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GES673 SP2014 Intro Lecture
1.
Geoprocessing & Spatial
Analysis GES673 at Shady Grove ! Richard Heimann Richard Heimann © 2013
2.
Course Description: GES
673 Course Description:âš âš The increased access to spatial data and overall improved application of spatial analytical methods present certain challenges to social scientiïŹc research. This graduate course is designed to focus on substantive social science research topics and methodologies, while exposing rewards and potential risks involved in the application of geographic information systems (GIS), spatial analysis, and spatial statistics in their own research. The course will highlight connections between spatial concepts and data availability. Both traditional spatial science data will be used as well as new emerging social media data, which better reïŹect some of the more recently developments in Big Data, a topic that will receive cursory treatment - most notably the social critical exploration of such data. Substantive focus will include readings, discussions and practical steps to spatial data analysis and the spatially explicit theory leaning toward acknowledgment of a spatial turn in Big Data. ! Throughout the course, lectures and discussions will be complemented with lab sessions introducing spatial analysis methodology using spatial analysis software - namely GeoDa, ArcGIS and a minor introduction to R. These lab sessions will introduce many methodological and technical issues relevant to data analysis generally and spatial analysis speciïŹcally. Assignments for the courses include up to four writing assignments, up to six lab assignments, and a ïŹnal project which will be presented as a short 15-minute presentation as well as a term paper. Richard Heimann © 2013
3.
Course Objectives: GES
673 1. Learn about solving problems and answering questions using GIS. 2. Learn a sound methodological approach to spatial data analysis and a blended approach that oïŹers ïŹexibility. 3. Examine a useful sample of methods and literature of geographic information science. 4. Use GIS software to learn some of the analytical methods available - ArcGIS Desktop & GeoDa⊠and R. 5. Gain experience working with traditional (e.g. Census) and nontraditional social science data (i.e. Flickr, Twitter). Richard Heimann © 2013
4.
Course Texts: GES
673 1. FREE Geospatial Analysis, 3rd edition. By: Michael J. de Smith, Michael Goodchild, and Paul A. Longley. The text is available as an Adobe readable ïŹle for download (uses special secure PDF reader), a version for the Kindle, on-line via a website, and as a printed book. See http:// www.spatialanalysisonline.com/ for further information. 2. Required. Making Spatial Decisions Using GIS: A Workbook. 2nd edition. By: Kathryn Keranen and Robert Kolvoord. Should be available in the Shady Grove Bookstore or ESRI Press or Amazon: http:// www.amazon.com/Making-Spatial-Decisions-Using-GIS/dp/1589482808 3. Required. GeoDa User Guide 0.9.3. (UG) The documentation will be somewhat unsyncronized with the software but not so much so that you will be prevented from completing labs. https:// geodacenter.asu.edu/software/documentation 4. Required. Exploring Spatial Data with GeoDa: A Workbook (UGW) http://www.csiss.org/ clearinghouse/GeoDa/geodaworkbook.pdf 5. Other readings will be required and further suggested. They will be noted in the syllabus and either provided or will be cited for your discovery. ! Richard Heimann © 2013
5.
Course Rubrics: GES
673 Blackboard:âš âš Copies of lecture notes and assignments will be available on the classâ Blackboard site which will also be used for questions, discussions, and class announcements. Please check the Blackboard site regularly Grading Criteria: Points: Midterm 30 Lab Assignments (6 x 10) 50 Reading Labs (4 x 10) 40 Paper (60) 60 Presentation (20) 20 Total: 200 *Incomplete grades are rarely given and only under very unusual circumstances. In other words, incomplete assignments will be evaluated as a failure and your ïŹnal grade will reïŹect that failure and ïŹnal grades are ïŹnal. Richard Heimann © 2013
6.
Course Format: GES
673 Hybrid approach with face-to-face class meetings, independent learning, on-line discussions and collaboration using the Universityâs Blackboard system, and projects. At least 10 face to face meetings will take place.âš Midterm, NO Final. Paper: This six to eight page (double spaced) empirical geographic analysis paper will use geographic data of either a social nature - though physical geographic features or themes will be accepted in an explanatory nature. Presentation: Each student will make an 12 to 15 minute presentation reïŹecting learned competency. The presentation will be a summarization of your paper and should include the thrust of your research pursuit and include maps, graphs, charts and other visualizations. Richard Heimann © 2013
7.
