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Chapter 20
CH_20_The Roaring Twenties
Prosperity and its Limits
 The business of America was business
 The automobile industry was the
backbone of American prosperity
 Stimulated the expansion of steel, rubber,
and oil
 Road construction; it virtually helped all
sectors of the economy
 Businessmen like Henry Ford and
engineers like Herbert Hoover were cultural
heroes
Prosperity and its Limits
 A New Society
 Consumerism was rampant; salespeople,
advertisements
 Any way to satisfy Americans’
psychological desires and everyday
needs (do we still think this way)
 Americans spending more money on
leisure; vacations, movies, and sporting
events (the rise of Baseball as the
American pastime)
Prosperity and its Limits
 A New Society
 Americans considered their standard of
living as a “sacred acquisition” (Pride
always comes before a fall)
 Rise of the middle class led to the
disproportion of wealth; it’s no surprise
this ended in a market crash; everyone
has money to speculate with now
Prosperity and its Limits
 Limits of Prosperity
 Increased production and wealth was
distributed unequally
 1929, over 40 percent of the population
still lived in poverty (almost a kickback to
the Gilded Age, but with a focus on
consumerism; these patterns keep
repeating)
Prosperity and its Limits
 Limits of Prosperity
 Farmers definitely didn’t share in the prosperity;
California started to receive many of the
displaced farmers; the “Dust Bowl” was
beginning due to poor crop rotation and over
farming
 Prohibition led to a stellar increase in crime;
youths in America became enamored with an
obsessive interest in the mafia and bootleggers
○ Prohibition could be seen as a monumental failure of
progressive reform; gangsters, racketeering, and
bootlegging became an extremely profitable business
and by 1933, FDR repealed the amendment
CH_20_The Roaring Twenties
Prosperity and its Limits
 The Decline of Labor
 Nativism, Americanism, and industrial
freedom were used as weapons against
labor unions
○ Propaganda linked unionism and socialism as
examples of the evil influence of foreigners of
‘pure, free’ American life
○ During the 1920s, labor unions lost around 2
million members
Prosperity and its Limits
 Women’s Freedom
 Female liberation spread after the
passage of women’s suffrage
○ They were greatly influenced by advertising
and mass entertainment
○ Sex becomes a marketing tool
○ This new freedom only lasted while the
woman was single; married life was still about
the same as before
Prosperity and its Limits
 Women’s Freedom
 “Flappers” – drank, smoked, and demanded sex
with the same gusto that was traditionally
reserved for men; these were single, young
women
○ The greatest change in family life was the discovery of
adolescence
○ The automobile became a fear for parents as they
worried about their children having premarital sex and
engaging in vice
○ Teenage sons and daughters no longer had to work and
could engage in excitement of a consumer oriented
lifestyle
○ Sex became the all-encompassing obsession for young
men and women
CH_20_The Roaring Twenties
Progressivism Gives Way to
Republicanism
 Numerous publications such as Public Opinion and
The Phantom Public criticized progressives’ hope of
applying intelligence to social problems in a mass
democracy
 Voter turnout declined dramatically in the 1920s; mostly
due to people’s preoccupation with consumerism
 Republicans quickly gained control and pro-business
ethos ruled the 1920s (here’s the Gilded Age again)
 Lower taxes
 Higher tariffs
 Anti-Unionism
 Supreme Court remains very conservative
The Harding Scandals
 Warren G. Harding’s administration
quickly became one of the most corrupt
in American history, however, most of
the country liked him
 Harding cared little for ethics and
surrounded himself with cronies that
used their office to further their own
private gain
CH_20_The Roaring Twenties
The Harding Scandals
 Teapot Dome Scandal
 Bribery scandal during Harding’s
administration
 Harding transferred the Naval oil reserves at
Teapot Dome, WY, Elk Hills, and Buena
Vista, CA to the Department of the Interior in
1921
 Dept. of Interior Secretary; Albert B. Fall
leased (without competitive bidding) the
Teapot Dome field to an oil operator named
Sinclair and the field in Elk Hills to Edward L.
