2. Western Expansion
 The conclusion of the War of 1812 allows Americans
opportunity to concentrate on:
 Securing the contested borders of the United States
 Developing the country‟s vast resources for long-term
economic viability
 The United States grew drastically in geographic
size and power in the years after the War of 1812
 The Louisiana Purchase more than doubled the size
of the country

3. Western Expansion
 Most of the “American West” from 1800-1820 was
still east of the Mississippi River
 Technology lead to the development and settlement
of the frontier
 Railroads opened the frontier to remote settlements
and linked economic markets
 Telegraphs introduced a revolutionary means of
communication through Morse Code
 Telegraph lines running parallel to railroad tracks
became common in the 19th century

4. Western Expansion
 Steamboats began to occupy the rivers of the United
States
 Dramatically increases the speed of shipping
 Lowered the expense of commercial transactions
 Villages and towns form near the Mississippi and
Ohio River as a result

5. Western Expansion
 Americans increasingly relied upon each other in
large groups to:
 Clear land
 Build houses, barns, and other forms of shelter
 Establish communities
 Stories from frontier explorers often prompted large
groups of settlers to venture west in search of fertile
farmland and various other expansionist goals

6. Western Expansion
 Often, Americans settled without regard to national
boundaries and without respect to treaties made with
Native Americans
 This was a catalyst for the War of 1812 as Americans often
ventured into Canada near the Great Lakes area
 The U.S. Army led by Andrew Jackson frequently led
frequent expeditions into Spanish-controlled Florida
leading the Spanish to renounce their claim to Florida in
1819
 Part of the agreement was America would renounce any
claims to Texas that were stipulated in the Louisiana
Purchase

7. Economic Independence
 So far, Americans have fought two wars with Britain;
what did we gain from each war?
 The Revolutionary War – Americans win political
independence
 The War of 1812 – Americans win economic
independence
 Essentially, the War of 1812 leaves America in an
opportunistic situation in which the country is no
longer tied to Britain or Europe for economic survival

8. One-Party Rule
 As the Democratic-Republican Party faced no opposition
after the Hartford Convention, the Dem/Rep party
gradually took on Federalist measures it deemed
necessary for economic expansion
 During the “Era of Good Feelings,” Congress passed bills
known as the “American System”:
 The Protective Industrial Tariff
 The Second Bank of the United States
 The “American System‟s” internal infrastructure
improvements

9. The “American System”
 The “American System” was a mercantilist economic plan
very much rooted in Federalist Alexander Hamilton‟s
economic plan that he promoted during Washington‟s first
term in office
 Although the plan enjoyed only marginal success in the
“Era of Good Feelings,” the plan‟s agenda would later
become a tenant of the Whig Party in the 1830s
 Henry Clay and Daniel Webster were ardent supporters
 The plan later becomes known as the “Monkey System”
as Whigs often promoted sectional economic
interdependence that led to a disproportionate amount of
federal aid to one section of the country

11. The Protective Industrial
Tariff
 During the War of 1812, Britain began manufacturing industrial
goods at a rapid pace
 After the war, Britain attempted to sell off their surplus to the U.S.
at highly discounted rates
 U.S. factories in the Northeast were producing the same goods,
but could not compete with Britain‟s discounted rates
 The tariff, which was Federalist to an extent, was passed to
ensure:
 Factories in the Northeast were not undercut by British imports by
imposing import taxes at a rate of 20-25%
 As a result, this tariff sets a standard for how America will react to
economic competition for the next 100 years

12. The Second Bank of the
U.S.
 The Second Bank was chartered in 1816; five years
after the First Bank‟s charter expired
 The 2nd Bank was based on the Hamiltonian model
that was utilized with the 1st Bank during Washington
and Adams‟ presidencies
 Virtually all the same congressmen that chose not to
renew the 1st Bank before the War of 1812 voted to
establish the 2nd Bank
 Why?

13. The Second Bank of the
U.S.
 The U.S. faced severe inflation and in some cases was
almost unable to finance military operations during the
War of 1812
 After the war, the credit and borrowing status of the U.S.
was at its lowest point since the Revolutionary War
 Without political opposition, the Dem/Reps easily created
the 2nd Bank as they realized that central management
was needed in the aftermath of the war
 Ironically, the 2nd Bank‟s charter was still very Federalist in
tone

14. The Second Bank of the U.S.
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

15. Internal Improvements
 Congress passes a number of federal subsides to
establish better transportation networks within the
country
 Roads and canals become crucial to the
development of commerce
 Better infrastructure lowered shipping costs and
subsequently linked small farmers to larger markets

