1. 6/28/2011
Rene KOOYMAN
Dublin
30 June 2011
THE ENTREPRENEURIAL DIMENSION
OF CULTURAL AND CREATIVE INDUSTRIES
ESPECIALLY SMEs
UU / HKU
The cultural and creative industries
 ‘Cultural industries’: goods or services that
embody cultural expressions, irrespective
commercial value: film, DVD, video, television
and radio, video games, new media, music,
books and press, performing arts, visual arts.
 ‘C
‘Creative industries’ : use culture as an input ,
i i d i ’ l i
whose outputs are mainly functional:
architecture, advertising, design and fashion.’
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The new SME definition
staff headcount
annual turnover, or
l t
annual balance sheet
Size of enterprises by sector across CCIs
 Eurokleis 2010
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Distribution of total turnover per size class
 Eurokleis 2010
Staff headcount ‐ turnover
Creative industries:
o Micro (< 2 milj € / 10 p) 74% nr of enterprises 27 % turnover
o Medium (2 – 10 m € / 50 – 250 p) 3 % enterprises 32 % turnover
o Large enterprises (250+): < 1 % nr enterprises 40 % turnover
2006: Cultural Industries BRD
o 763.000 taxable employees o 210.000 Free‐lance workers
Fesel/Söndermann BRD 2009 not registered
30 June 2011 rene kooyman
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SPECIFICITIES OF CCIs Labour market
• Thrives on numerous small initiatives
• Non‐conventional forms of employment; part‐time
work, temporary contracts, self employment , free
work, temporary contracts, self‐employment , free‐
lancers; career high degree of uncertainty
• Multiple job‐holdings; combined sources of income
• Heterogeneity of human resources ; higher professional
training, vernacular backgrounds, craft industry, any
other category
• No longer fits typical patterns of full‐time professions
• New type of employer; the ‘entrepreneurial individual’
or ‘entrepreneurial cultural worker’
30 June 2011 rene kooyman
DIFFERENCES PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
• Creative inputs and products are abundant
• Hypercompetitive environment
• Knowledge‐based and labour‐intensive input
• Not ‘simply merchandise’, but express cultural uniqueness
and identities
• Experience goods; production and consumption ‘on the spot’
• Product life‐cycles are short
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CCIs AS KEY STRATEGIC FACTOR
• CCIs drivers of economical growth (UNCTAD)
• Drivers of innovation: driving innovative processes into
realisation
• Flexibility; direct producer/client interaction; meet the
clients needs
• CCIs stand at the core of cultural and industrial networks
• CCIs and Technological change/digitisation two‐way process
• CCIs spill‐over: Corporate Identity and Branding
• Cultural and Creative Content as independent economical
factor
30 June 2011 rene kooyman
Entrepreneurship Determinants Themes
The OECD/EUROSTAT framework for
Entrepreneurship indicators 2008
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Access to Venture Capital
Access to finance and income
generation: Cultural Business
Modeling
Access to debt financing
Business Angels
Access to Venture Capital
Access to other types of equity
Tax incentives
Bankruptcy Legislation
Lack of
Entrepreneurial capabilities
Weaknesses in business skills, training and
experience of entrepreneurs
Traditional Business Education
Entrepreneurship Education (skills)
Entrepreneurship Infrastructure (Public and
Private)
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Entrepreneurial Culture
Risk attitude in society
Entrepreneurial education (mindset)
• Micro businesses: Artisan, Creative Partnership or
Solo
• Small‐business:
• Designer and Business Partner
• Designer and Licensing Partner
• Designer and Manufacturer
• Partnership with a formal Investor
• SMEs and the Financial Sector
•Regulatory framework
Regulatory framework
Administrative Burdens (entry and growth)
Bankruptcy Legislation
p y g
Safety, health, environment and product regulation
Court‐legal framework
Labour Market Regulation
Social and Health Security
Income Taxes
Business Taxes and Fiscal Incentives
Wealth and Bequest Taxation
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IRELAND SME PERFORMANCE REVIEW 2008
30 June 2011 rene kooyman
SUPPORT
Transversal:
• Coordinated support shared by several Ministries: Ministry of Culture,
Economic Affairs, Education, financial support (labour)
• Recognition of the specific characteristics CCIs: offer specific support
when needed. A general approach will not suffice
• Bridging the entrepreneurial skills gap: provide training and support in
entrepreneurial skills
Three specific dimensions:
• Urban Area development: integrate CCIs in urban renewal, use
abandoned (industrial) real estate , create breeding places, networks
abandoned (industrial) real estate create breeding places networks
• The Economical approach: entrepreneurial support at
local/neighborhood level
• The social‐cultural approach: active and receptive cultural participation,
support festivals, exhibitions, art routes, art education
30 June 2011 rene kooyman
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9. 6/28/2011
Rene KOOYMAN
Dublin
30 June 2011
rkooyman@rkooyman.com
UU / HKU
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