1. Water Supply
&
Sanitation

2. Water Supply : Background
The main surface sources of water for Bangalore and Arkavathy
and Cauvery River. Till 1896, the city was dependent on
untreated water from large number of tanks, local wells &
Kalyanis. As the demand grew with the rise in population, the
utmost source was identified as Arkavathy River across which a
tank was constructed at Hessarghatta and the water was
pumped through RCC transmission main up to Malleswaram
when Combined Jewel filters were constructed to filter the
water for supply to the city. The water supply from this source
was 36MLD. However, over the years it has been considerably
reduced. As the city grew rapidly, to meet the rising demand, a
larger reservoir called Chamarajasagar (CRS) was constructed
across River Arkavathy at Tippagondanahalli (TG Halli), which is
downstream of Hessarghatta Lake. The water was abstracted
from this reservoir and filtered and treated in a conventional
water treatment plant and pumped to Bangalore city from the
year 1933 through a 900mm dia. CI main and subsequently
augmented in stages through CI pumping mains of 675mm and
600mm dia with an immediate pumping station at Tavarekere.
The total pumping of water from this source was 140 MLD.
However, over the years, the yield has been gradually reducing.
However, over the years the inflow into the Hessarghatta and
CRS reservoirs reduced considerably, mainly due to the
increased usage of Arkavathy River water upstream of the 2
reservoirs for agriculture and other development uses.

3. Water Supply : Background
After independence, Bangalore grew more rapidly in
population. Being the fastest growing city in the country, the
requirement of water for human consumption and industries
rose sharply. Hence to meet the immediate requirement and
future demands, a large source of water viz., River Cauvery was
identified for development. The total supply of about 180 MLD
from Arkavathy sources was reduced to about 18 MLD and was
absolutely to meet the requirement of the city.
GoK has allocated about 19 TMC (600 cuses) of Cavery river
water to Bangalore City for utilization to meet the drinking
water need from the state’s allocation. The main point for
tapping Cavery River is at Shiva Anicut, which is about 90 km, to
the south west of Bangalore city.
There is an earlier existing facility erected by Karnataka
Electricity Board (now changed to KPTCL, a limited company), in
which the water from the Shiva Anicut is drawn through an
open power channel to the Forbes Sagar Balancing reservoir
and finally to the Netkal Balancing reservoir at Netkal about
8.85 km from anicut, which carries the combined flow or the
hydropower generating station at Shimsha and for the water
supply. The Netkal Balancing Reservoir (NBR) serves as the
headworks for drawing the water from River Cavery for water
supply to the city. Since 1974, BWSSB has abstracted water
from Cauvery source and augmented the city water supply
under Cauvery Water Supply Schemes (CWSS), in stages. CWSS
Stage I was commissioned in the year 1974 to augment the
supply by 135 MLD.

4. Water Supply : Background
CWSS Stage II followed and was commissioned in the year 1982 to
further augment the supply by 135 MLD, CWSS Stage III was
commissioned subsequently in the year 1994 increasing the supply by
an additional 270 MLD. BWSSB have more recently implemented CWSS
Stage IV Phase I in the year 2002 adding an additional 270 MLD of
treated water to the city supplies. For all these 4 stages, the water is
abstracted from the headworks at NBR and conveyed to the water
Treatment Plant at Thorekadnahalli (TK Halli), which is located at a
distance of 86 km from city, through gravity mains of 9.60 km length.
The first gravity mains of 1750 mm dia carries Stage I and Stage II
flows, the 2nd main of 1950 mm carries Stage III flows and the 3rd main
of 1900mm dia Cauvery Stage IV Phase I flows.
The raw water is treated in separate water plants for each of the 4
Stages. Treated water is pumped in three stages at TK Halli, Harohalli
and Tataguni before the water reaches the city. Intermediate Pumping
Stations are located at the three places for all the 4 Stages of CWSS
Schemes. Stage I water is pumped through a head of 160m at each
stage of pumping and conveyed through 1200mm dia MS transmission
main to the city terminates at South end circle. The water is
transmitted through CI mains to Byrasandra, Bull Temple Reservoir,
MNK Park Reservoir, Clive Line Reservoir (CLR) and Kempegowda Tower
Reservoir (KGT) for storage and balancing and distributed throughout
the city through the existing water supply system. Under Stage II also
the water is pumped to the city through another parallel 1200mm dia
MS transmission mains, the lift at each pumping station being 160m. At
South-End Circle, water is transmitted to High Ground Reservoir (HGR)
through a 1750mm dia MS main, which also carries the stage III water
with Stage II augmenting water is supplied to Banashankari (BSK II) and
High Grounds Reservoir which acts as a balancing reservoir, from where
water is supplied to reservoirs at KG Tower, Clive Lines and
Machalibetta (MBR); pumping of water is 135 MLD.