16. Internal Improvements
 Examples:
 The National Road connected the Potomac River to
the Ohio River
 The Erie Canal connected Lake Erie to New York City
 Completed in 1825 and made New York City another
major trading port alongside Philadelphia
 Typified how state funding would be used for internal
improvements
 Federal funding initially provided a larger percentage of
the cost than state funding

18. Election of 1816
James Monroe (D/R)
Elec. Vote: 183
States: 16
Pop. Vote:
76,592 (68.2%)
Rufus King (Fed.)
Elec. Vote: 34
States: 3
Pop. Vote: 34,740
(30.9%)

19. President James Monroe
 President Madison‟s hand-
picked successor for the
executive office
 Presided over the “Era of Good
Feelings” after his election in
1816
 Primarily called this because
of the Dem/Rep‟s lack of
political opposition during this
period
 Monroe‟s goal was to preserve
national harmony and expand
economically at all costs

20. Panic of 1819
 America‟s first great economic crisis
 This causes the “Era of Good Feelings” to end with a
screeching halt as Monroe does nothing during the crisis
 Explanations for the crisis:
 Growing sectional divisions within the country led to great
economic disparity
 The 2nd Bank of the U.S.‟s closure of “wildcat” banks
 America‟s first experience with boom-bust cycles common
to virtually all modern economies
 International issues: European demand for American food
supplies declined as Europe recovered from the
Napoleonic Wars

21. Growing Sectionalism
 Sectionalism: References the various social
structures, political views, economies, and cultural
values that hindered the notion of a strong sense of
nationalism and federalism within the United States
 Economic historian Charles Beard argued that the
economic disparity that existed between the “rich”
North and a “poor” South before the Civil War was a
primary cause of the conflict

22. Growing Sectionalism
 Most historians tend to disagree with the economic
determinism thesis today
 The North and South had complementary economies
that were reliant upon each other
 The North and South both had their share of
“economic disparity” before the Civil War
 The rich and affluent in the North pave the way for the
Gilded Age of the 1880s
 The rich and affluent in the South withstand the
economic catastrophe of the Confederacy and
Reconstruction era and pave the way for slow
industrialization in the South after 1880

23. Growing Sectionalism
 Sections of the United States
 The South – experiences tremendous development as
cotton production increased (Virginia, Maryland)
 The Deep South – population virtually triples as
opportunists migrate from both the Northeast and Upper
South (Mississippi, Georgia, and parts of Louisiana)
 The Northwest – the fastest growing region as many young
people migrated here in hopes of better economic
opportunity (Great Lakes area to the „real‟ NW; OR/WA)
 The Northeast – known for major manufacturing
development and factories, particularly the textile industry
(New York, Massachusetts)

24. The 2nd Bank and the
Panic of 1819
 Private banks in the southern and western parts of
the U.S. began printing money without much regard
to the amount of gold on reserve
 Times were good while these sections of the U.S.
were selling food and other supplies to a depressed
Europe immediately after the Napoleonic Wars
 “Wildcat” banks typically issued more paper money
than gold on hand
 Basically, the money to gold ratio was very skewed

25. The 2nd Bank and the
Panic of 1819
 The 2nd Bank began to forcibly close these banks in
1818 due to increasing inflation
 The 2nd Bank would withdraw large sums of paper
money from “wildcat” banks and attempt to cash the
paper money in for gold
 The “wildcat” banks would not be able to produce
enough gold to meet the amount of paper money
presented
 As a result, the “wildcat” banks would be forced into
default

26. The 2nd Bank and the
Panic of 1819
 Although this practice is fiscally sound to prevent
hyper-inflation, the American people in the south and
west readily blamed the 2nd Bank instead of the
individual “wildcat” banks
 The Panic and the 2nd Bank‟s actions contribute to
sectional divisions in the country
 The North gained a reputation as a group of rich
aristocrats that attempted to financially control the
South through the 2nd Bank
 This mentality prevails into the 1830s and 1840s
despite the fact that this was an isolated occurrence

27. The Monroe Doctrine
 Spain‟s colonies in Latin American began to rebel against
colonial authority in the early 1880s
 Begins a period of declining colonialism in Europe during
the 19th century
 The U.S. responded favorably to the new nations and
extended support
 Attempting to stave off increased independence from
colonial areas, France made it known that they intended
to fight off any rebel nations
 Basically, France was attempting to pick up area and
influence that Spain was rapidly losing

28. The Monroe Doctrine
 The United States and Great Britain did not like the
idea of French involvement in Latin America
 Both countries pledged to fight (diplomatically and
militarily, if needed) against “French aggression”
 John Quincy Adams (future president and son of
John Adams) convinced President Monroe to exert
diplomatic authority by issuing a strong piece of
foreign legislation