Doheny
The Harding Scandals
 Teapot Dome Scandal
 The Senate conducted an investigation
and found out that Doheny lent Fall
$100k interest free and under the table;
Sinclair lent Fall another large sum of
money on his retirement; Senate indicted
Fall for bribery and conspiracy to accept
bribes
 Oil fields returned to US Government
property in 1927 after a SC decision
Economic Diplomacy
 Foreign affairs were a reflection on the
close relationship between business and
government in the 1920s
 Most foreign policy was conducted
through private business exchange and
relationships over governmental
diplomacy in the twenties
 Bankers loaned Germany an enormous
amount of money
Economic Diplomacy
 US Government acted similarly to the
Gilded Age officials in the Spanish
American war by dispatching soldiers
to the Caribbean when a change in
regime threatened American
economic interests
 Little concern for legitimate government
in Latin America at this time
Civil Liberties in the 1920s
 Free Mob
 As wartime repression continued after
the war ended, Europeans quickly began
to view America as a repressive cultural
wasteland
 Actors adopting the Hays code
Civil Liberties in the 1920s
 “Clear and Present Danger” Clause
 SC Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes
questioned this as the SC gave the
concept of civil liberties a devastating
blow when it ruled that situations such as
“shouting fire in a theater” that does not
have a fire is a danger to the safety of
citizens and is not protected by the First
Amendment (1919 Ruling)
Civil Liberties in the 1920s
 “Clear and Present Danger” Clause
 Overall, this blurred the lines between what is
considered appropriate communication,
disorderly conduct, and seditious
 ACLU (American Civil Liberties Union) was
established in 1920
 The most stringent protection of free speech
would not protect a man falsely shouting fire in a
theater and causing a panic. [...] The question in
every case is whether the words used are used
in such circumstances and are of such a nature
as to create a clear and present danger that
they will bring about the substantive evils that
Congress has a right to prevent.
Civil Liberties in the 1920s
 “Clear and Present Danger” Clause
 Holmes began to speak out against
the infringement of civil liberties
 Went beyond political expression;
became the “indispensible birthright of
every free American”
Fundamentalist Backlash
 Fundamentalism – literal interpretation
of the Bible; rural people believing in this
took their religion with them to the cities
 Evangelical Protestants feeling threatened
by the decline of traditional values and
increased visibility of Catholicism and Jews
because of immigration (fueled by nativism)
 This becomes the Klan’s official religious
faction in Texas and in the South at large
Fundamentalist Backlash
 Fundamentalists went on a campaign
to rid Protestant denominations of
modernism (evolution)
 They supported prohibition, while
most others viewed it as a denial of
individual freedom
 The press viewed them as
backwards, backcountry bigots
The Scopes Trial
 ACLU gets involved with the clash
between fundamentalism and
evolution (and the legality of it)
 John Scopes, a biology teacher from
Dayton, TN (who teaches evolution),
agrees to be participate in this
experiment (gets arrested) and tried
for teaching evolution in public school
(against TN statutes)
CH_20_The Roaring Twenties
The Scopes Trial
 This became the hallmark case of the tensions
between fundamentalists and modernists (two
very different definitions of freedom)
 Clarence Darrow (a renowned labor lawyer
defended Scopes)
 William Jennings Bryan aided the state as an
expert in the Bible
 Classic moment where Bryan talks of the inerrancy
of the Bible and Darrow questions him about the
book of Joshua (stopping the sun and moon)
 Everyone nationally realizes what a circus this has
become and sees the fallacies with fundamentalists
John T. Scopes
The Scopes Trial
 Even though Scopes loses and is made to pay a
fine (paid by the ACLU), fundamentalists think they
gain ground, but in reality, isolate a great part of
the nation from their cause for many years
 The connection between Republicans and
fundamentalists helps lead to the decline of the
Republican party during the Depression
CH_20_The Roaring Twenties
Clarence Darrow William Jennings Bryan
 A combination of the following:
 Progressivism
 Fundamentalism
 American Nationalism
 Nativism
 Lingering racial tensions
 Millennialism and the Klan
 Remnants of World War I millennialism identified Germany with
the devil; victory would dawn a new and beautiful world
○ When this Utopian hope did not appear, the Klan comes in saying
more work has to be done
 Klan millennialism identified a world of sin filled with Catholics,
Jews, and racial tensions that destroyed the “white Utopian
dream”
○ Another “dark side of Progressivism”
Why Does the Klan Return?