Course Labs: GES
673 Lab assignments are found in the Keranen and Kolvoord text and are as follows: Lab 1 (Week 3) â Demographic Decisions, complete project #1, #2, pages 30-58.âš Lab 2 (Week 4) â Urban Planning Decisions, complete project #1, #2 pages 126-142. Lab 3 (Week 5) â Law Enforcement Decisions, complete project #1, #2 pages 62-84. Lab 4 (Week 11) - Dealing with Big Data - Twitter (Handout) & Flesch Kincaid Index Lab 5 (Week 12) - Dealing with Big Data - Twitter (Handout) & Sentiment Analysis Lab 6 (Week 14) - Regression & Spatial Autocorrelation Lab - (Handout) Richard Heimann © 2013
8.
Course Outline: GES
673 Methods Theory -First Law of Geography -Spatial Heterogeneity -Spatially Explicit Theory -Visual Data Analysis -Spatial Analysis -ESDA -Spatial Analysis -Geographic Knowledge Discovery -Spatial Econometrics -Spatial Modeling Data Big Data, Nontraditional Social Data (Social Media), Traditional Social Data (e.g. Census) Small Data vs. Big Data, Inference and Inferential Pitfalls (Ecological Fallacy, Atomistic Fallacy), Pattern Paradoxes (e.g. MAUP), etc. Richard Heimann © 2013
9.
GES 673: GeoDa,
Python & R Not a GIS, but⊠⹠Complements all major GIS packages. ⹠Windows based, so familiar interface. ⹠Relies on same programming/math as the R package spdep and extends into Python using PySAL. ⹠Incorporates more sophisticated statistical routines into spatial analysis than a GIS (e.g. ArcGIS Desktop). ⹠GeoDa: Developed by Dr. Luc Anselin, Arizona State U & FREE! ⹠R is open sourced, has a large following and FREE! ⹠Python is an OS interpreted, object-oriented, high-level programming language and FREE! Richard Heimann © 2013
10.
GES 673: Common
Problems in GIS http://www.amazon.com/GIS-20-Essential-Skills/dp/1589482565 Richard Heimann © 2013
11.
GES 673: GeoDa,
Python & R Free and Open Source: you can think of it as âfreeâ as in âfree speech,â and âfreeâ as in âfree beer.â !  Open GeoDa is a cross-platform, open source version. ! PySAL is the underlying open source library with extended functionality. ! R is open source domain speciïŹc statistical language. Richard Heimann © 2013
12.
GES 673: GeoDa,
Python & R GeoDa with more than 89,026 downloads (May 2013) Richard Heimann © 2013
13.
GES 673: GeoDa,
Python & R Software # of Blogs R 452 SAS 40 Stata 8 Others 0-3 Richard Heimann © 2013
14.
GES 673: GeoDa,
Python & R A program run on 3/19/2013 counted 6,275 R packages at all major repositories, 4,315 of which were at CRAN. Richard Heimann © 2013
15.
GES 673: @
UMBC - The Three âs' Systems: Advanced Seminar is GIS GES670 Professional Seminar in Geospatial Technologies GES659 *Geoprocessing and Spatial Analysis GES673 *Spatial Social Science GES679 Science: *Geoprocessing and Spatial Analysis GES673 GIS Modeling Techniques GES773 Spatial Social Science GES679 *Spatial Statistics GES774 Advanced Visualization and Presentation Studies: *Geoprocessing and Spatial Analysis GES673 GIS Modeling Techniques GES773 *Spatial Social Science GES679 *Combine hands-on technical training with an understanding of the underlying science, and an emphasis on multidisciplinary applications Richard Heimann © 2013
16.
GES 673: Live
and Work⊠Richard Heimann © 2013
17.
GES 673: Introductions Name
and where you live: ! Background: ! Experience w/ Spatial Analysis & Statistics: ! Expectations⊠! Recently watched movie or book read⊠Richard Heimann © 2013
18.
