MEGALITHIC WRITING (I) (Orkney’s, Scotland, c.2450 BC) Dr. R.M. de Jonge ©, drsrmdejonge@hotmail.com October, 2013 Summary At a recent excavation on the Orkney Islands, Scotland, a large Engraved Stone was found. Analysis of its front side leads to the conclusion its decoration should be considered as a pri-mitive script, a kind of Megalithic Writing. It is an attempt to fix down an important story. The story deals with the discovery of America via the Bering Sea, which happened in the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt during the reign of the 5th king Menkaure (c.2580-2562 BC). The two southern crossings of the North Atlantic Ocean were discovered by the 2nd king Sahure (c.2510-2498 BC) of the Fifth Dynasty. Finally, the northern crossing via Greenland was dis-covered by the 3rd king Neferirkare (c.2498-2478 BC) of this dynasty.

1. MEGALITHIC WRITING (I)
(Orkney’s, Scotland, c.2450 BC)
Dr. R.M. de Jonge ©, drsrmdejonge@hotmail.com
October, 2013
Summary
At a recent excavation on the Orkney Islands, Scotland, a large Engraved Stone was found.
Analysis of its front side leads to the conclusion its decoration should be considered as a pri-
mitive script, a kind of Megalithic Writing. It is an attempt to fix down an important story.
The story deals with the discovery of America via the Bering Sea, which happened in the
Fourth Dynasty of Egypt during the reign of the 5th king Menkaure (c.2580-2562 BC). The
two southern crossings of the North Atlantic Ocean were discovered by the 2nd king Sahure
(c.2510-2498 BC) of the Fifth Dynasty. Finally, the northern crossing via Greenland was dis-
covered by the 3rd king Neferirkare (c.2498-2478 BC) of this dynasty.
Introduction
The Orkney Islands are located in the north of Great Britain at a latitude of 59°N. The small
archipelago has a diameter of about 30 miles (50 km), and the southerly shores are situated 10
miles (16 km) north of the Scottish mainland, at the other site of the passage called the Pent-
land Firth. Most of the megalithic monuments are located on the largest island, called “Main-
land”.
The Ness of Brodgar on this island is a narrow strip of land between the Loch of Harray (with
fresh water) in the north, and the Loch of Stenness (with brackish water) in the south. It is an
istmus having a width of a few hundred yards pointing to the north-west. At the eastern en-
trance of this istmus is the Ring of Stenness, c.1.5 km NW of it the Ring of Brodgar, and an-
other 1.5 km NW of it the Ring of Bookan. All three Rings are major megalithic monuments.
(Ref.4)
Islands in the Ocean
The Azores in the middle of the Ocean were discovered c.3600 BC. The Faroes and Iceland,
NW of Scotland, were discovered c.3400 BC. The east coast of Greenland was discovered
c.3300 BC, and its south coast c.3250 BC. However, half a century later the megalith builders
gave up their attempts to cross Davis Strait (behind the west coast of Greenland), c.3200 BC.
(Refs.3,12)
After the last discovery the Ness of Brodgar became an important ceremonial site. The istmus
was symbolic for the narrow strip of land along the south coast of Greenland located west of
the Orkney’s, at 59°N. Latitudes were already known c.4800 BC. - The Loch of Harray (with
fresh water) in the north was symbolic for the huge ice cap on Greenland, and the Loch of
Stenness (with brackish water) represented the Labrador Sea in the south-west. (Refs.3,4)
The small Ring of Stenness was symbolic for Cape Farvel, the south cape of Greenland, at
59+1= 60°N. The large Ring of Brodgar represented the important SW Cape of Greenland, at
59+2= 61°N. Finally, the Ring of Bookan symbolized the west coast of Greenland, at 59+3=
62°N. After its discovery the megalith builders surrendered.