 Resurrected in Stone Mountain, Georgia
during the winter of 1915
 Their goal: exist as a “patriotic, secret,
social, benevolent order”
 “Colonel” William Joseph Simmons is
credited as the founder
 His father was an officer in the Klan of the 1860s
 Converted to Christianity and became a
Methodist minister
 Very influential public speaker and frequented
fraternal orders
The Return of the Klan
William Joseph Simmons
 Klan Ideology
 White supremacy
 100 percent “Americanism” and patriotism
 Anti-Catholicism, anti-Semitism, anti-immigration
 For the “purity of womanhood”
○ However, a women’s order of the Klan develops
ironically
 Protestant, fundamentalist ideals
○ Prohibition was key
The Return of the Klan
 Systematic recruitment
 “Kleagles” (recruiters) targeted upper class
citizens of importance first
 Middle class members readily joined because of
the prestige of belonging to an organization with
the upper class
 Lower class citizens were recruited to fill quotas
and sell chapter memberships
○ Membership gave these citizens some feeling of
superiority and importance
The Return of the Klan
 Membership Requirements
 Caucasian ethnicity
 Native-born American
 Protestant
 Believe in 100 percent “Americanism”
 Pay a $10 initiation fee
 Connection to the Masons
 Often, recruiters were Masons also
 They typically recruited lower class Masons who
shared anti-Catholic sentiment
 Officially, Masons denied any connection
The Return of the Klan
CH_20_The Roaring Twenties
 Key Biblical verse to their ideology:
Romans 12:1
 “I beseech you therefore, brethren, by the
mercies of God, that ye present your bodies
a living sacrifice, Holy, acceptable unto God,
which is your reasonable service.
 Basically, they appealed to strict separation
of justification and sanctification in the Holy
Spirit
Klan Ritual
 “Naturalization” into the Invisible Empire
 The inductee moves around various points
in the “Klavern” (meeting house) and listens
to various Protestant infused Klan passages
 The inductee swears allegiance to the Klan
 The final ritual was very similar to a
Protestant baptism
 Lastly, the inductee was ‘knighted’ into the
Invisible Empire
Klan Ritual
CH_20_The Roaring Twenties
 The Klan officially returns to Texas in 1920
 Establishment of the “Sam Houston Klan No. 1”
in Houston amidst fears of future race riots
 In less than 2 years, the Klan had roughly
90,000 members in Texas
 Provinces in Houston, San Antonio, Waco, Fort
Worth, and Dallas
 Dr. Hiram Wesley Evans, Grand Titan of
the Dallas Klan emerges as a key leader in
the Texas Klan
 Later becomes the Imperial Wizard of the
national Klan
The Ku Klux Klan in Texas
Hiram Wesley Evans
Grand Dragon of the Texas Klan
Waco Klan’s “Watermelon Social” for Friends and Supporters, 1923
 In 1921, over 1000 recruits were initiated into Waco’s
Saxet Klan no. 33
 Prominent Waco Judge Edwin J. Clark formed the Waco
chapter and declared himself Grand Titan in 1921
 Membership included law enforcement, major
businessmen, and members of the legal and judicial
system
 Evans attempted to persuade legal officials to join their “national
law enforcement program”
 The Klan would often offer monetary assistance for fugitive
bounties
 Protestant ministers were often approached for
membership also
 Most in McLennan County did not officially join, but sometimes
supported their ideals in sermons
The Klan Comes to Waco
Klan Parade in Waco, 1923
13th Street at Bosque Boulevard: Site of the 1920s Waco Klan Klavern
 In the fall of 1921,
numerous Klan parades
and events took place in
Central Texas
 The Waco Klan set out to
parade in Lorena in
October 1921
 Over 4000 citizens attended
 The County Attorney and
McLennan County Sheriff
Bob Buchanan felt that law
enforcement needed to
present to prevent riots
The Lorena Riot
 Origins of the Riot
 The Sheriff wanted to know the identities of one of the
Klan leaders
 The Klansmen refused to reveal their identities
 Buchanan attempts to unmask a Klansmen
 Shots are fired
 The Sheriff and his deputies are forced to defend
themselves
 Results
 Buchanan is shot under the right arm
 Prominent laundryman Louis Crow is stabbed (later dies)
 Deputies and a Waco policeman receive knife wounds
The Lorena Riot
CH_20_The Roaring Twenties
 Aftermath
 The City of Lorena and disgruntled citizens
publish a reprimand against the sheriff in the
Waco Times Herald
 Sheriff Buchanan is charged with murder of
Louis Crow
○ It is later refused for prosecution by the County
Attorney
The Lorena Riot
 Aftermath
 Buchanan is later sued by the widow of Crow in
civil court
○ The case is dropped because the court cannot
secure an impartial jury in McLennan County
 Buchanan and others who opposed the Klan
easily lose county elections of 1922 largely
because of the event
The Lorena Riot
“Klan Candidates” in McLennan County, 1922
CH_20_The Roaring Twenties
CH_20_The Roaring Twenties
The “Waco Agreement”
Robert Lee Henry Earle Bradford Mayfield
 Robert Henry, Sterling Strong, and Earle
Mayfield were considered the Klan political
triumvirate in 1922
 Each were competing for the Democratic
party bid for an open U.S. Senate seat
 The Klan’s influence was growing at a
rapid pace with the Democratic party
 Over 100,000 Klan-influenced votes were at
stake
 The issue: Which candidate does the Klan
pick to recognize as the “official” Klan
candidate?