GES 673: ME! Name:
Richard Heimann, Washington DC ! Background: Geography, GIS, Statistics, Data Science & Big Data ! EMC CertiïŹed Data Scientist, Lead Data Scientist at Data Tactics Corporation, Instructor of GES673 & (Formerly) GES 659, Instructor of Human Terrain Analysis at George Mason University, most recently supported DARPA, DHS, Human Terrain Systems and the Pentagon. Author of Social Media Mining in R (coming Q1 2014) and Selection Committee Member AAAS Big Data & Analytics Fellowship Program. ! Experience w/ Spatial Analysis: Extensive! ! Recently watched movie or book read⊠Troll 2 Richard Heimann © 2013
19.
GES 673: Todayâs
talk What is Geography? Geographic Literacy. ! What is GIS? ⊠and the GIS Data Model. ! What is Spatial Analysis and what are the levels and approaches? ! The Spatial Turn in Big Data and mining for knowledge discovery. ! Just an introduction...but we will be gaining momentum. Richard Heimann © 2013
20.
GES 673: What
is Geography? âą Geography is the study of the earthâs surface as the space within which human population live - their interaction with the environment and each other. âą Space is the unifying theme for geographers. âą Geography is the science of space and place. âą Geographers are interested in ⊠⹠⹠Why they are located where they are, âą How places diïŹer from one another, âą âą Where things are located on the earthâs surface, How people interact with the environment. Geographers were among the ïŹrst scientists to sound the alarm that human-induced changes to the environment are beginning to threaten the balance of life, but some of the notable contributions to geography have been on the part of non geographers. Richard Heimann © 2013
21.
GES 673: Geographic
Literacy Despite having a highly education society, Americans are arguably the worldâs most geographically ignorant people. ! By comparison, children throughout much of the world are exposed to geographic training in both primary and secondary schools. ! Most Americans learn what little geography they know in elementary or middle school. ! In the United States, the last time a student hears the word geography is usually in the third grade. ! Concern over geographical illiteracy led President Reagan to declare November 15-21, 1987 as the ïŹrst Geography Awareness Week (a joint resolution of the One Hundredth Congress) Richard Heimann © 2013
22.
GES 673: Geographic
Literacy The National Geographic Society released the Roper Public AïŹairs 2006 Geographic Literacy Study in May, 2006 ! 510 interviews were conducted among a sample of 18- to 24-year old adults in the continental United States between December 17, 2006 and January 20, 2006) The sample has a margin or error of +/- 4.4 % at the 95% conïŹdence level ! Survey results ⊠Over 6 in ten (63%) of those surveyed could not locate Iraq on a map of the Middle East Nearly nine in ten (88%) could not identify Afghanistan on a map of Asia Seven in ten (70%) could not ïŹnd North Korea on a map, and 63% did not know its border with South Korea is the most heavily fortiïŹed in the world Sizable percentages did not know that Sudan and Rwanda are in located in Africa (54% and 40%, respectively) Richard Heimann © 2013
23.
GES 673: Geographic
Literacy Three-quarters could not ïŹnd Indonesia on a world map and were unaware that a majority of Indonesiaâs population is Muslin, making it the largest Muslim country in the world. ! A third or more could not ïŹnd Louisiana or Mississippi on a map of the United States. ! Only 18% could correctly answer a multiple-choice question about the most widely spoken native language in the world. (5 Part Questionnaire) ! Although half said map reading skills are âabsolutely necessaryâ in todayâs world, many Americans lack basic practical skills necessary for safety and employment in todayâs world. ! One-third (34%) would go in the wrong direction in the event of an evacuation One third (32%) would miss a conference call scheduled with colleagues in another Recommended Link time zone. 2006 National Geographic â Roper Survey of Geographic Literacy http://www.nationalgeographic.com/roper2006/ïŹndings.html Richard Heimann © 2013
24.