5. Salient Features of Water Supply
The salient characteristics of existing water supply for Bangalore is
summarized and presented below:
Population as per 1991 Census of the Urban Agglomeration (UA) – 41.3
lakh
Population as per 2001 Census of the UA- 60 lakh
Present Population as on 2005 of the UA (Projected) – 70 lakh
Area of the UA (sqkm) – 560
Population provided with water supply as on 31.3.2004 – (Million) 4.92
Source(s) of existing Water Supply
Name Cauvery River
Distance (km) from City 120 km
Total water produced (MLD) 842
Total quality of water supplied (MLD) 842
Quantity supplied for domestic use (MLD) 439
Quality supplied for industrial/commercial use (MLD) 72
Loss of water/ UFW-in (MLD) 330, in 39%
Net Average per capital water supply (lpcd) at present 73
Distribution network length (km) (APP) 3500
Total number of water connections 3,61,294
House Service Connections 3500, 049
Public Stand Posts 7,174
No. of metered connections 3,61,294
No. of un-metered connections Nil

6. Salient Features of Water Supply
 No. of Bulk connections
 Industrial-71; Commercial – 11071; Institutional- 141
 Existing Water Traffic
 Domestic Water Traffic (Rs. /KL) 06.00 (Lowest slabs) 36.00 (Highest
slabs)
 Commercial Water Tariff (Rs. / KL) 36.00(Lowest Slabs) 60.00 (Highest
slabs)
 Industrial Water Tariff (Rs. / KL) 60.00 + 10% sewage cess
 Tariff effective from (date) 01.08.2002
The MP divides the Bangalore Area into 47 Planning Districts.
According to Master Plan – 2015, the water supply status is
being addressed highlighting the source (groundwater,
BWSSB, private (water) supply, well water, etc).
The sanitation position is also addressed which appears to be
poor compared to water supply. The BWSSB connections vary
from almost zero to 301 connections / 1000 habitants. This
may be partially due to newly added wards of BMP to supply
BWSSB water. The water supply pipelines are being laid in not
only erstwhile in 7 CMCs and 1 TMC but also proposed to lay
in the new BDA developed areas such as Banashankari,
Visvesvaraya Layout, JP Nagar, etc.

7. Sewerage System : Background
Sewerage system in Bangalore was in place/existence since 1922 s
mentioned earlier. Earlier the city was densely populated in civilian and
cantonment areas of the old city and since 1920 the decadal growth rate of
population in metropolitan area is more than 19.6 hitting a maximum of
94.3 in 1950s. Therefore, in the year 1950 only, major development and
sewerage coverage was initiated .
Now around 225 sqkm area is being covered by the sewerage system. The
drawing zone coverage details are: Major Valleys – Vrishabhavathi – 44.88
sqkm; K&C- 73.65 sqkm; Hebbal-39.1 sqkm; Minor Valleys –
Kethamaranahalli & Arkavathy – 22.91 sqkm; Tavarakere-13.72 sqkm; and
Kathriguppe – 15.15 sqkm. The existing sewerage system area is divided
into 3 district major drainage zones, namely, Vrishabhavathi Valley (V
Valley, 50.08 sqkm), Koramangala and Challaghatta (K&C Valley, 68.48
sqkm) and Hebbal Valley (33.77 sqkm), which for the most part cover BMP
areas. In the peripheral areas comprising 7 CMCs and 1 TMC, there are 3
minor valleys forming separate drainage zones namely kethamaranahalli &
Arkavathy (K&A Valley, 30.55 sqkm), Tavarakere (11.89 sqkm) and
Kathriguppe Valley (20.82 sqkm). Sewage treatment plants were first
constructed under CWSS Stage I and are in operation since 1974. The
wastewater generated in V – Valley drainage zone covering the western
parts of the city was treated in primary treatment plant at Mysore Road
with a capacity of 123 MLD (27 MGD). For Koramangala & Challaghtta
Valley (K&C Valley) a common wastewater treatment plant with primary
treatment with a capacity of 163 MLD was established. Both these plants
were completed in the year 1973-74. Under CWSS Stage II, Secondary
wastewater treatment was provided in both these plants and the capacity
of V Valley sewage treatment plant (V Valley STP ) was increased to 180
MLD and K&C Valley STP capacity remained the same. The wastewater
treatment plant of 60 MLD Capacity was constructed at Hebbal valley
under CWSS Stage II and Stage III. In the 3 minor valleys, the sewage
collected was pumped to the existing 3 STPs at V Valley, K&C Valley and
Hebbal Valley. Three intermediate pumping station (ISPS) were also
established.

8. Proposed Water supply and sewerage Projects
in Implementation Period of JNNURM as per
JNNURM CDP
Rehabilitation of Bunk Water Supply Transmission
Lines:
Rehabilitation of head works;
Installation / rehabilitation of bulk meters; and
Plugging of leakage in the main transmission line to
reduce UFW.
The rehabilitation expenses have been estimated at a
normative standard of Rs. 2 Crore per kilometer length
of the main transmission line (98km). 75% of the
rehabilitation works are proposed to be completed in
the implementation period.