29. The Monroe Doctrine
 The policy which becomes known as the “Monroe
Doctrine” set out to prove:
 America‟s growing influence in the Western
Hemisphere
 America‟s desire for Europe to leave the Western
Hemisphere alone
 Essentially, America wanted to draw a “line in the
sand” that Europe would respect

31. The Monroe Doctrine
 The Monroe Doctrine indicates:
 America‟s growing confidence
 America‟s promise to Europe that they will stay out of
European affairs in the Eastern Hemisphere
 Also requests that Europe stay out of the Western
Hemisphere
 America‟s promise to help new and existing nations in the
Western Hemisphere fight off tyranny and colonial
oppression from European powers if necessary
 This doctrine becomes the most important document in
foreign policy until the Progressive Era (1900-1920)
 Also begins a long period of American involvement in Latin
America

32. Cotton and Slavery
 The Cotton Gin was
invented by Eli Whitney in
1793
 Revolutionizes the
processing of cotton by
aiding the process of
removing seeds from
cotton
 Further cements the
necessity of cotton
production in the South
and the need for slave
labor to continue the
economic viability of the
South‟s economy

33. The Cotton Kingdom
 A boom economy results as the demand for cotton grows
 The textile industries in the Northeast, England, and
France greatly contribute to this boom
 Basically, the South was getting rich growing and exporting
cotton internally and internationally
 To meet the demand in production, a demand for slaves
results
 Overall, the South becomes dependent on cotton
demand and slave labor to maintain their economic
viability

35. The State of Slavery
Before 1820
 Of the original thirteen colonies:
 7 had become free states
 6 remained slave states
 States added to the Union
 4 more free states
 5 more slave states
 Total
 11 free states
 11 slave states

36. The State of Slavery
Before 1820
 Why do the numbers matter?
 In the House of Representatives, the North had a larger
population than the South despite the 3/5‟s Compromise
 However, no bill can pass in the Senate if the Southern slave
states band together (which they typically did)
 What does this mean?
 An anti-slavery bill could pass in the House, but would be
blocked in the Senate
 A bill allowing “popular sovereignty” for slavery in all states
was dead in the water either way
 Overall, the Southern states were afraid that they could not
protect their interests if another free state was added to the
Union

37. The Missouri Compromise
 In 1819, Missouri applied for admission to the Union
as a slave state
 A bill was introduced in Congress that stated Missouri
could only enter the Union if they gradually abolished
slavery on a time-table set by Congress
 A heated debate results over the bill and almost
forces the nation into civil war
 Fortunately, Maine applies for admission as a free
state shortly after Missouri

38. The Missouri Compromise
 The Compromise
 Missouri could enter the Union as a slave state
 Maine could enter the Union as a free state
 Slavery would be banned in the remainder of the
Louisiana Purchase north of the 36, 30 degree
boundary
 The Missouri Compromise temporarily saved the
U.S. from civil war
 Thomas Jefferson remarks that this issue was a “fire
bell in the night” and had the potential to destroy the
Union

39. Ratio of Free/Slave States (1789-1858)

40. Three Faces of
Sectionalism in the U.S.
Henry Clay John C. Calhoun Daniel Webster
Kentucky South Carolina Massachusetts

41. Henry Clay
 Westerner from Kentucky
 Interested in the West, but had a broad
nationalistic vision that helped him draw
compromise from Federalists and Dem/Reps
 Ran a very lucrative law practice before
becoming involved with politics
 Architect of two compromises that save the
Union from civil war
 Missouri Compromise
 Compromise of 1850
 Ran for president numerous times, but failed to
be elected
 However, he had an illustrious career as
Speaker of the House, Secretary of State, and
U.S. Senator from Kentucky

42. John C. Calhoun
 Dem/Rep. from South Carolina
 Brilliant lawyer and studied the
Constitution thoroughly
 Very effective in backing his
arguments with Constitutional
theory
 One of the strongest voices for
states‟ rights and the pro-slavery
faction
 A prominent voice that leads the
southern U.S. to secession in
the 1850s

43. Daniel Webster
 Federalist and later National Republican
from Massachusetts
 Rose to prominence by advocating for
Northern shipping interests
 Later becomes the preeminent
Constitutional scholar on the Marshall
Court
 Thinks like a Federalist, but has a strong
nationalist philosophy similar to Hamilton
 Well-known for his speaking and debating
abilities
 He and Henry Clay worked together to
prevent civil war by promoting a strong
nationalist agenda