GES 673: Geographic
Literacy This college-level course introduces students to the systematic study of patterns and processes that have shaped human understanding, use, and alteration of Earth's surface. Students employ spatial concepts and landscape analyses to analyze human social organization and its environmental consequences. They also learn about the methods and tools geographers use in their science and practice. Richard Heimann © 2013 Score Percent 5 11.6% 4 16.7% 3 21.9% 2 16.6% 1 33.2% In the 2009 administration, 50,730 students took the exam and the mean score was a 2.57.Â
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GES 673: Geographic
Literacy http://www.benjaminbarber.com/bio.html Richard Heimann © 2013
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GES 673: Geographic
Literacy Richard Heimann © 2013
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GES 673: Criticisms
of Geography Geography had a number of problems, including: 1. It was overly descriptive: Geography followed a set format for the inventory of physical and cultural features; 2. It was almost purely educational: Regions don't really exist; 3. It failed to explain geographic patterns: Geography was descriptive and did not explain why patterns were the way they were; Where attempts at explanation did exist, they favored historical approaches. 4. The biggest problem of geography was the fact that it was unscientiïŹc: âŠthe Nomothetic & Idiographic debate in geography begins! âŠall in a time after WWII, which science and mathematics enjoyed unrivaled importance Richard Heimann © 2013
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GIS Richard Heimann ©
2013
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GES 673: What
is GIS? The common ground between information processing and the many ïŹelds using spatial analysis techniques. (Tomlinson, 1972) Tomlinson: Very General - âcommon groundâ A powerful set of tools for collecting, storing, retrieving, transforming, and displaying spatial data from the real world. (Burroughs, 1986) Burroughs: âtool boxâ but how items are linked together. A computerized database management system for the capture, storage, retrieval, analysis and display of spatial (locationally deïŹned) data. (NCGIA, 1987) NCGIA: DBMS for spatial data but adds analyze and display. A decision support system involving the integration of spatially referenced data in a problem solving environment. (Cowen, 1988) Cowen: Adds integration and decision support to solve problems. Richard Heimann © 2013
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GES 673: What
is GIS? A map with a database behind it; a virtual representation of the real world and its infrastructure. ! Richard Heimann © 2013
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GIS Data Model Richard
Heimann © 2013
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GES 673: GIS
Data Model Richard Heimann © 2013
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GES 673: GIS
Data Model Richard Heimann © 2013
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GES 673: GIS
Model: Spatial & Attributes Spatial data (where) SpeciïŹes location; stored in a shapeïŹle (.shp), geodatabase or similar geographic ïŹle. ! Attribute (descriptive) data (what, how much, when) SpeciïŹes characteristics at that location, natural or human-created stored in a data base table. ! GIS systems traditionally maintain spatial and attribute data separately, then âjoinâ them for display or analysis. ! Richard Heimann © 2013
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GES 673: GIS
Data Model - Lattices Irregular Lattice Regular Lattice Irregular Lattice Richard Heimann © 2013
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GES 673: GIS
- Raster & Vector Raster Model Area is covered by grid with (usually) equal-sized, square cells; Regular Lattices. Attributes are recorded by assigning each cell a single value based on the majority feature (attribute) in the cell, such as land use type. Image data is a special case of raster data in which the attribute is a reïŹectance value from the geomagnetic spectrum Cells in image data often called pixels (picture elements) ! Vector Model The fundamental concept of vector GIS is that all geographic features in the real work can be represented either as: Points or dots (nodes): Cities, human sensors (like Tweets or Flickr), individual obs (e.g. crime incident). Lines (arcs): movement, connectedness, networks Areas (polygons): Countries, States, Census Tracts, Cities, Irregular Lattices Multivariate in nature. Richard Heimann © 2013
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Spatial Analysis Richard Heimann
© 2013
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GES 673: What
is Analysis? Turns raw data into useful information by adding greater informative content and value. ! Reveals patterns, trends, and anomalies that might otherwise be missed. ! Provides a check on human intuition by helping in situations where the eye might deceive. ! Thousands of techniques exist⊠Richard Heimann © 2013
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GES 673: Why
Quantitative Analysis? Academic Publications Scale Data Scales N Web Scales Social Media Scales t If this guy doesnât scale - none of us do. Richard Heimann © 2013 t
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GES 673: Why
Quantitative Analysis? Why is data analysis so important? ! ââŠthe alternative to good statistics is not âno statistics,â itâs bad statistics. People who argue against statistical reasoning often end up backing up their arguments with whatever numbers they have at their command, over- or under-adjusting in their eagerness to avoid anything systematicâ ! Bill James Richard Heimann © 2013