The “Waco Agreement”
Raleigh Hotel, Waco, Texas
 The Solution:
 Four of the Texas Klan’s Grand Titans meet at
the Raleigh Hotel in Waco (March 1922) to
discuss which candidate will be officially
recognized
 Three of the four Titans believe Mayfield should
be the candidate
○ Prominent Waco Judge (and Titan) Erwin Clark
convinces the others to let the candidates run
without interference of the Klan
○ This becomes known as the “Waco Agreement”
○ Clark was biased towards Henry though
The “Waco Agreement”
 The agreement is later disregarded as it becomes
apparent that Mayfield would draw better support
from the Texas Klan in general
 Henry goes on a rampage denouncing the Klan
publically throughout the state
 He loses the Democratic bid and retires from public office
 Mayfield wins the Senate seat by a landslide
 The Klan’s political influence reached its highest point
 Erwin Clark renounces his membership in the Klan
and moves to Houston
 He dies a few years later under mysterious circumstances
The “Waco Agreement”
Hood or Bonnet?
Felix D. Robertson “Ma” Ferguson
Brig. Gen. Jerome B.
Robertson
Brig. Gen. Felix H.
Robertson
Felix D. Robertson
 After the election of Mayfield, the Texas Klan
set its sights on the Governor’s office
 Their goal: successfully elect Felix D.
Robertson
 His father and grandfather were both Confederate
generals
 He was known as the no-compromising “Dollar-a-
Mile” judge in Dallas
 At this point, Klan membership in Texas rose
to 170,000
 They were now a well-organized minority that had
significant influence and control of the Democratic
party in Texas
Hood or Bonnet
 Robertson’s Competition
 “Ma” Ferguson
 She and “Pa” ran a fierce anti-prohibitionist
campaign against Robertson and used growing
discontent against the Klan effectively
 By 1923, the Klan’s reign of violence was
reaching its zenith
 Upper-class and middle-class citizenry who
viewed the organization as another social club
began to leave at a rapid pace
 The over-recruitment of lower-class citizenry
was largely to blame for the surge in violence
during the period
Hood or Bonnet
 Pa Ferguson’s death blow to the Klan
 After the run-off Democratic primary began, Ferguson
stepped up his campaign against Robertson and the Klan
 He struck a decisive blow after news of Imperial Wizard
Evans and a black servant began to spread throughout
the state
○ Evans bought the servant a train ticket and allow him to
occupy a “white-only” train car
 Ferguson widely publicized the incident and it cost
Robertson between 50,000 and 100,000 votes
 As a result, Ma Ferguson decisively wins the primary
and the governor’s office
 This marks the decline of the Klan in Texas at large
 By 1930, the organization effectively went
underground
Hood or Bonnet
Cultural Pluralism
 A society that gloried in ethnic diversity
rather than attempting to repress it
 New immigrants were the champions of
this ideal
 They asserted the validity of cultural
diversity and identified toleration of
difference as a cornerstone of American
freedom
 The Supreme Court supported this by
striking down laws against Americanization
(100 percent)
The Harlem Renaissance
 1920s led to a resurgence of self-
consciousness among black Americans;
especially in northern ghettos (poorer
areas)
 Harlem gains a reputation for the “capital”
of black America
 Diverse music, art, and culture came out of
this area during the 1920s
 Pushed for the “New Negro” to reject
established stereotypes and place new,
renewed black values in its place
The Great Depression
 Presidents Harding, Coolidge, and
Hoover enjoyed wide popularity
because of their appeal to traditional
American values
 News of Harding’s scandals did not come
out until after his death
 Coolidge represented Americans reserve
and prominence (monetarily)
 Hoover represents a self-made man who
rises from adversity
The Great Depression
 Election of 1928
 Hoover exemplifies
the rise of a new era
of American
capitalism
 He easily defeats
Alfred Smith of NY
due to remnants of
nativism that worked
against his Catholic
background
CH_20_The Roaring Twenties
CH_20_The Roaring Twenties
CH_20_The Roaring Twenties
The Great Depression
 Stock Market Crash
 Days before the crash, Hoover gives a
speech about American progress and
attributes it to businessmen and scientists;
limitless potential
 The crash itself did not cause the
Depression
 The global financial system was ill prepared
to deal with the crash, causing a world-wide
recession that changes the political and
economic landscape of the entire world
 In 1932, the country hits rock bottom
CH_20_The Roaring Twenties
The Great Depression
 Coping with the Depression
 Hoover does virtually nothing; did not want to
commit to anything; too afraid of losing his
association with business
 Businessmen strongly opposed federal aid to
