The document discusses different worldviews and approaches to research design. It contrasts the approaches of the scientist, psychiatrist, and social activist. The scientist uses a linear research design with standardized methods, while the psychiatrist aims to understand multiple realities and lived experiences. The social activist conducts research to empower marginalized groups. The document also contrasts positivist, constructivist, and postmodern worldviews and their implications for research methods and goals.
3. What is research design?
Research
Approaches
Research
Worldviews
Methods
Research
Design
Creswell (2009)
• A research design is the plan and process
for doing research.
4. Worldviews
Research
Approaches
Research
Worldviews
Methods
Research
Design
Creswell (2009)
• Worldviews are your basic assumptions
about how and why to do research.
5. Worldviews
Research
Approaches
Research
Worldviews
Methods
Research
Design
Creswell (2009)
• Worldviews determine which research
approaches and research methods you use.
11. The Scientist
• Research method: linear research design.
choose collect analyze
method data data
• One step at a time.
• Research processes are standardized, -
there are set research rules to follow.
13. The Scientist
• Data: usually numbers, but also words
• Data collection: the researcher uses
instruments like questionnaires to
collect data.
14. The Scientist
• Data: usually numbers, but also words
• Analysis: descriptive statistics,
inferential statistics
15. The Scientist
• Assumes: that there are laws or theories or
rules that govern the world.
• These laws or theories or rules need
to be tested and refined, to help us
understand the world better.
22. The Social Activist
• Do research to change the world!
• Researchers have a responsibility to help
groups in our society who have no power
and no voice – the young and old, the
poor, women, gay and lesbian people,
foreigners, people with special needs and
disabilities – the marginalized.
23. The Social Activist
• Research should not be done on the
participants, research should be done with
them – together.
• The purpose of research is to empower
participants, create new choices for them,
and give them a voice to improve their
lives.
25. The Psychiatrist
• Purpose of research – to understand these
realities, and find patterns of experience.
26. The Psychiatrist
Assumes: Each person experiences a
situation in different and unique ways.
Each person ‘interprets’ this experience
differently, and ‘constructs’ their own
understandings of the situation.
These understandings are often
complex, multiple, and dynamic.
27. The Psychiatrist
complex – each person’s ideas are often
quite complex, with many layers
multiple – each person often has many
different ideas about something
dynamic – these ideas change over time
29. The Psychiatrist
• … to understand these complex, multiple,
and dynamic ways of seeing the world …
30. The Psychiatrist
• … and to build up a deep understanding of
their lived experiences.
31. Ways of seeing the world …
Researchers use
different lenses to
‘see’ the world.
32. … and exploring it!
Researchers do
research in different
ways, too.
33. Research Approaches
Research
Approaches
Research
Worldviews
Methods
Research
Design
Creswell (2009)
• Research approaches are a set of processes
that help you plan your research design.
34. What type of research …?
Do you want to explore a phenomenon
[exploratory research], or do you want to confirm
a theory [confirmatory research]?
exploratory confirmatory
Do you want to describe something [descriptive
research], or to explain causes and relationships
[explanatory research]?
descriptive explanatory
34
concrete abstract
35. Research Approaches
• The main research approaches:
• Grounded theory – purpose: to create theory
• Case studies – purpose: to explore one case
• Ethnography – focus: the culture
• Narrative analysis – focus: life stories
• Phenomenology – focus: the experience
Basic approach – purpose: just
answer your research questions!
36. Research Methods
Research
Approaches
Research
Worldviews
Methods
Research
Design
Creswell (2009)
• Research methods are the ways that you
create and analyze your data.
37. The Psychiatrist
• You are the primary research instrument:
You create the data yourself (using
observations or interviews), or get
participants to directly create data
using their own words (e.g. journals).
39. The Psychiatrist
• Participants are carefully selected to best
answer the research questions: purposive
sampling.
• critical case, typical vs. extreme case
40. The Psychiatrist
• The whole research
process is an create
interactive process:
you create data,
analyze
then analyze it, then
create more data,
then analyze that. create
A spiral – with more
flexible research rules,
based on research logic.
41. The Psychiatrist
• Data: is mostly text (words) and images
(photos and videos), but also numbers.
42. The Psychiatrist
• The researcher is the primary data
analysis instrument:
• The researcher herself analyzes the
data, by deeply reading it – and
not using statistical techniques.