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GES 673: Why
Analysis? "companies that have massive amounts of data without massive amounts of clue are going to be displaced by startups that have less data but more clue" (Tim OâReilly) Richard Heimann © 2013
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GES 673: Why
Analysis? ⊠Order from Chaos Richard Heimann © 2013
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GES 673: Why
Analysis? ⊠Order from Chaos Richard Heimann © 2013
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GES 673: Why
Analysis? Analytics in Perspective: An Inquiry into Modes of Inquiry http://datatactics.blogspot.com/2013/07/analytics-in-perspective-inquiry-into.html Richard Heimann © 2013
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! GES 673: Why
Analysis? âAnalytics in Perspectiveâ reïŹects how people arrive at decisions. ! GOOD: Induction, Abduction, Circumscription, Counterfactuals. ! BAD: Deduction, Speculation, JustiïŹcation, Groupthink ! ! Richard Heimann © 2013
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Spatial Analysis Richard Heimann
© 2013
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GES 673: What
is Spatial Analysis? Lack of Locational Invariance (Goodchild et al) Fundamental property of spatial analysis Results change when location changes Richard Heimann © 2013 ALABAMA ALASKA ARIZONA ARKANSAS CALIFORNIA COLORADO CONNECTICUT DELAWARE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA FLORIDA GEORGIA HAWAII IDAHO ILLINOIS INDIANA IOWA KANSAS KENTUCKY LOUISIANA MAINE MARYLAND MASSACHUSETTS MICHIGAN MINNESOTA MISSISSIPPI MISSOURI MONTANA NEBRASKA NEVADA NEW HAMPSHIRE NEW JERSEY NEW MEXICO NEW YORK NORTH CAROLINA NORTH DAKOTA OHIO OKLAHOMA OREGON PENNSYLVANIA RHODE ISLAND SOUTH CAROLINA SOUTH DAKOTA TENNESSEE TEXAS UTAH VERMONT VIRGINIA WASHINGTON WEST VIRGINIA WISCONSIN WYOMING AL AK AZ AR CA CO CT DE DC FL GA HI ID IL IN IA KS KY LA ME MD MA MI MN MS MO MT NE NV NH NJ NM NY NC ND OH OK OR PA RI SC SD TN TX UT VT VA WA WV WI WY
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GES 673: What
is Spatial Analysis? From Data to Information: ...beyond mapping; transformations, manipulations and application of analytical methods to spatial (geographic) data. ! Lack of locational invariance (Goodchild et al): Fundamental property of spatial analysis; Analyses where the outcome changes when the locations of the objects under study change; Median center vs. Median, Standard Deviational Ellipses vs. Standard Deviations, Autocorrelation vs. Spatial Autocorrelation. ! Where matters: In an absolute sense (coordinates) In a relative sense (spatial arrangement, distance) Richard Heimann © 2013
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GES 673: What
is Spatial Analysis? Application of statistical methods to the solution of geographical research questions (Gattrell) ! Relatively new area: Two perspectives (Anselin): Data-driven: exploratory, descriptive, geo-visualisation; Model-driven: spatial econometrics, spatial prediction, spatial statistics, hypothesis testing and model fitting. ! Limited functionality available in existing statistical softwares like SAS, SPSS. Richard Heimann © 2013
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Methodologies Richard Heimann ©
2013
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GES 673: Methodologies Mitchell
(2005) Draper et al (2005) Richard Heimann © 2013
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GES 673: Methodologies
- PPDAC Mackay & Oldford (2002) Richard Heimann © 2013
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GES 673: Methodologies Prepare
and Explore DeïŹne & Design e em ur n. ch ar e es tr 1 e rit .W ou 2. eïŹ D qu ne les n. d an t de m b ria ig es D e os ho C 3. m er tio es e in va 4. e Cl an . les iab a at / e Cr ia ar iv Un 5. e at ew r Va N te D A SD E s ea Test and ReïŹne ) . nt (E tiv ul M ns io pt un od ics |C as he s no iag D 7. Richard Heimann © 2013 R 8. e e ïŹn e od et pr r M e nt I 9. s Re . 10 s. t ul l t tia i In el e tiv m su ck lM r. tis a d an R 6. e t ria a St s tic / DA en es Pr lts su re t in an i tu in m a e nn
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Richard Heimann ©
2013
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Spatial Analysis Components Richard
Heimann © 2013
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! GES 673: Intro
to Spatial Analysis Topics âą Description versus Analysis âąCSR âąProcess, Pattern and Analysis âą Issues and challenges in spatial data analysis Richard Heimann © 2013
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GES 673: Description
vs. Analysis Do regions of the US having lower linguistic sophistication than others? Analysis: Tries to understand the processes which cause or create the patterns in the real world. ! Understanding processes: Helps the organization do its job better Make better decisions, Understand the phenomena itself, This is the role of science. Here, we are using Twitter and box plots with Jitter to help answer this question! library(ggplot2) ggplot(Twitter, aes(x=regiontxt, y=ïŹecMC, ylab="Flesch Kincaid Index", xlab="Region", data=Twitter)) geom_point(colour="lightblue", alpha=0.1, position="jitter") + geom_boxplot(outlier.size=1, alpha=0.1) boxplot(ïŹecMC~regiontxt, ylab="ïŹecMC", xlab="regiontxt", data=Twitter) Richard Heimann © 2013
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GES 673: Dr.
