also made posts in Formosa but they
were driven out.
 SPAIN AND DUTCH had series of battle;
Enacarnacion and Rosario and 5 dutch ships faced
each other and SPANIARDS won all battles.

26.  Admiral Martin Gertzen returned to
Philippines(CAVITE and CORREGIDOR); he
died and his ship sank. Dutch continued to
Bataan and invaded Abucay and killed 400
Filipino soldiers.
 Captain Juan de Chavez expedition pursue
and punish the Dutch
 The Dutch invasions ended only after the
Spaniards stopped their incursions in the
Moluccas.

27. THE BRITISH
 In 1762, British invaded and occupied Manila
 Cause: Seven Years’ War (ENGLAND vs. FRANCE;
Spain for FRANCE) which started in Europe in 1756
 The British entered Manila Bay on Sept. 23,1762;
Archbishop Manuel Rojo did not order strengthening
of the defense but depended on God
 The British bombarded; Archbishop Rojo
surrendered.
 On October 5, the British entered Manila
 In 1764, British returned Philippines to Spain
following the Treaty of Paris

28. THE EFFECT
 The effect on the Filipinos was disastrous.
 The once peaceful life of the Filipinos was
thrown into chaos.
 Spain made use of the natives in military
undertakings; many Filipinos shed blood and
sweat.
 Forced labor
 Filipinos shouldered the human and material
costs of these wars.