2. However, the Ness of Brodgar was also symbolic for the three island groups of the Azores, lo-
cated west of the Strait of Gibraltar, at 36°N. The Ring of Stenness was symbolic for the two
islands of the East Azores, at 36+1= 37°N, the Ring of Brodgar for the five islands of the
Central Azores, at 36+2= 38°N, and the Ring of Bookan for the two islands of the West
Azores, at 36+3= 39°N. (Refs.2-6)
Engraved Stone
In 2013 an Engraved Stone was found during the excavation of a habitation site at the Ness of
Brodgar, which consisted of at least five huts. So far a total of 450 inscribed pieces were dis-
covered, but this was a very nice one. The front side of the Slab is shown in Fig.1. Close in-
vestigation shows the decoration appears to be a primitive script. An attempt was made to
write down an important story. This story appears to deal with the Egyptian discovery of
America. (Ref.1)
Length and width of the Stone are about two feet, or 60 cm. The surface area is rather smooth.
It appears this area symbolizes the North Atlantic Ocean. The coasts of Europe and Africa are
in the east, the equator is in the south, and the coasts of America are in the west. Note, that the
attempts to cross the Ocean lasted from about 5500 to 2500 BC, which is for more than 3,000
years!
The Stone has the approximate shape of a square, with four equal sides and angles. It means
the size of the Ocean was known in the Fourth Dynasty (c.2600 BC). Note, the Orkney’s are
located at the complementary latitude of the northern Nile Delta, at 90-31= 59°N. In antiquity
the use of complementary latitudes was very common, and Egypt was the greatest civilizati-
on on Earth!
For centuries Greenland was the westernmost land of the then known World (c.3300-2500
BC). It means we have to start reading this script with the first decorated triangle at the left
side above (Fig.1). It represents South Greenland, because it has the approximate shape of this
land, its correct orientation, and its correct geographic position in the NW corner of the Ocean
(the surface area of the Stone).
The horizontal line at the top is the 70st latitude line through Cape Brewster, the east cape of
Greenland, at 70°N. The line at the bottom is the 60st latitude line through Cape Farvel, the
south cape of Greenland, at 60°N. The southern Nile Delta is located at its complementary la-
titude, at 90-60= 30°N. – Note, that the upper Row has four similar decorated triangles, all of
them representing South Greenland. The lower Row has three decorated triangles, which re-
present South Greenland as well! (Refs.1,7-11)

3. Fig.1 Front side of Engraved Stone
(Ness of Brodgar, Orkney’s, c.2450 BC) (Courtesy: Ref.1)
Dynasties and Kings
First Dynasty
The first decorated triangle at the left side above represents the First Dynasty of Egypt. It has
a single edge at both sides, confirming it. It confirms South Greenland was already known du-
ring this dynasty.
The inside pattern of three and four parallel crossing lines refers to the three to four archipe-
lagos of small islands in the Ocean, which were already known during this dynasty. These are
the Canary Islands (discovered c.5700 BC), the Cape Verde Islands (c.4600 BC), the Islands
of Madeira (c.4200 BC), and the Azores (c.3600 BC). (Refs.3,12)
However, the pattern also refers to all the islands around the South Chinese Sea, SE Asia,
which were discovered by the 3rd king Djer and the 4th king Djet of the First Dynasty (c.3025
BC), and the islands of East Indonesia, New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago, and Solomon Is-
lands, which were discovered by the 6th king Anedjib and the 7th king Semerkhet of this dynasty
(c.2945 BC). (Ref.35)
Second Dynasty
The second decorated triangle represents the Second Dynasty. It has two edges at both sides,
confirming it. It was placed at the east side of the first triangle, because during this dynasty
exploration of the World continued towards the east.

4. There is no pattern inside this triangle, because there weren’t any important discoveries in the
Ocean. However, this second triangle refers to the island of Madagascar, at c.20°S, which was
discovered by the 8th king Peribsen of this dynasty (c.2800 BC). (Ref.35)
Third Dynasty
The third decorated triangle represents the Third Dynasty. The pattern inside has three small
triangles pointing downwards, confirming it.