Snow (1854) Richard Heimann © 2013
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GES 673: Dr.
Snow (1854) Classic example of using location to draw inferences: ! Contagion was the hypothesis Snow was trying to refute - contagion would produce a concentric sequence, whereas drinking water a clustered sequence around wells. ! Today, a GIS could be used to show a sequence of maps as the outbreak developed. Richard Heimann © 2013
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GES 673: Spatial
Analysis - 4 Levels Four levels of Spatial Analysis: --Each is more advanced (more diïŹcult!) ! Description (the primitives) Exploratory /Spatial/ Data Analysis (E/S/DA) Spatial statistical analysis and hypothesis testing Spatial modeling and prediction 1. 2. 3. 4. ! We will look at all 4 levels in this class!!! Richard Heimann © 2013
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GES 673: Level
1 1. Spatial data description (primitive): Focus is on describing the world, and representing it in a digital format (e.g. digital maps) ! Uses classic GIS capabilities: Buffering, Proximity functions, map layer overlay, spatial queries, measurement, local operations, neighborhood functions, global functions, clip/union/intersect, classiïŹcation. Richard Heimann © 2013
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GES 673: Level
2 2. Exploratory /Spatial/ Data Analysis: ! Discovering and recognizing patterns and possible explanations through geovisualization using spatially descriptive statistics (moments). e.g. maps, boxplots, charts, histograms mean x,y mean x Map showing changes to the mean center of population for the United States, 1790â2010 (U.S. Census Bureau)[1] Richard Heimann © 2013 mean y
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GES 673: Level
3 3. Spatial statistical analysis and hypothesis testing: Set up Null Hypotheses H0 Set up Alternate Hypotheses H1 Test Hypotheses. Richard Heimann © 2013
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GES 673: CSR Deviations
from spatial randomness suggests underlying social processes. ! âEvery observable eïŹect has a physical cause ! Randomized Variable â 500 meter cell Perhaps the most profound insightcausality is a rejection of the randomness. Total TTL Count â 500 meter cell âEvery observable effect has a physical causeâ (Thales) Perhaps the most profound insight-causality is a rejection of the randomness. Richard Heimann © 2013
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GES 673: Level
4 4. Spatial modeling: prediction Construct models (of processes) to predict spatial outcomes (patterns). !CoefïŹcient: % Poverty CoefïŹcient: % FB CoefïŹcient: % Elderly Richard Heimann © 2013 CoefïŹcient: % Black
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GES 673: Analysis;
Process vs Patterns ! Processes operating in space produce patterns ! Spatial Analysis is aimed at: 1., 2. Identifying and describing the pattern 3., 4. Identifying and understanding the process Richard Heimann © 2013
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GES 673: Level
1 - 4 âą Spatial autocorrelation â Data from locations near to each other are usually more similar than data from locations far away from each other âą ModiïŹable areal unit problem (MAUP-zone ) â Results may depend on the speciïŹc geographic unit used in the study â Province or county; county or city âą Scale aïŹects representation and results â Cities may be represented as points or polygons â Results depend on the scale at which the analysis is conducted: province or county â MAUPâscale eïŹect âą Ecological fallacy â Results obtained from aggregated data (e.g. provinces) cannot be assumed to apply to individual people â MAUPâindividual eïŹect âą Non-uniformity of Space â Phenomena are not distributed evenly in space â Be careful how you interpret results! âą Edge issues â Edges of the map, beyond which there is no data, can signiïŹcantly aïŹect results Richard Heimann © 2013
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New Aged Experimentation Richard
Heimann © 2013
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GES 673: Experimentation George
Box ââThe only way to understand complex systems is to shock those systems and observe the way they reactââ ! New motivation for experimentation especially in quasi-experimental methods. (...more later) Richard Heimann © 2013
