The document summarizes key aspects of the Progressive Era in the United States from 1901-1916. It discusses the growth of cities and consumerism during this period, as well as major events like the Spindletop oil strike in Texas that launched the state's oil industry. It also profiles some of the major progressive reforms and leaders during this era, including Theodore Roosevelt, his trust-busting policies, and conservation efforts. Finally, it discusses Woodrow Wilson's election in 1912 and his efforts to pass progressive legislation during his presidency.

1. The Progressive Era (1901-1916) Chapter 18

2. The Urban Age and Consumerism The turn of the 20th century marked the last time in U.S. history when farms and cities grew roughly the same rate The agricultural “Golden Age” of the late 1870s and early 1880s became far removed from the United States of the 20th century Cities and industry became the focus of the Progressive Era

3. New York City (1910)

4. The Urban Age and Consumerism Consumerism grew with the growth of cities New York City became the largest city in the United States Seattle, Washington had hopes to be the New York City of the West Coast The timber industry and gold rush of the late 19th century spurred growth Transportation infrastructure and development grew Alki Beach dedicated a statute that closely resembles the Statute of Liberty

5. Seattle, Washington (1910)

6. Seattle, Washington (2010)

9. The Urban Age and Consumerism Economic abundance became the norm for American life Personal fulfillment by material goods Chain stores, mail-order stores Good wages became intertwined with freedom in America Freedom determined by wealth Mass consumption of good feeds into the previous point People want money, money leads to power, power leads to corruption The Progressive Era becomes a Gilded Age with a domestic reform agenda

10. The Oil Boom in Texas Spindletop Guffey, Galey, Mellon, A.F. Lucas, and Patillo Higgins believed that oil could be found in SE Texas The Hammill brothers from Corsicana were hired to drill in Jefferson County Used a revolutionary rotary drilling process Struck oil at Spindletop (3 mi. south of Beaumont) on 10 January 1901 Spindletop produced between 70k and 100k barrels per day in the early years

11. Spindletop, Gladys City, Texas

12. The Oil Boom in Texas Results of the Oil Strike After Spindletop, Texas chartered 491 oil companies Houston Oil Company J.M. Guffey Petroleum Company (later Gulf Oil) Texas Company (Texaco) Former TX Governor James S. Hogg was an investor Humble Oil Company (later Exxon) Sun Oil Company

14. The Oil Boom in Texas Results of the Oil Strike By 1929, the oil industry in Texas produced 293 million barrels annually Employed 13,726 Valued at $429.5 million However, oil boom towns were notorious for their lawlessness Rivaled the cattle frontier Issues of bootlegging, prostitution, gambling, little to no city services Desdemona, Mexia, Wink, and Borger were particularly bad Texas Rangers were sent in to stave off the growing troubles

15. A general response to the changes brought by industrialization An alternative (and/or opposition) to conservatism and radicalism Conservatives favor big business Radicals (Socialists and Anarchists) prefer to essentially alter the industrial nation completely Typically associated with left-wing politics in the U.S. Progressives have typically been seen as a middle-ground in early 20th century politics Issues they wanted to change Harsh working conditions in factories Laws regulating tenements (slums) in cities Women’s Suffrage Prohibition Child Labor What is Progressivism?

16. Limitations Progressivism for Whites Only Middle-class democratic society Social reform aimed at whites only Social control embedded in older agrarian solutions Anti-eastern bias that essentially limited the success of the movement Dates back to Reconstruction and the Hogg Administration (State-wide reform) Failed to keep Texas independent of northern money Success Passed needed regulatory legislation Texas brand Progressivism

17. Progressive Themes Order Efficiency Centralized Management Apply scientific thought to social and political problems

18. Progressive Leaders Progressive = Pragmatic/Practical/Reasonable Young men and women who entered law, medicine, business, education, and especially, social work Lots of national associations formed during the Progressive Era Education became a goal and hallmark of Progressive leaders

19. Progressive Thinking Modern issues require a modern interpretation A throwback to Populism Historians argue over whether economic or politics issues greatly influenced this shift in thinking Foner believes that Progressives sought to reinvigorate an activist, socially conscious government Rejects the traditional assumption that big government is bad Progressives believe that conservatives and big business are the problem

20. Progressive Agenda Government Assistance A crucial step towards modern interpretations of welfare starts in the Progressive Era

21. Progressive Agenda State and local governments make effective reform State/local reform was out of sync with national Progressives, but reform none the less Initiative, referendum, and recall Robert La Follette (Wisconsin) made the state a “lab for democracy” “City Manager” form of local government Galveston was one of the first cities to try this after the hurricane of 1900