It has one small triangle pointing upwards, referring to an important King. This small triangle
has the same shape as two large and similar triangles at the immediate left side of it. These
two large, empty triangles encode the 2nd king Djoser of this dynasty, who discovered the
continent of Australia (c.2740 BC).
The first decorated triangle has two enclosed areas, the second one three, and the third one
six. Added together these 2+3+6= 11 areas refer to Cape York in Queensland, Australia, at
11°S, 11 Moiras= 110° east of the Nile Delta, when measured along the equator (1 Egyptian
Moira= 10 moiras= 10° of latitude). Australia was discovered at this eastern crossing from
New Guinea.
It also encodes the position of the southern island of Roti, Indonesia, at 11°S, because the
western crossing to the Kimberley District of Australia was discovered as well. – The pattern
inside contains a total of four small triangles, encoding the crossing to the island of Tasmania,
at 40°S, which was discovered, too.
The third triangle has six enclosed areas, referring to the step pyramid of king Djoser in Saq-
qara, near Memphis, Egypt, having six steps, because the surface area of Australia, including
Tasmania, equals 6 square Moiras (1 Moira= 10° or 1111 km), or 7.4 million km2
(officially
7.6 million km2
). (Refs.12-17,35)
Fourth Dynasty
The fourth decorated triangle represents the Fourth Dynasty. The pattern inside contains a dia-
mond having four equal sides, confirming it. The plus-sign divides its surface into four smal-
ler areas, confirming it, too. The remaining figure contains four areas, confirming it, again.
It is the fourth and last triangle at the east side of the Stone, which means America was disco-
vered from the east in the Fourth Dynasty. - The lower half of the diamond is a kind of arrow
pointing to the southern Aleutian islands, at the south side of the Bering Sea. The upper half
of the diamond is a similar arrow pointing to the Bering Strait in the north. The previous de-
corated triangle is more or less similar, which confirms this view.
Both decorated triangles resemble large arrows pointing to the south. These show America
was discovered via the southern Aleutian Islands. The fourth triangle contains a total of 4+4=
8 areas, referring to its latitude, 8° below the Orkney’s, at 59-8= 51°N.
The small patches inside the diamond refer to the small triangles pointing downwards, which
were not used so far. Both decorated triangles contain together 3+2= 5 of these small trian-
gles, which refer to the 5th king Menkaure (Mycerinos, c.2580-2562 BC) of this dynasty, who
discovered America via the Aleutian Islands.

5. On the return route he also discovered the crossing of the Bering Strait. The inside pattern of
the fourth triangle contains a total of 2+4= 6 patches, encoding its latitude, 6° above Cape
Farvel, Greenland, at 60+6= 66°N. (Refs.16-24)
Fifth Dynasty
At the left side of this Row a single piece of line was engraved, which represents the east
coast of Greenland. It shows this island was already known in the Predynastic Period (c.3300-
3100 BC). – It also shows the explorations of the Ocean to the west continued in the next,
Fifth Dynasty. The decorated triangles in the lower Row represent the Kings of this dynasty. –
The line also represents the coast of Baffin Island, Canada, at the other side of Davis Strait.
This coast was reached for the first time in the Fifth Dynasty.
First King
The first decorated triangle of the lower Row represents the 1st king Userkaf (c.2517-2510
BC) of the Fifth Dynasty. It has a single edge at both sides, confirming it. The pattern inside
has one small triangle pointing upwards to the large empty triangle above it, which represents
this king, too. The pattern more or less resembles the previous patterns of Dynasties Three
and Four.
The four small triangles and the outside edge form together 4+1= 5 units, confirming the Fifth
Dynasty. Including the two inner edges these form 5+2= 7 units, encoding the 7 years of reign
of this king. It appears nothing special happened during this short time period.