the unemployed (need to pull themselves up by
their own bootstraps)
 When Hoover did act, it made the situation
worse; he had no clue with how to deal with this
problem
 The situation gets so dire that Americans began
to call the ramshackle tenements “Hoovervilles”
CH_20_The Roaring Twenties

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CH_20_The Roaring Twenties

  • 3. Prosperity and its Limits  The business of America was business  The automobile industry was the backbone of American prosperity  Stimulated the expansion of steel, rubber, and oil  Road construction; it virtually helped all sectors of the economy  Businessmen like Henry Ford and engineers like Herbert Hoover were cultural heroes
  • 4. Prosperity and its Limits  A New Society  Consumerism was rampant; salespeople, advertisements  Any way to satisfy Americans’ psychological desires and everyday needs (do we still think this way)  Americans spending more money on leisure; vacations, movies, and sporting events (the rise of Baseball as the American pastime)
  • 5. Prosperity and its Limits  A New Society  Americans considered their standard of living as a “sacred acquisition” (Pride always comes before a fall)  Rise of the middle class led to the disproportion of wealth; it’s no surprise this ended in a market crash; everyone has money to speculate with now
  • 6. Prosperity and its Limits  Limits of Prosperity  Increased production and wealth was distributed unequally  1929, over 40 percent of the population still lived in poverty (almost a kickback to the Gilded Age, but with a focus on consumerism; these patterns keep repeating)
  • 7. Prosperity and its Limits  Limits of Prosperity  Farmers definitely didn’t share in the prosperity; California started to receive many of the displaced farmers; the “Dust Bowl” was beginning due to poor crop rotation and over farming  Prohibition led to a stellar increase in crime; youths in America became enamored with an obsessive interest in the mafia and bootleggers ○ Prohibition could be seen as a monumental failure of progressive reform; gangsters, racketeering, and bootlegging became an extremely profitable business and by 1933, FDR repealed the amendment
  • 9. Prosperity and its Limits  The Decline of Labor  Nativism, Americanism, and industrial freedom were used as weapons against labor unions ○ Propaganda linked unionism and socialism as examples of the evil influence of foreigners of ‘pure, free’ American life ○ During the 1920s, labor unions lost around 2 million members
  • 10. Prosperity and its Limits  Women’s Freedom  Female liberation spread after the passage of women’s suffrage ○ They were greatly influenced by advertising and mass entertainment ○ Sex becomes a marketing tool ○ This new freedom only lasted while the woman was single; married life was still about the same as before
  • 11. Prosperity and its Limits  Women’s Freedom  “Flappers” – drank, smoked, and demanded sex with the same gusto that was traditionally reserved for men; these were single, young women ○ The greatest change in family life was the discovery of adolescence ○ The automobile became a fear for parents as they worried about their children having premarital sex and engaging in vice ○ Teenage sons and daughters no longer had to work and could engage in excitement of a consumer oriented lifestyle ○ Sex became the all-encompassing obsession for young men and women
  • 13. Progressivism Gives Way to Republicanism  Numerous publications such as Public Opinion and The Phantom Public criticized progressives’ hope of applying intelligence to social problems in a mass democracy  Voter turnout declined dramatically in the 1920s; mostly due to people’s preoccupation with consumerism  Republicans quickly gained control and pro-business ethos ruled the 1920s (here’s the Gilded Age again)  Lower taxes  Higher tariffs  Anti-Unionism  Supreme Court remains very conservative
  • 14. The Harding Scandals  Warren G. Harding’s administration quickly became one of the most corrupt in American history, however, most of the country liked him  Harding cared little for ethics and surrounded himself with cronies that used their office to further their own private gain
  • 16. The Harding Scandals  Teapot Dome Scandal  Bribery scandal during Harding’s administration  Harding transferred the Naval oil reserves at Teapot Dome, WY, Elk Hills, and Buena Vista, CA to the Department of the Interior in 1921  Dept. of Interior Secretary; Albert B. Fall leased (without competitive bidding) the Teapot Dome field to an oil operator named Sinclair and the field in Elk Hills to Edward L. Doheny
