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Thoughts on Atmospheric Aerosols: Science, Air Quality and Informatics Rudolf B. Husar CAPITA, Washington University Seminar Presented at U. Wisconsin,  Madison, WI, October 16, 2006
Aerosols as  Indicators  of Global Processes and Change Major Biogeochemical  Processes/Flows Visualized by Aerosols: Volcanoes Dust storms Fires Anthropogenic pollution Radiative Climate  Human Health Visibility  Acid Rain…… As aerosols pass through the atmosphere, the effects include:
Complex Physico-Chemical Properties : Particle Size Particle Composition, Shape
Scientific Challenge: Characterization of Aerosols ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Aerosol complexity is due multi-dimensionality Characterization requires 6-8 independent dimensions Dimension  Abbr. Data Sources Spatial dimensions X, Y Satellites, dense networks Height Z Lidar, soundings Time T Continuous monitoring Particle size D Size-segregated sampling Particle Composition C Speciated analysis Particle Shape/Form F Microscopy Ext/Internal Mixture M Microscopy
Technical Challenge: Characterization ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Satellites, integrate over height,  size,  composition, shape…dimensions These data need de-convolution of the integral measures Satellite-Integral
Global Earth Observing System of Systems  (GEOSS) Challenges:   Integration of 6 (8) – Dimensional Multi-sensory Data and Models
Challenge: Vertical Distribution of Aerosols
Regulatory Challenges: Natural Aerosols ,[object Object],Natural haze  - windblown dust, biomass smoke and other natural processes  Man-made  haze - industrial activities  AND man-perturbed smoke and dust emissions Man-made Emissions Eliminated
Just like the human eye, satellite sensors detect the total amount of solar radiation that is reflected from the earth’s surface ( R o ) and backscattered  by the atmosphere from aerosol, pure air, and clouds. A simplified expression for the relative radiatioin detected by a satellite sensor (I/I o ) is: I / I o  = R o  e -    + (1- e -  ) P Satellite Detection of Aerosols Today, geo-synchronous and polar orbiting satellites can detect different aspects of aerosols over the globe daily. where    is the aerosol optical thickness and P the angular light scattering probability.
Satellite Remote Sensing Since 1972 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Regional Haze Lyons W.A., Husar R.B.  Mon. Weather Rev.   1976 SMS GOES June 30 1975
AVHRR satellite optical depth climatology over the oceans, 1988-90 Husar, Prospero, Stove, 1997 Surprise: Small Sulfate Plume, Spring, Summer Only
MISR Seasonal AOT  (MISR Team) ,[object Object]
SeaWiFS AOT – Summer 60 Percentile 1 km Resolution
Satellite Data Increases Spatial Resolution PM25 Surface Conc. JJA SeaWiFS AOT. JJA SeaWiFS AOT. JJA, Terrain AOT in Valleys
Satellite Summary ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Aerosol Species Monitoring Growth (1999-03) ,[object Object],[object Object],IMPROVE + EPA Sulfate Nitrate Sulfate Sites 99-03
Origin of Fine Dust Events over the US Gobi dust in spring Sahara in summer Fine dust events over the US are mainly from intercontinental transport Fine Dust Events, 1992-2003 ug/m3
Asian Dust Cloud over N. America On April 27, the dust cloud arrived in North America. Regional average PM10 concentrations increased to 65   g/m 3 In Washington State, PM10 concentrations exceeded 100   g/m 3 Asian Dust 100   g/m 3 Hourly PM10
During the trans-Pacific transit the dust plume was also tracked independently by Washington University and  University of Wisconsin  using GMS-5 and  GOES-9 geostationary  satellites, respectively. GMS-5 Image of Dust over the Central Pacific on April 24 GOES-9 images of Dust over the Central Pacific on April 24
