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Rinke Hoekstra JoostBreuker University of Amsterdam  Polishing Diamonds in OWL 2
Overview Background Ontologies, frameworks and OWL 2 Complex concepts Exchange Limitations of OWL 2 Design pattern Discussion
Background ESTRELLA Legal Knowledge Interchange Format (LKIF) LKIF Core Ontology http://www.estrellaproject.org/lkif-core Not everything in OWL 2 is an ontology but Not everything that is an ontology fits OWL 2
Not everything in OWL is an ontology Ontology Context independent, intrinsic properties Definitions e.g. basic notions, subsumption hierarchies Framework Context dependent Dependencies, decomposition e.g. part-of hierarchies, scripts, problem solving methods, scenarios, data-structures.
Not everything that is an ontology fits OWL … philosophical perspective e.g. 4D ontologies Complex, structured concepts Artefacts Biological entities (e.g. organs) Exchange  Physics: Heat Exchange, Balance/Equilibrium Biology: Metabolism Economy/Law: Transactions, Hohfeldian Squares (rights/duties)
Transaction Characteristics Reciprocity Balance Identity Problem Diamond-shape
OWL 2 DL Description Logics Subset of FOL, model theory Restricted Language Limited Expressiveness Decidability (sound & complete reasoning) Tree-shaped models
A ≡ p2some (B ⊓ p1some D) ⊓ p3some (C ⊓ p4some D)
Why not use rules? Superset SWRL, not decidable Subset OWL 2 RL / DLP / SROIQ Rules,  decidable but inexpressive Hybrid DL-Safe rules, decidable but closed world Description Graphs (Motik, 2005) Not standard, no scalable implementation
Polishing Diamonds Polishing Diamonds Fine-tune the set of allowed models Approximate diamond-shaped models Patterns as Templates Emphasise a fixed structure Knowledge Patterns, Content Ontologies Design Patterns Patterns as Recipes Emphasise the design task Steps in ontology design: justification, explanation
Initial Class Definition Transaction	≡ part some Transfer  Transfer	≡ actor some Agent ⊓ recipient some Agent  				⊓ object some Object Identify & Enforce Further restriction Only ‘Transfer’ as parts, cardinality restriction on ‘part’? Specific ‘has_transfer’ relation? ,[object Object],[object Object]
Disambiguate Role Fillers Transfer	≡ actor some Agent ⊓ recipient some Agent  				⊓ object some Object 			       ⊑   actor exactly 1 Agent ⊓ recipient exactly 1  			            Agent ⊓ object exactly 1 Object Problem More complex: distinct properties and ranges Actor and recipient may still be the same individual Solution Assert property disjointness
Completion graph
OWL 2 DL Role inclusion axioms Traverse the tree Balance object−o part−o part o object ⊑ value_similar Identity Simulateowl:sameAs actor−o part−o part o recipient ⊑ same_id_as recipient−o part−o part o actor ⊑ same_id_as
Traverse the Tree (1)
Traverse the Tree (2)
Introduce Asymmetry Problem: actor and recipient are inferred to have the same identity Disambiguate branches of tree left_part & right_part Tautological Introduce domain dependence e.g. “Sales Transaction” Domain independent transaction not representable
Sales Transaction Goods_Transfer     ⊑  Transfer 		 				≡ object some Good 				⊑   recipientg some Agent ⊓  actorg some Agent  recipientg 	       ⊑ recipient  actorg 		       ⊑ actor  actor−go part−o part orecipientm ⊑ same_id_as actor−mo part−o part orecipientg ⊑ same_id_as recipient−go part−o part oactorm ⊑ same_id_as recipient−mo part−o part oactorg ⊑ same_id_as
Discussion ,[object Object],Approximate diamond-shaped models Fine-tune the set of valid models Identify individuals in ABox, then  Enforce additional restrictions Extensive use of OWL 2 constructs QCR’s, role inclusions Custom identity carrier owl:sameAs(x?,y?) same_id_as(x?,y?)  Generalised to Actions, roles, processes
Polishing Diamonds In Owl2 Ekaw 2008 Acitrezza

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Polishing Diamonds In Owl2 Ekaw 2008 Acitrezza

  • 1. Rinke Hoekstra JoostBreuker University of Amsterdam Polishing Diamonds in OWL 2
  • 2. Overview Background Ontologies, frameworks and OWL 2 Complex concepts Exchange Limitations of OWL 2 Design pattern Discussion
  • 3. Background ESTRELLA Legal Knowledge Interchange Format (LKIF) LKIF Core Ontology http://www.estrellaproject.org/lkif-core Not everything in OWL 2 is an ontology but Not everything that is an ontology fits OWL 2
  • 4. Not everything in OWL is an ontology Ontology Context independent, intrinsic properties Definitions e.g. basic notions, subsumption hierarchies Framework Context dependent Dependencies, decomposition e.g. part-of hierarchies, scripts, problem solving methods, scenarios, data-structures.
  • 5. Not everything that is an ontology fits OWL … philosophical perspective e.g. 4D ontologies Complex, structured concepts Artefacts Biological entities (e.g. organs) Exchange Physics: Heat Exchange, Balance/Equilibrium Biology: Metabolism Economy/Law: Transactions, Hohfeldian Squares (rights/duties)
  • 6. Transaction Characteristics Reciprocity Balance Identity Problem Diamond-shape
  • 7. OWL 2 DL Description Logics Subset of FOL, model theory Restricted Language Limited Expressiveness Decidability (sound & complete reasoning) Tree-shaped models
  • 8. A ≡ p2some (B ⊓ p1some D) ⊓ p3some (C ⊓ p4some D)
  • 9. Why not use rules? Superset SWRL, not decidable Subset OWL 2 RL / DLP / SROIQ Rules, decidable but inexpressive Hybrid DL-Safe rules, decidable but closed world Description Graphs (Motik, 2005) Not standard, no scalable implementation
  • 10. Polishing Diamonds Polishing Diamonds Fine-tune the set of allowed models Approximate diamond-shaped models Patterns as Templates Emphasise a fixed structure Knowledge Patterns, Content Ontologies Design Patterns Patterns as Recipes Emphasise the design task Steps in ontology design: justification, explanation
  • 11.
  • 12. Disambiguate Role Fillers Transfer ≡ actor some Agent ⊓ recipient some Agent ⊓ object some Object ⊑ actor exactly 1 Agent ⊓ recipient exactly 1 Agent ⊓ object exactly 1 Object Problem More complex: distinct properties and ranges Actor and recipient may still be the same individual Solution Assert property disjointness
  • 14. OWL 2 DL Role inclusion axioms Traverse the tree Balance object−o part−o part o object ⊑ value_similar Identity Simulateowl:sameAs actor−o part−o part o recipient ⊑ same_id_as recipient−o part−o part o actor ⊑ same_id_as
  • 17. Introduce Asymmetry Problem: actor and recipient are inferred to have the same identity Disambiguate branches of tree left_part & right_part Tautological Introduce domain dependence e.g. “Sales Transaction” Domain independent transaction not representable
  • 18. Sales Transaction Goods_Transfer ⊑ Transfer ≡ object some Good ⊑ recipientg some Agent ⊓ actorg some Agent recipientg ⊑ recipient actorg ⊑ actor actor−go part−o part orecipientm ⊑ same_id_as actor−mo part−o part orecipientg ⊑ same_id_as recipient−go part−o part oactorm ⊑ same_id_as recipient−mo part−o part oactorg ⊑ same_id_as
  • 19.
  • 20.

Hinweis der Redaktion

  1. A ⊑ psome BA(a)C(x?) A(x?) ∧B(y?) ∧p(x?,y?)