  • 17. The Harding Scandals  Teapot Dome Scandal  The Senate conducted an investigation and found out that Doheny lent Fall $100k interest free and under the table; Sinclair lent Fall another large sum of money on his retirement; Senate indicted Fall for bribery and conspiracy to accept bribes  Oil fields returned to US Government property in 1927 after a SC decision
  • 18. Economic Diplomacy  Foreign affairs were a reflection on the close relationship between business and government in the 1920s  Most foreign policy was conducted through private business exchange and relationships over governmental diplomacy in the twenties  Bankers loaned Germany an enormous amount of money
  • 19. Economic Diplomacy  US Government acted similarly to the Gilded Age officials in the Spanish American war by dispatching soldiers to the Caribbean when a change in regime threatened American economic interests  Little concern for legitimate government in Latin America at this time
  • 20. Civil Liberties in the 1920s  Free Mob  As wartime repression continued after the war ended, Europeans quickly began to view America as a repressive cultural wasteland  Actors adopting the Hays code
  • 21. Civil Liberties in the 1920s  “Clear and Present Danger” Clause  SC Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes questioned this as the SC gave the concept of civil liberties a devastating blow when it ruled that situations such as “shouting fire in a theater” that does not have a fire is a danger to the safety of citizens and is not protected by the First Amendment (1919 Ruling)
  • 22. Civil Liberties in the 1920s  “Clear and Present Danger” Clause  Overall, this blurred the lines between what is considered appropriate communication, disorderly conduct, and seditious  ACLU (American Civil Liberties Union) was established in 1920  The most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man falsely shouting fire in a theater and causing a panic. [...] The question in every case is whether the words used are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create a clear and present danger that they will bring about the substantive evils that Congress has a right to prevent.
  • 23. Civil Liberties in the 1920s  “Clear and Present Danger” Clause  Holmes began to speak out against the infringement of civil liberties  Went beyond political expression; became the “indispensible birthright of every free American”
  • 24. Fundamentalist Backlash  Fundamentalism – literal interpretation of the Bible; rural people believing in this took their religion with them to the cities  Evangelical Protestants feeling threatened by the decline of traditional values and increased visibility of Catholicism and Jews because of immigration (fueled by nativism)  This becomes the Klan’s official religious faction in Texas and in the South at large
  • 25. Fundamentalist Backlash  Fundamentalists went on a campaign to rid Protestant denominations of modernism (evolution)  They supported prohibition, while most others viewed it as a denial of individual freedom  The press viewed them as backwards, backcountry bigots
  • 26. The Scopes Trial  ACLU gets involved with the clash between fundamentalism and evolution (and the legality of it)  John Scopes, a biology teacher from Dayton, TN (who teaches evolution), agrees to be participate in this experiment (gets arrested) and tried for teaching evolution in public school (against TN statutes)
  • 28. The Scopes Trial  This became the hallmark case of the tensions between fundamentalists and modernists (two very different definitions of freedom)  Clarence Darrow (a renowned labor lawyer defended Scopes)  William Jennings Bryan aided the state as an expert in the Bible  Classic moment where Bryan talks of the inerrancy of the Bible and Darrow questions him about the book of Joshua (stopping the sun and moon)  Everyone nationally realizes what a circus this has become and sees the fallacies with fundamentalists
  • 30. The Scopes Trial  Even though Scopes loses and is made to pay a fine (paid by the ACLU), fundamentalists think they gain ground, but in reality, isolate a great part of the nation from their cause for many years  The connection between Republicans and fundamentalists helps lead to the decline of the Republican party during the Depression
  • 32. Clarence Darrow William Jennings Bryan
  • 33.  A combination of the following:  Progressivism  Fundamentalism  American Nationalism  Nativism  Lingering racial tensions  Millennialism and the Klan  Remnants of World War I millennialism identified Germany with the devil; victory would dawn a new and beautiful world ○ When this Utopian hope did not appear, the Klan comes in saying more work has to be done  Klan millennialism identified a world of sin filled with Catholics, Jews, and racial tensions that destroyed the “white Utopian dream” ○ Another “dark side of Progressivism” Why Does the Klan Return?