Supporting Evidence: Transport Analysis Satellite data (e.g. SeaWiFS) show Sahara Dust reaching Gulf of Mexico and entering the continent.  The air masses arrive to Big Bend, TX form the east (July) and from the west (April)
Sahara PM10 Events over Eastern US ,[object Object],[object Object],Much previous work by Prospero, Cahill, Malm,  Scanning the AIRS PM10 and IMPROVE chemical databases several regional-scale PM10 episodes over the Gulf Coast (> 80 ug/m3) that can be attributed to Sahara. June 30, 1993 July 5, 1992 June 21 1997
Seasonal Average Fine Soil  (VIEWS database, 1992-2002) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Mystery Winter Haze: Natural? Nitrate/Sulfate? Stagnation? Mystery not Solved, too Complicated, Calls for  Multidisciplinary Community Analysis Contributed by the FASNET Community, Sep. 2004 Correspondence to  R Husar  ,  R  Poirot   Coordination Support by Inter-RPO WG  Fast Aerosol Sensing Tools for Natural Event Tracking, FASTNET NSF  Collaboration Support for Aerosol Event Analysis NASA  REASON Coop EPA -OAQPS AIRNOW PM25 - February
Midwest  HazeCam  Images Jan 27-Feb 3, 2005 ,[object Object]
Seasonal PM25 by Region
FRM PM25 Monthly Concentration ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC EPA AIRS 1999-2002
Seasonal Nitrate,  VIEWS 2000-2004   DEC FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV Eastern US Nitrate -  Daily Average ‘ Nitrate Events’ JAN
Smoke over the Eastern US ,[object Object],[object Object]
Kansas Agricultural Smoke, April 12, 2003  Fire Pixels PM25 Mass, FRM 65 ug/m3 max Organics 35 ug/m3 max Ag Fires SeaWiFS, Refl SeaWiFS, AOT Col AOT Blue
Informatics: The Researcher/Analyst’s Challenge “ The researcher cannot get  access  to the data; if he can, he cannot  read  them; if he can read them,  he does not know  how good  they are; and if he finds them good he cannot  merge  them with other data.” Information Technology and the Conduct of Research: The Users View National Academy Press, 1989 These resistances can be overcome through a distributed system that catalogs and standardizes the data and provides tools for data manipulation and analysis.
Smoke Plumes over the Southeast ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],R 0.68   m G 0.55   m B 0.41   m 0.41   m 0.87   m
‘ Natural’ Aerosols: Biomass Smoke Satellite data show numerous small fires in the Southeast  The type of these fires is not known. Prescribed/agricultural burning? Wild fires? Issue: How does one space-time aggregate such a highly variable emission?  PM2.5 conc., smoke pattern and  SeaWiFS  image of plumes originating from Kentucky, Nov 15, 1999.  More details here  here Nov 15, 1999 Oct 5, 1998 Oct 5, 1998 Smoke Plumes Smoke Plumes Regional Smoke?
Seasonal Pattern of Dust Baseline and Events ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

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2006-10-16 U Wisconsin Seminar

  • 1. Thoughts on Atmospheric Aerosols: Science, Air Quality and Informatics Rudolf B. Husar CAPITA, Washington University Seminar Presented at U. Wisconsin, Madison, WI, October 16, 2006
  • 2. Aerosols as Indicators of Global Processes and Change Major Biogeochemical Processes/Flows Visualized by Aerosols: Volcanoes Dust storms Fires Anthropogenic pollution Radiative Climate Human Health Visibility Acid Rain…… As aerosols pass through the atmosphere, the effects include:
  • 3. Complex Physico-Chemical Properties : Particle Size Particle Composition, Shape
  • 4.
  • 5.
  • 6. Global Earth Observing System of Systems (GEOSS) Challenges: Integration of 6 (8) – Dimensional Multi-sensory Data and Models
  • 8.