Second King
The second decorated triangle of this Row represents the 2nd king Sahure (c.2510-2498 BC)
of this dynasty. It has a single edge at both sides, which clearly refers to the first decorated tri-
angle of the upper Row, which represents the First Dynasty. The complicated pattern inside
shows he crossed the Ocean and apparently returned via the archipelagos of small islands al-
ready known in this First Dynasty.
The bottom part of the pattern inside contains four long strips, which show he departed from
the four southern Cape Verde islands, at 15°N. This part in the triangle resembles an arrow
pointing south, which indicates he discovered the Southern Crossing of the Ocean, with the
wind and the current. This second decorated triangle shows the sailing distance was about 2
Moiras, or 20°. So, he arrived at Cape São Roque (the holy Rock), Brazil, at 5°S, as confir-
med by the total number of 5 vertical strips. These five strips show he sailed at least 5 Moiras,
or 50° to the west in the direction of Central America.
The western part of the pattern inside contains 4+4= 8 small areas, which show the Return
Route started at Cape Race, Newfoundland, 8° above the West Azores, at 39+8= 47°N. This
second decorated triangle shows the initial sailing direction was 20° ESE and the sailing dis-
tance, with the wind and the current, was about 2 Moiras, or 20° to the two islands of the
West Azores. The total number of 8+1= 9 areas of the pattern confirm he returned via the nine
islands of the Azores.
So, the 2nd king Sahure discovered the two southern crossings of the Ocean. The two Rows
of decorated triangles on this Stone are made in honor of this 2nd king. The two edges of the
triangles of Dynasties II, III and IV are made in honor of him. The two enclosed areas of the
first triangle representing Dynasty I are also made in honor of this king!

6. His decorated triangle contains 9+1= 10 areas. The diamond inside the previous decorated
figure consists of two small triangles, which refer to this 2nd king. Together the 10+2= 12
patches confirm his 12 years of reign.
Third King
The third decorated triangle of the lower Row represents the 3rd King Neferirkare (c.2498-
2478 BC) of the Fifth Dynasty. It has no edge, because Greenland was already known in the
Predynastic Period (c.3300-3100 BC). The empty triangle above it, pointing upwards, repre-
sents the same king. The triangle consists of two parts, because he used the knowledge of the
2nd king Sahure, who discovered the two southern crossings of the Ocean.
The third triangle shows this king discovered the Northern Crossing of the Ocean, from the
Shetland Islands via Cape Farvel, Greenland to Cape Chidley, Canada, at the complementary
latitude of the southern Nile Delta, at 90-30= 60°N. In antiquity the use of complementary la-
titudes was very common. The left side of the triangle shows he crossed Davis Strait from the
west coast of Greenland, at 60+3= 63°N.
So, the 3rd king Neferirkare discovered the third, Northern Crossing of the Ocean. At the
western edge of the Stone is a carving of a row of three small triangles (images of South
Greenland), which confirm this king reached North America. This third carving is in honor of
this 3rd king. The three large triangles pointing upwards are made in honor of him. The se-
cond decorated triangle of the upper Row consists of three enclosed areas in honor of this 3rd
king! – The two areas in his decorated triangle confirm his 20 years of reign.
The first and second triangle of the upper Row has a total of 2+3= 5 areas, encoding the Fifth
Dynasty, when all these important discoveries occurred. This Stone was found in a habitation
site of five huts, which confirm this important Dynasty. (Refs.25-29)
Fourth Dynasty, again
Lower on the Stone is a carving of an angle of 40°. It refers to the Stone itself, which repre-
sents the North Atlantic Ocean. Its approximate size was known in the Fourth Dynasty. It is
the fourth carving on the front side of the Stone, confirming it. – However, the Stone also
symbolizes the continent of North America, which was discovered in the Fourth Dynasty. It
has the shape of a square with four equal sides and angles, confirming it.
The Stone also symbolizes the South Atlantic Ocean. Its approximate size was known since
the Fourth Dynasty. It also symbolizes the continent of South America, which was discovered
at the same time. (Refs.30-38)
References
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