22. The Galveston Hurricane 8 September 1900 – a category 4 hurricane hit Galveston In 1890, Galveston boasted it was the “third richest city in the United States in proportion to population” The greatest natural disaster to ever strike North America Killed roughly 6,000 citizens (over 8,000 deaths are attributed to the disaster) Completely devastated Galveston’s government and economy Galveston’s city leadership adopted the “Commission Plan” as a result of the hurricane in 1901

23. Galveston 1890

24. The Galveston Hurricane

25. The Galveston Hurricane

26. The Galveston Hurricane

27. The Galveston Hurricane

28. The Galveston Hurricane

29. The Galveston Hurricane The Commission Plan (Galveston Plan) City commissioners replaced the elected representatives from specific geographic ward Designed to bring efficiency to rebuilding Galveston Put individual commissioners in charge of specific municipal departments The assembled commission acted as a policy-making and legislative body Other cities adopted the plan Houston (1905), Dallas, Fort Worth, and El Paso (1907) By 1920, 27 other cities adopted it

30. Social Progressivism Give the political power back to the people Goal of civic harmony to make everyone happy (sounds great) Immigrants that declare citizenship/loyalty to the U.S. will gain voting rights Progressives turned their attention to larger social problems Poverty, bad housing, low wages

31. Progressive Freedom Labor Movements American Federation League (AFL) attempted to make ties with progressive corporate leaders that were willing to negotiate with unions The Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) formed from a group of unionists who rejected the AFL’s conciliatory policies to big business Ethnicity and racial conflicts caused stumbling blocks for labor unity However, in some cases, ethnic cohesiveness proved to be an effective negotiation tactic

32. Progressive Freedom Labor Movements Strikes Lawrence, Kansas strike: workers demanded higher wages to feed consumerist needs New Orleans strike: dockworkers showed interracial solidarity Labor struggled to fight for rights to assemble and speak freely

33. Progressive Freedom Labor Movements Why were labor unions angry? Managers in industry were more concerned with effective and timely manufacturing processes than the welfare/morale of workers Children and pregnant women worked an average of 14 hours a day Workers’ compensation for injuries on the job were non-existent

34. Fordism The assembly line system becomes commonplace Henry Ford wanted to standardize output and lower the price of his cars The moving assembly line revolutionized American industrial production He paid employees $5.00 a day Wanted them to buys his cars Also wanted to appease them from striking

35. Yellow Journalism Muckrakers A new generation of journalists that wrote primarily for the purpose of exposing the ills of industrialism, commercialism, and urban America Published in national magazines such as McClure’s Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle is a primary example This book prompted President Roosevelt to pass the Meat Inspection Act of 1906 Waco’s William Cowper Brann and his battle against Baylor University is another example

36. Meat Processing Plant (1910)

37. Global Immigration Between 1901 and 1914, 13 million immigrants came to the U.S. via Ellis Island in New York City Industrial expansion in the U.S. and the decline of agriculture worldwide led to increased immigration The U.S. was sheltered from the agricultural crisis temporarily

39. Global Immigration Immigrants’ Reasons for Coming to the U.S. Saw the U.S. as a beacon of freedom Saw the idealism of U.S. culture and the potential to be a ‘self-made man’ Some were temporary workers that came until the agricultural crisis ended Ethnic communities grow in large, industrial cities Religion becomes central to their ethnic heritage and identity after emigrating

41. Feminism Feminism and Progressivism Reform-minded women were middle-class, college-educated, and devoted to public/social service Jane Addams and Hull House in Chicago They advocated for freedoms such as women’s suffrage, maternalist reform, and birth control

42. Feminism Feminism and Progressivism Maternalism Women pushed to champion their roles within the home Muller v. Oregon – case that limited women’s work hours The movement helped inspire and fuel the suffrage movement especially after 1910 By 1900, more than half of the United States allowed women to vote in local elections dealing with school issues

43. Feminism Feminism and Progressivism Birth Control Movement Emma Goldman lectured on sexual freedom and promoted birth control Very radical at the time; she was also an anarchist and sometimes a socialist Margaret Sanger championed birth control as the heart of the new feminist movement Birth control became a crucial issue that feminist, labor radicals, and cultural modernists felt compelled to debate

44. Progressive Overall It was a double-edged sword Most Americans still retain a nativist/racist mentality towards Progressivism Some really do push for true Progressive reform Progressivism “for whites only” gave rise to the Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s Immigration becomes the target issue

45. Progressive Overall Progressivism was challenged by socialism Late 19th century radicals and anarchists represented a considerable road block to Progressives These alternative views flourished in diverse ethnic communities in cities like New York City and Milwaukee Eugene Debs was a significant voice for socialism Ran for President in 1912 on the Socialist ticket

46. Theodore Roosevelt The first modern president Comes into office after McKinley was assassinated by a Russian Was a very fascinating figure; used the White House as a bully pulpit to push his version of Progressivism Did little for race relations However, he did let Booker T. Washington dine at the White House