  • 34.  Resurrected in Stone Mountain, Georgia during the winter of 1915  Their goal: exist as a “patriotic, secret, social, benevolent order”  “Colonel” William Joseph Simmons is credited as the founder  His father was an officer in the Klan of the 1860s  Converted to Christianity and became a Methodist minister  Very influential public speaker and frequented fraternal orders The Return of the Klan
  • 36.  Klan Ideology  White supremacy  100 percent “Americanism” and patriotism  Anti-Catholicism, anti-Semitism, anti-immigration  For the “purity of womanhood” ○ However, a women’s order of the Klan develops ironically  Protestant, fundamentalist ideals ○ Prohibition was key The Return of the Klan
  • 37.  Systematic recruitment  “Kleagles” (recruiters) targeted upper class citizens of importance first  Middle class members readily joined because of the prestige of belonging to an organization with the upper class  Lower class citizens were recruited to fill quotas and sell chapter memberships ○ Membership gave these citizens some feeling of superiority and importance The Return of the Klan
  • 38.  Membership Requirements  Caucasian ethnicity  Native-born American  Protestant  Believe in 100 percent “Americanism”  Pay a $10 initiation fee  Connection to the Masons  Often, recruiters were Masons also  They typically recruited lower class Masons who shared anti-Catholic sentiment  Officially, Masons denied any connection The Return of the Klan
  • 40.  Key Biblical verse to their ideology: Romans 12:1  “I beseech you therefore, brethren, by the mercies of God, that ye present your bodies a living sacrifice, Holy, acceptable unto God, which is your reasonable service.  Basically, they appealed to strict separation of justification and sanctification in the Holy Spirit Klan Ritual
  • 41.  “Naturalization” into the Invisible Empire  The inductee moves around various points in the “Klavern” (meeting house) and listens to various Protestant infused Klan passages  The inductee swears allegiance to the Klan  The final ritual was very similar to a Protestant baptism  Lastly, the inductee was ‘knighted’ into the Invisible Empire Klan Ritual
  • 43.  The Klan officially returns to Texas in 1920  Establishment of the “Sam Houston Klan No. 1” in Houston amidst fears of future race riots  In less than 2 years, the Klan had roughly 90,000 members in Texas  Provinces in Houston, San Antonio, Waco, Fort Worth, and Dallas  Dr. Hiram Wesley Evans, Grand Titan of the Dallas Klan emerges as a key leader in the Texas Klan  Later becomes the Imperial Wizard of the national Klan The Ku Klux Klan in Texas
  • 44. Hiram Wesley Evans Grand Dragon of the Texas Klan
  • 45. Waco Klan’s “Watermelon Social” for Friends and Supporters, 1923
  • 46.  In 1921, over 1000 recruits were initiated into Waco’s Saxet Klan no. 33  Prominent Waco Judge Edwin J. Clark formed the Waco chapter and declared himself Grand Titan in 1921  Membership included law enforcement, major businessmen, and members of the legal and judicial system  Evans attempted to persuade legal officials to join their “national law enforcement program”  The Klan would often offer monetary assistance for fugitive bounties  Protestant ministers were often approached for membership also  Most in McLennan County did not officially join, but sometimes supported their ideals in sermons The Klan Comes to Waco
  • 47. Klan Parade in Waco, 1923
  • 48. 13th Street at Bosque Boulevard: Site of the 1920s Waco Klan Klavern
  • 49.  In the fall of 1921, numerous Klan parades and events took place in Central Texas  The Waco Klan set out to parade in Lorena in October 1921  Over 4000 citizens attended  The County Attorney and McLennan County Sheriff Bob Buchanan felt that law enforcement needed to present to prevent riots The Lorena Riot
  • 50.  Origins of the Riot  The Sheriff wanted to know the identities of one of the Klan leaders  The Klansmen refused to reveal their identities  Buchanan attempts to unmask a Klansmen  Shots are fired  The Sheriff and his deputies are forced to defend themselves  Results  Buchanan is shot under the right arm  Prominent laundryman Louis Crow is stabbed (later dies)  Deputies and a Waco policeman receive knife wounds The Lorena Riot
  • 52.  Aftermath  The City of Lorena and disgruntled citizens publish a reprimand against the sheriff in the Waco Times Herald  Sheriff Buchanan is charged with murder of Louis Crow ○ It is later refused for prosecution by the County Attorney The Lorena Riot
  • 53.  Aftermath  Buchanan is later sued by the widow of Crow in civil court ○ The case is dropped because the court cannot secure an impartial jury in McLennan County  Buchanan and others who opposed the Klan easily lose county elections of 1922 largely because of the event The Lorena Riot
  • 54. “Klan Candidates” in McLennan County, 1922
  • 57. The “Waco Agreement” Robert Lee Henry Earle Bradford Mayfield
  • 58.  Robert Henry, Sterling Strong, and Earle Mayfield were considered the Klan political triumvirate in 1922  Each were competing for the Democratic party bid for an open U.S. Senate seat  The Klan’s influence was growing at a rapid pace with the Democratic party  Over 100,000 Klan-influenced votes were at stake  The issue: Which candidate does the Klan pick to recognize as the “official” Klan candidate? The “Waco Agreement”