49. The Old Man in the Café
• The purpose of research is to question, to
challenge ways of seeing the world, to
interrupt, to problematize, to deconstruct
accepted ways of looking at the world.
• So, have another coffee and cigarette, and
enjoy how crazy life is!
50. Research Design
Post-
Modernist, Ema
Post-Positivist
ncipatory, Const
ructivist
56. Research Design
Post-Modernist,
Post-Positivist Emancipatory,
Constructivist
Pragmatic
(Mixed
Methods)
Hinweis der Redaktion
QnR and QR are best thought of as being at two opposite ends of a continuum. Some research is completely quantitative, and some research is completely qualitative, but much research has aspects of both quantitative research and qualitative research. Research that explicitly uses both QnR and QR is called Mixed Methods. Moreover, both QnR and QR are important approaches, that can be used for different research purposes, and to answer different research questions, even about the same research topic. The purpose of my presentation today is to help you understand QR, so that you could consider using it to do your own research in the future, and also to help you read and understand the increasing amount of research done using QR approaches.
That is, worldviews are the basis for all empirical research
Scientists are inspring people – they are always searching for something that they cannot attain. Their bus always stops one stop before the terminus called ‘truth’.
Scientists are inspring people – they are always searching for something that they cannot attain. Their bus always stops one stop before the terminus called ‘truth’.
Scientists are inspring people – they are always searching for something that they cannot attain. Their bus always stops one stop before the terminus called ‘truth’.
Scientists are inspring people – they are always searching for something that they cannot attain. Their bus always stops one stop before the terminus called ‘truth’.
other factors are not important – the classroom atmosphere, prior experiences with cooperative learning activitieswant to control for all other factors e.g. class size, level of students, teacher experience,
other factors are not important – the classroom atmosphere, prior experiences with cooperative learning activitieswant to control for all other factors e.g. class size, level of students, teacher experience,
Cause-effect relationships allow you to predict, which allow you to control in the future
Cause-effect relationships allow you to predict, which allow you to control in the future
Each person in this room is experiencing this presentation in different ways – depending on who they are, where they’re sitting, who they’re sitting next to, what they expect from this presentation, and so on.The architect wants to map out these constructions from many different angles. An single event – and also the whole world and experience of living in it.
Do not do research for yourself! Do research to change the world! Do not write reports to sit in the library – find individuals or groups who usually have no or little voice in society, and give them one.
ie types of students
ie types of students
Each person in this room is experiencing this presentation in different ways – depending on who they are, where they’re sitting, who they’re sitting next to, what they expect from this presentation, and so on.The architect wants to map out these constructions from many different angles. An single event – and also the whole world and experience of living in it.
Each person in this room is experiencing this presentation in different ways – depending on who they are, where they’re sitting, who they’re sitting next to, what they expect from this presentation, and so on.The architect wants to map out these constructions from many different angles. An single event – and also the whole world and experience of living in it.
ie types of students
ie types of students
ie types of students
e.g. experiments and surveys in QnRe.g. grounded theory in QR
Many studies have elements of both sides, but emphasize one more strongly than the other.
e.g.DCMs: classroom observations, questionnaires, interviewsDAMs: statistical procedures, looking for patterns
The process is not linear but a spiral or cycle
The process is not linear but a spiral or cycle
The process is not linear but a spiral or cycle
The process is not linear but a spiral or cycle
The process is not linear but a spiral or cycle
ie types of students
The process is not linear but a spiral or cycle
their different worldviews dictate their research approach and research methods
Youdon’t always understand how he thinks or where his ideas come from, but they challenge the way that you look at the world.
Research? So what? The modern world is fucked up, and the whole process is all completely subjective anyway, and depends completely on who you are, where you stand, what your experiences you have had to bring to understand your present experiences. do! from Merriam So, have another coffee and cigarette and enjoy the absurdity of life!
Research? So what? The modern world is fucked up, and the whole process is all completely subjective anyway, and depends completely on who you are, where you stand, what your experiences you have had to bring to understand your present experiences. do! from Merriam So, have another coffee and cigarette and enjoy the absurdity of life!
Research? So what? The modern world is fucked up, and the whole process is all completely subjective anyway, and depends completely on who you are, where you stand, what your experiences you have had to bring to understand your present experiences. do! from Merriam So, have another coffee and cigarette and enjoy the absurdity of life!
Carefully think about what kind of data you want to create.
Carefully think about what kind of data you want to create.
Carefully think about what kind of data you want to create.
Carefully think about what kind of data you want to create.