48. Theodore Roosevelt Trust Busting Not as effective as his successor Taft, but gets more credit than any other Progressive president Roosevelt got his reputation as a trustbuster in 1904 after pushing for the dissolution of Northern Securities Railroad holding company owned by J.P. Morgan and Rockefeller Carnegie’s sale of his steel company was a particular problem to Roosevelt U.S. Steel was a bad example; they fixed prices and wages

49. Theodore Roosevelt Trust Busting “Square Deal” – Roosevelt frequently advocated arbitration over violence and strikes Used this method when faced with a major coal strike in 1902 Roosevelt saw himself as a broker between competing interests The United Mine Workers went on strike; Roosevelt invited both parties to the White House to work out their issues Threatened to send the army if the issue could not be resolved

50. Theodore Roosevelt Foreign Policy Sailed the U.S. Navy’s “Great White Fleet” around the world Political, military, and economic means of showing off U.S. power Roosevelt Corollary – extended U.S. efforts to help Latin American countries The Monroe Doctrine still hard at work Pushed for a treaty that would lead to the construction of the Panama Canal Mediated conflicts between Russia and Japan

51. Theodore Roosevelt Second Term Won in 1904 with 56 percent Roosevelt believed this overwhelming support meant popular support for Progressive reform Developed the concept of the modern presidency More oversight of big business Took a more aggressive stance in foreign affairs

52. Theodore Roosevelt Progressive Legislation in his Second Term Hepburn Act – railroad regulation; strengthened the authority of the Interstate Commerce Commission The Supreme Court overturned a great deal of his legislation Limited the effectiveness of his Progressive agenda

53. Theodore Roosevelt Conservation Roosevelt was an avid outdoorsman Established the U.S. National Park system Set aside land for future public enjoyment

54. William Howard Taft Hand picked by Roosevelt to be his successor Everyone voted for Taft because Roosevelt supported him Roosevelt was popular and seen as hip, cool, and effective Everyone thought Taft would easily follow suit Taft was a brilliant Supreme Court justice After taking office, Taft basically went against everything Roosevelt set up for him to inherit

56. William Howard Taft Taft envisioned a passive role for the President Wanted Congress to do the majority of the work Another throw-back to the Gilded Age without major business influence

57. William Howard Taft Payne-Aldrich Tariff Lowered some tariffs, but left many way too high for Progressives to be happy General consensus was that the rates set by the Dingley Tariff were way too high Especially regarding railroad shipping Taft was in a bad spot, but he eventually sided with the right-wing conservatives and endorsed the Payne-Aldrich Tariff Roosevelt became enraged Conservatives quickly forget about Taft after this Progressives broke ties with Taft Hoped that Roosevelt would run for President again in 1912 Taft is stuck in a very precarious position

58. William Howard Taft Trust Busting Taft was extremely effective as a trust buster Even busted the trusts that Roosevelt favored Roosevelt gets so angry that he comes back to the U.S. from his African safari to speak against Taft Roosevelt runs against Taft in 1912 Forms his own party, the “Bull-Moose Party” Splits Republican support

60. Election of 1912 Theodore Roosevelt Running under the “Bull-Moose” Party Splits the Republican Party William Howard Taft Running as a Republican candidate Takes what little support is left from the Republicans Woodrow Wilson Democrat candidate Wins the election

62. Woodrow Wilson Campaigned on a “New Freedom” platform A socially responsible Progressive agenda Played Progressivism from a liberal angle Was a extremely well-educated man Law degree, PhD in Political Science and History from Johns Hopkins Governor of New Jersey; President of Princeton; APSA President; only U.S. President to hold a PhD Played more rounds of golf than any U.S. President; over 1,000 times

64. Woodrow Wilson Tariff Reform Moved quick and passed the Underwood Tariff Did what Taft and the Payne-Aldrich Tariff could not; actually reasonably lower rates Clayton Anti-Trust Act Outlawed unfair trade practices and limited court injunctions against labor unions Basically, big business could not run away labor unions any longer Established the Federal Trade Commission

65. Woodrow Wilson Retreat from Reform By November 1914, Wilson stated that he had achieved the goals of “New Freedom” This upset many Progressives who felt there was more to be done Especially upset them after he essentially breaks with Progressive reform completely after learning of World War I Held to his belief that government should be involved in the debate over social reform though

66. Woodrow Wilson Reelection in 1916 Reelected in a close race Adopted a very pragmatic approach to reform (move toward the middle of the political spectrum) Built up his resume with more reform during the election Federal Farm Loan Act Intervened on the side of workers in strikes Tried to ban child labor Adopted the first progressive income tax Supported female suffrage