9. Rehabilitation/ Extension of
Distribution System
 Rehabilitation of the existing connection (15% of 3.6
lakhs existing water connection); and
 Provision of new connections in the uncovered areas.
The cost of rehabilitation and installation of new
connections has been assumed at Rs. 6,500 and Rs.
8,000 per connection.

10. Rehabilitation/ Extension of Sewerage System
& Setting up of Sewage Treatment Plants
 Rehabilitation of the existing connections (40% of the
existing connections); and
 Provision of new connections in the uncovered areas.
 Laying of sewers to prevent entry of sewage into storm
water drains and avoiding inter-connection of SWD &
sewers.
 Detailed studied would be taken up to identify the specific
locations for laying separate sewers and for developing
mechanisms for preventing the inflow of sewage into SWDs.
 The project cost would be estimated based on the studies
undertaken. The cost of rehabilitation and installation of
new connections have been assumed at Rs. 6500 to
8,000per connection. It is proposed to set up a sewage
treatment plant with a capacity of 6 MLD at an estimated
cost Rs. 6 Crore.
Other Important Works
 Development of alternative water source
 Aquifer recharging
 Computer network analysis
 Efficient management of water by rezoning
 Public awareness campaigns
 Dual water systems
 Supply recharge
 Quality monitoring
 Energy audit studies
 Studies towards determination of UFW

11. Summary of Issues Water Supply
Key Issues in Water Supply
Parameter Description
Inadequacy of resources for  Limited availability of water from Cauvery (after
augmenting future growth utilization of 600 cusecs)
 No water available from adjoining river sources such
as Hemavathy, Netravathi etc..
 Changing land use pattern
Ground Water  Indiscriminate drawal
 Sub-standard water quality
Water quality issues (in  Cross connections back – siphon in distribution
distribution network and raw resulting in water borne diseases
water)  Raw water deterioration due to pesticides and
chemical pollutants from industries and sewage from
upstream
Uneven Distribution and  Parts of the City receive a higher quantum of water
Intermittent Supply and for a longer duration when compared to certain
other areas which receive a lesser quantum and only
for a short duration
 Erratic growth
 Assets needing rehabilitation
 Some areas get water only for 3-5 hours on alternate
days
Non-availability of water to  Relatively high UFW
meet National Standards of  Non-availability of distribution system in CMCsTMC
150 lped and new added BMP wards
 Arkavathi source gradually depleting
High UFW  Absence of reliable source production (bulk metering)
on all major water sources
 Absence of metering on public fountain consumption
 Poor accuracy and serviceability of consumer metering
 High non-physical loss due to consumption from
unauthorized inoperable meters

12. Summary of Issues Sanitation
Key Issues in Sanitation
Parameter Description
Inadequate Coverage  Covers only 40% of the area
Environmental Concerns  Pollution of lakes
 Mosquito Growth
Sewage entering drains  Health problems
and lakes  Nuisance to public
 Environmental and Bio-diversity
problems
Insufficient capacity of  Overflows from manholes Public
sewers (Trunk and Mains) Nuisance
both primary
And secondary
Increased sewage flows in  Some sewage has to be let out without
rainy season (due to treatment to river downstream thereby
mixing of storm water polluting the system (Arkavathy and
Cauvery)
 Sewage flows on to road and into low-
lying areas
Damaged sewers  Public nuisance
 Mosquito problems
Direct connections of  Flooding in slums and low areas
sewers from slums and  Back flows during rainy seasons when
low-lying areas to (primary storm water drains are full
and secondary drains)
Strom water drains

13. Summary of Issues Sanitation
Key Issues in Sanitation
Parameter Description
Silt, grease and floating  Problem in primary and secondary
debris (plastic, papers, etc) treatment , O&M problems
into open drains and into  Accessibility problem for manholes
treatment plants
Encroachment of sewer  Sewage over-flows into residential areas
lines and manholes (slums, low lying areas
 Sewer cleaning and removing silt
difficult
 Nuisance and mosquito growth.
Water Supply and Sewerage system are inadequate. A
limited inventory mapping of the utility lines has been
done specially related to water supply and sanitation.
Storm water system has inadequate coverage and is not
connected to each other.

14. Policy and Action Plan
 The city shall develop a plan for water supply, sewer and
drainage, which will include comprehensive schedule for
regular maintenance of such system and the connection in
the city wise infrastructure.
 The city should separate the sewer and storm water system
completely or provide adequate capacity and combined
flow. They should ensure that the rain water is not wasted
an adequate provision of rain harvesting is made which will
also include rejuvenation of cities’ lakes.
 Additional pavement / concreting of open area in the city
should be avoided. Use of permeable pathway / sidewalks
and other pavement options alike this proper. Pathway
specifically for pedestrians and bicycle tracts should be
considered in the areas which are environmentally sensitive.
 All extension areas (newly added areas into BBMP, new
layouts etc.) Should be made functional only after proper
water supply and sewer system is laid. In this regard, BWSSB
needs to prepare the master plan for the development of
these areas.
 The city shall have a proper transparency in terms of
programs and projections undertaken for water supply and
sanitation