  • 60.  The Solution:  Four of the Texas Klan’s Grand Titans meet at the Raleigh Hotel in Waco (March 1922) to discuss which candidate will be officially recognized  Three of the four Titans believe Mayfield should be the candidate ○ Prominent Waco Judge (and Titan) Erwin Clark convinces the others to let the candidates run without interference of the Klan ○ This becomes known as the “Waco Agreement” ○ Clark was biased towards Henry though The “Waco Agreement”
  • 61.  The agreement is later disregarded as it becomes apparent that Mayfield would draw better support from the Texas Klan in general  Henry goes on a rampage denouncing the Klan publically throughout the state  He loses the Democratic bid and retires from public office  Mayfield wins the Senate seat by a landslide  The Klan’s political influence reached its highest point  Erwin Clark renounces his membership in the Klan and moves to Houston  He dies a few years later under mysterious circumstances The “Waco Agreement”
  • 62. Hood or Bonnet? Felix D. Robertson “Ma” Ferguson
  • 63. Brig. Gen. Jerome B. Robertson Brig. Gen. Felix H. Robertson Felix D. Robertson
  • 64.  After the election of Mayfield, the Texas Klan set its sights on the Governor’s office  Their goal: successfully elect Felix D. Robertson  His father and grandfather were both Confederate generals  He was known as the no-compromising “Dollar-a- Mile” judge in Dallas  At this point, Klan membership in Texas rose to 170,000  They were now a well-organized minority that had significant influence and control of the Democratic party in Texas Hood or Bonnet
  • 65.  Robertson’s Competition  “Ma” Ferguson  She and “Pa” ran a fierce anti-prohibitionist campaign against Robertson and used growing discontent against the Klan effectively  By 1923, the Klan’s reign of violence was reaching its zenith  Upper-class and middle-class citizenry who viewed the organization as another social club began to leave at a rapid pace  The over-recruitment of lower-class citizenry was largely to blame for the surge in violence during the period Hood or Bonnet
  • 66.  Pa Ferguson’s death blow to the Klan  After the run-off Democratic primary began, Ferguson stepped up his campaign against Robertson and the Klan  He struck a decisive blow after news of Imperial Wizard Evans and a black servant began to spread throughout the state ○ Evans bought the servant a train ticket and allow him to occupy a “white-only” train car  Ferguson widely publicized the incident and it cost Robertson between 50,000 and 100,000 votes  As a result, Ma Ferguson decisively wins the primary and the governor’s office  This marks the decline of the Klan in Texas at large  By 1930, the organization effectively went underground Hood or Bonnet
  • 67. Cultural Pluralism  A society that gloried in ethnic diversity rather than attempting to repress it  New immigrants were the champions of this ideal  They asserted the validity of cultural diversity and identified toleration of difference as a cornerstone of American freedom  The Supreme Court supported this by striking down laws against Americanization (100 percent)
  • 68. The Harlem Renaissance  1920s led to a resurgence of self- consciousness among black Americans; especially in northern ghettos (poorer areas)  Harlem gains a reputation for the “capital” of black America  Diverse music, art, and culture came out of this area during the 1920s  Pushed for the “New Negro” to reject established stereotypes and place new, renewed black values in its place
  • 69. The Great Depression  Presidents Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover enjoyed wide popularity because of their appeal to traditional American values  News of Harding’s scandals did not come out until after his death  Coolidge represented Americans reserve and prominence (monetarily)  Hoover represents a self-made man who rises from adversity
  • 70. The Great Depression  Election of 1928  Hoover exemplifies the rise of a new era of American capitalism  He easily defeats Alfred Smith of NY due to remnants of nativism that worked against his Catholic background
  • 74. The Great Depression  Stock Market Crash  Days before the crash, Hoover gives a speech about American progress and attributes it to businessmen and scientists; limitless potential  The crash itself did not cause the Depression  The global financial system was ill prepared to deal with the crash, causing a world-wide recession that changes the political and economic landscape of the entire world  In 1932, the country hits rock bottom
  • 76. The Great Depression  Coping with the Depression  Hoover does virtually nothing; did not want to commit to anything; too afraid of losing his association with business  Businessmen strongly opposed federal aid to the unemployed (need to pull themselves up by their own bootstraps)  When Hoover did act, it made the situation worse; he had no clue with how to deal with this problem  The situation gets so dire that Americans began to call the ramshackle tenements “Hoovervilles”