  • 9. Just like the human eye, satellite sensors detect the total amount of solar radiation that is reflected from the earth’s surface ( R o ) and backscattered by the atmosphere from aerosol, pure air, and clouds. A simplified expression for the relative radiatioin detected by a satellite sensor (I/I o ) is: I / I o = R o e -  + (1- e -  ) P Satellite Detection of Aerosols Today, geo-synchronous and polar orbiting satellites can detect different aspects of aerosols over the globe daily. where  is the aerosol optical thickness and P the angular light scattering probability.
  • 10.
  • 11. AVHRR satellite optical depth climatology over the oceans, 1988-90 Husar, Prospero, Stove, 1997 Surprise: Small Sulfate Plume, Spring, Summer Only
  • 12.
  • 13. SeaWiFS AOT – Summer 60 Percentile 1 km Resolution
  • 14. Satellite Data Increases Spatial Resolution PM25 Surface Conc. JJA SeaWiFS AOT. JJA SeaWiFS AOT. JJA, Terrain AOT in Valleys
  • 15.
  • 16.
  • 17. Origin of Fine Dust Events over the US Gobi dust in spring Sahara in summer Fine dust events over the US are mainly from intercontinental transport Fine Dust Events, 1992-2003 ug/m3
  • 18. Asian Dust Cloud over N. America On April 27, the dust cloud arrived in North America. Regional average PM10 concentrations increased to 65  g/m 3 In Washington State, PM10 concentrations exceeded 100  g/m 3 Asian Dust 100  g/m 3 Hourly PM10
  • 19. During the trans-Pacific transit the dust plume was also tracked independently by Washington University and University of Wisconsin using GMS-5 and GOES-9 geostationary satellites, respectively. GMS-5 Image of Dust over the Central Pacific on April 24 GOES-9 images of Dust over the Central Pacific on April 24
  • 20. Supporting Evidence: Transport Analysis Satellite data (e.g. SeaWiFS) show Sahara Dust reaching Gulf of Mexico and entering the continent. The air masses arrive to Big Bend, TX form the east (July) and from the west (April)
  • 21.
  • 22.
  • 23. Mystery Winter Haze: Natural? Nitrate/Sulfate? Stagnation? Mystery not Solved, too Complicated, Calls for Multidisciplinary Community Analysis Contributed by the FASNET Community, Sep. 2004 Correspondence to R Husar , R Poirot Coordination Support by Inter-RPO WG Fast Aerosol Sensing Tools for Natural Event Tracking, FASTNET NSF Collaboration Support for Aerosol Event Analysis NASA REASON Coop EPA -OAQPS AIRNOW PM25 - February
  • 24.
  • 26.
  • 27. Seasonal Nitrate, VIEWS 2000-2004 DEC FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV Eastern US Nitrate - Daily Average ‘ Nitrate Events’ JAN
  • 28.
  • 29. Kansas Agricultural Smoke, April 12, 2003 Fire Pixels PM25 Mass, FRM 65 ug/m3 max Organics 35 ug/m3 max Ag Fires SeaWiFS, Refl SeaWiFS, AOT Col AOT Blue
  • 30. Informatics: The Researcher/Analyst’s Challenge “ The researcher cannot get access to the data; if he can, he cannot read them; if he can read them, he does not know how good they are; and if he finds them good he cannot merge them with other data.” Information Technology and the Conduct of Research: The Users View National Academy Press, 1989 These resistances can be overcome through a distributed system that catalogs and standardizes the data and provides tools for data manipulation and analysis.
  • 31.
  • 32. ‘ Natural’ Aerosols: Biomass Smoke Satellite data show numerous small fires in the Southeast The type of these fires is not known. Prescribed/agricultural burning? Wild fires? Issue: How does one space-time aggregate such a highly variable emission? PM2.5 conc., smoke pattern and SeaWiFS image of plumes originating from Kentucky, Nov 15, 1999. More details here here Nov 15, 1999 Oct 5, 1998 Oct 5, 1998 Smoke Plumes Smoke Plumes Regional Smoke?
  • 33.