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GES 673: Experimentation Richard
Heimann © 2013
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GES 673: Review
Part 1 Geography GIS and the GIS Data Model ! CSR, Form & Process. ⚠What & Why /Spatial/ Data Analysis ! Methodologies ! Levels of sophistication Richard Heimann © 2013
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GES 673: Making
things harder! Inward and outward asymptotics i.e. increasing spatial extent, increasing temporal lags, ïŹner spatial resolution, ïŹner temporal resolution. Increased number of cross sections. âŠvisual correlations and visual detection of change over space and time do not exist. Apophenia is real! Spatial Analysis and Geographic Pattern Recognition will reduce patternicity (Sherman, 2008). Richard Heimann © 2013
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Big Data /Nontraditional
Social Science Data/ Richard Heimann © 2013
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GES 673: DATA
IS THE NEW OIL! Richard Heimann © 2013
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GES 673: Going
Viral It took radio broadcasters 38 years to reach an audience of 50M people and television 13 years, but the internet did it in just 4. There were 50 webpages in 1993 and while the full impact of the internet is difficult to measure we can estimate about 2.1B webpages today. We create 2.5 quintillion bytes (2.5 * 1018) of data, or nearly 2.3 million TBs of data every day. Twitter has more than 200M monthly active users. Richard Heimann © 2013
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GES 673: Nontraditional
Social Data The preponderance of data created today is free text, not structured numerical data. Text is not only big, but is growing at an increasing rate. Twitter was launched March 21, 2006 and it took 3 years, 2 months and 1 day to reach 1 billion tweets. Twitter users now send one billion every 2.5 days. People are highly opinionated. We hold opinions about everything from international politics to pizza delivery. Several different datasets will be made available to you but Twitter will be promoted above all - mainly FK Index & Text Scaling (explained later). Richard Heimann © 2013
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GES 673: Nontraditional
Social Data We will learn where this data is and how we can get to it⊠We will consider the inferential and measurement challenges - as well as gotchas. We will compare traditional and nontraditional sources as well as structure vs. unstructured data. We will cover, at a high level some approaches to analyzing these data - namely text analysis that will provide us intuition for subsequent geographical analyses. We will have fun!! Richard Heimann © 2013
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GES 673: Review Lacking
Locational Invariance (Goodchild et al): Fundamental property of spatial analysis Results change when location changes. ! Two Data Models: Raster Model & Vector Model; Regular and Irregular Lattices ! Components of Spatial Analysis: Visualization Showing Interesting Patterns. Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis Finding Interesting Patterns. Spatial Modeling, Regression Explaining Interesting Patterns. Richard Heimann © 2013
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GES 673: Review ! Description
versus Analysis: Process, Pattern and Analysis Qualitative vs. Quantitative ! Four levels of Spatial Analysis: Spatial Data Description Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis - ESDA Spatial statistical analysis and hypothesis testing Spatial modeling and prediction ! Why is Spatial Data Special; Potentials and Pitfalls: Spatial Autocorrelation, MAUP (scale & zone), Scale effects, Ecological Fallacy, Nonuniformity of space, Edge Effects. ! Big Data: Big Data e.g. Twitter Geographic Knowledge Discovery ! ! Richard Heimann © 2013
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GES 673: Contact
me Richard Heimann OfïŹce: UMBC Common Faculty Area 3rd Floor Phone: 571-403-0119 (C) OfïŹce hours: Tues. 6:30-7:00 (Virtual); or by appointment (send e-mail) ! I (try) promptly respond to emails. Phone calls are another matter. Email: rheimann@umbc.edu or heimann.richard@gmail.com Email, Text, Tweet (@rheimann), Chat (UMBC Chat). Richard Heimann © 2013
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