This presentation explores the effects of religious belief and activity on mental health particularly in regard to depression

1. Religion, Spirituality and Depression Presented By: Deniege King Randa Effat Sarah Beshay Sarah Mitkees Sherif Othman

2. Outline Religiosity and Spirituality Dimensions of Spirituality Uses of Religion and Spirituality The Power of Spirituality Spirituality and Major Depression Spirituality and Bipolar Disorder Spirituality and Trauma Spirituality and Adolescents Spirituality in Psychotherapy

3. Religiosityand Spirituality “Intrinsic’’ and ‘‘Extrinsic’’ Religiosity Extrinsic: a combination of religious practices with a more spiritual aspect of religion. Intrinsic: the rituals and practices associated with institutional religions Religion An organized system of beliefs, practices, rituals and symbols designed: To facilitate closeness to the sacred or transcendent (God, higher power, or ultimate truth/reality). To foster an understanding of one’s relation and responsibility to others in living together in a community. Spirituality The personal quest for understanding answers to ultimate questions about life, about meaning, and about relationship to the sacred or transcendent. Religious Practices and Spirituality

4. Dimensions ofSpirituality Meaning in life Intrinsic Values Transcendence Spiritual Community

7. The Power of Spirituality Meditation

8. The Power of Spirituality Mental Health Advanced meditators show an increase in left-sided cortical activity demonstrated by EEG, lowers levels of cortisol and decreased startle response. Frequent spiritual practices correlated with low rates of psychopathology.

9. The Power of Spirituality Mental Health Depression and Cancer

10. Spirituality and Major DepressionMedical Approach

11. Spirituality and Major DepressionSpiritual Approach

12. Spirituality and Major Depression

13. Spiritualityand Depression

14. Spirituality and Bipolar Disorder Do religious beliefs aid or harm in coping with a severe mental illness, particularly manic depression? Religiosity, Creativity and Depressionin Bipolar Disorder

15. Spirituality and Bipolar Disorder Counseling manic-depressive patients Emphasizing beliefs that facilitate positive coping Offer spiritual and religious resources to assist patients in better managing their illness. Challenge irrational religious beliefs. helping patients shift their religious belief system in the attempt to shift their inner world. Assist patients in discerning healthy from maladaptive beliefs

16. Spirituality and Trauma Seeking spiritual support Religious forgiveness Collaborative religious coping Spiritual connection Religious purification Benevolent religious reappraisal Religious focus

17. Spirituality and Adolescents Lower levels of depression in adolescence attending church, finding meaning in life through their religion Religion helped adolescents accept parent’s divorce and be less depressed than non-religious children “God is empowering me to deal with my problems”

18. Spirituality in Psychotherapy Listening to and validating healthy forms of religious coping Pointing out religious texts that provide hope, foster self-esteem and the sense that patients are loved and cared for Challenging maladaptive religious cognitions or behaviors Using the patient’s religious world view to alter maladaptive cognitions and encourage healthy behaviors Referral to a minister, chaplain or pastoral counselor Praying with patients.

19. As a chaplain, I tend to be idealized by religious patients, who see me as God’s representative. This position permits me to gently challenge maladaptive religious beliefs, yet it can also push away patients who are experiencing religious guilt concerning past and ongoing actions.

20. Conclusion Many mental health professionals believe that religious and spiritual values should be addressed in the course of mental health treatment. A variety of empirical data now suggest that certain forms of religious involvement can help prevent the onset of psychological difficulties and enhance effective coping with stressors. Tips to achieve Spirituality

21. References Bhugra, D. (1997). Psychiatry and Religion. London: Routledge. Fitchett, G., Rybarczyk, B. D., DeMarco, G. A., & Nicholas, J. J. (1999). The Role of Religion in Medical Rehabilitation Outcomes: A Longitudinal Study. Rehabilitation Psychology, 44(4), 333-353. Hodges, S. (2002). Mental Health, Depression, and Dimensions of Spirituality and Religion. Journal of Adult Development, 9(2), 109-115. Kaye, J., & Raghavan, S. k. (2002). Spirituality in Disability and Illness. Journal of Religion and Health, 41(3), 231-242. King, J. E. (2004). The Measurement of Religiosity and Spirituality: Examples and Issues from Psychology. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 17(1), 83-101. Koenig, H. G., George, L. k., & Peterson, B. L. (1998). Religiosity and Remission of Depression in Medically Ill Older Patients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155(4), 536-542. Lake, J., & Spiegel, D. (2007). Complementary and Alternative Treatments in Mental Health Care. 1st ed. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Publishing Inc. Lawler, K. A., & Younger, J. W. (2002). Theology: An Analysis of Spirituality, Cardiovascular Responses, Stess, Mood, and Physical Health. Journal of Religion and Health, 41(4), 347-362. McCollough, M. E. (1999). Research on Religion-Accommodative Counseling: Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 46(1), 92-98. Meisenhelder, J. B., & Chandler, E. N. (2002). Spirituality and Health Outcomes in the Elderly. Journal of Religion and Health, 41(3), 243-252. Nelson, C. J., Rosenfeld, B., Breitbart W., & Galietta, M. (2002). Spirituality, Religion, and Depression in the Terminally Ill. Psychosomatics, 43(3), 213-220. Raab, K. A. (2007). Manic Depression and Religious Experience: The Use of Religion in Therapy. Mental Health, Religion, & Culture, 10(5), 473-487. Seybold, K. S., & Hill, P. C. (2001). The Role of Religion and Spirituality in Mental and Physical Health. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10(1), 21-24. Tischler, L., Biberman, J., & McKeage, R. (2002). Linking Emotional Intelligence, Spirituality and Workplace Performance: Definitions, Models and Ideas for Research. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 17(3), 203-218. Yarhouse, M. A., & Turcic, E. K. (2003). Depression, Creativity, and Religion: A Pilot Study of Christians in the Visual Arts. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 31(4), 348-355.

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