1. Chapter 22

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4. Good Neighbor Policy
 U.S. continued to dominate Latin
America politically and economically
 Began to rely less on direct military
intervention
 FDR differed from his predecessors by
substituting cooperation for coercion
 Agenda: “U.S. would be a good
neighbor to Latin America”
 However, domination of this area would
remain unchallenged
 The Monroe Doctrine still lived on

5. U.S. Isolationism
 Business-minded people in America did
not want to give up profitable overseas
markets like Germany and Japan just
because Western Europe was turning
toward war
 U.S refused to recognize the Soviet
Union
 Quarreled with England and France over
repayment of loans they received after
World War I

6. U.S. Isolationism
 U.S. was overly cautious to get involved
in another “meaningless war” after
World War I
 Neutrality Acts typified the 1930s in
America
 The U.S. was battling their own war – the
Great Depression
○ Politicians were hesitant to fund another
European war while fighting a war against
poverty at home

7. War in Europe
 Germany invaded Poland on 1 September
1939
 For nearly two years, Britain stood virtually
alone in fighting Germany
 Battle of Britain
 First major campaign in World War II
 Fought entirely by air forces
 Britain prevailed against almost overwhelming odds
 Germany’s loss was significant and was the first
turning point in WW II
 FDR wanted to help Britain, but public support
in the U.S. limited him

10. The Road to Intervention
 FDR ran for an unprecedented third
term as he urged the country to “keep
someone with experience” in office if
the U.S. got involved in WW II (1940)
 Lend Lease Act (1941)
 US began war shipments to Great Britain
 Signaled the end of non-interventionist
foreign policy

11. The Road to Intervention
 Atlantic Charter
 The blueprint for the world after WW II
○ Laid the foundation for international treaties
and organizations that would bring the world
back to its feet economically
 FDR was persuaded to sign the charter by
Winston Churchill (Prime Minister of Great
Britain)

12. U.S. Relations with Japan
 Japan had long been interested in an
Asian empire
 Actively occupied Korea and key parts of
Manchuria before 1920
 When Japan sought to gain
supremacy in China, the U.S.
protested with the “Open Door Policy”

13. U.S. Relations with Japan
 Open Door Policy
 Declared that the U.S. and all European
nations could trade with China and were free
to use China’s treaty ports
○ Western nations were trying to retain their spheres
of influence in China
○ China’s power as a nation was declining during
this period, so they had little recourse
 Political/Economic Theory: trade is a basic
right of all nations
○ However, this theory doesn’t address the fact that
sovereign Western nations often limited trades
with isolationist policies

14. U.S. Relations with Japan
 Open Door Policy
 Arguments for the policy were based on
political theorist John Locke: Isolationism
is essentially unnatural for trade and
communication between nations
 It’s ironic that the U.S. actively promoted
Locke’s theory during the same period
America was staunchly supporting
isolationism to deal with the Great
Depression

15. U.S. Relations with Japan
 Japan disregarded the Open Door
Policy
 Led to the Washington Conference in 1922
 The conference again declared the
independence of China via the Open Door
Policy
○ Was reinforced through the “Nine Power Treaty”
○ Yet, the treaty lacked any enforcement regulations
or sanctions for disregarding the Open Door Policy
or Treaty

16. U.S. Relations with Japan
 Japan disregarded the Open Door
Policy
 Japan clearly violated these agreements
when it began occupying Manchuria
○ The U.S. and Europe didn’t respond though
 After war breaks out in Europe, the U.S. began
to realize Japan was allying with Germany
 US responded by limiting strategic exports
to Japan
○ Primarily oil

17. U.S. Relations with Japan
 Japan disregarded the Open Door
Policy
 Economic sanctions did not deter Japan
○ Instead, it entrenched anti-U.S. and Western
sentiments
○ So, Japan officially allied with Germany and
Italy
○ Japan also began pushing further into
Indochina

18. U.S. Relations with Japan
 The U.S. response – end all trade
with Japan
 Sounds a lot like how we got into the War
of 1812
○ Trade restrictions and a lack of
communication
 Japan attempted to negotiate with the
U.S.
○ Their backup plan was to launch an attack on
the U.S.

19. U.S. Relations with Japan
 The US response – end all trade with
Japan
 Japan wanted a large stake in China for
restoration of normal trade patterns
 The US demanded that Japan withdraw
all military personnel from Indochina
 Negotiations failed and Japan ultimately
launched an invasion at Pearl Harbor

21. Pearl Harbor
 December 7, 1941
 FDR’s “Date that Will Live in Infamy”
 This attack in the Pacific greatly
changed Americans sentiment about
neutrality
 The attack united the country
 Popular opinion greatly favored entering
the war after the attack

23. Pearl Harbor
 FDR asked Congress for a
declaration of war
 The U.S. suffered significant early
defeats after entering the war
 The country was unprepared for a naval
and air combat halfway across the world

24. The War in the Pacific
 The first few months of American
involvement witnessed an unbroken
string of military disasters
 The tide turned with Allied victories at
Coral Sea and Midway
 May and June 1942

26. D-Day
 6 June 1944
 Allied invasion of Normandy, France
(Operation Neptune)
 2 phases of Allied attack
 Air assault by the Americans, British, and
French shortly after midnight
 Amphibious landing of Allied infantry and
armored divisions on the coast of
Normandy, France at 0630

29. D-Day
 Significance
 The absolute largest amphibious invasion
of all time (175,000 troops)
 195,700 Naval personnel overall
 Established the much needed second
front in Western Europe
○ A majority of the conflict was fought initially in
North Africa and Italy

30. The Home Front
 Mobilizing the War
 World War II transformed the role of the
national government
 The government built housing for war
workers and forced civilian industries to
retool for war production

32. The Home Front
 Business and War
 FDR offered incentives to businesses to
spur production
○ Low interest loans
○ Tax concessions
○ Contracts with guaranteed profits
 Americans produced an astonishing amount
of wartime goods and effectively utilized
science and technology

34. The Home Front
 Business and War
 The West Coast emerged as a focus of
military-industrial production
○ Nearly 2 million Americans moved to
California for jobs in defense-related
industries
 The South remained very poor despite the
influx of manufacturing

35. The Home Front
 Labor in Wartime
 Organized labor entered a three-sided
arrangement with government and business
that allowed union membership to soar to
unprecedented levels
 Unions became firmly established in many
sectors of the economy during World War II

36. The Four Freedoms
 To FDR, the Four
Freedoms
expressed deeply
held American
values worthy of
being spread
worldwide

38. The Four Freedoms
 Freedom of Speech
 Prime example for defense of democracy
and the Constitution
 Freedom of Religion
 Gold standard for the critique of the
Holocaust
 Championed despite the fact that most
Americans and politicians at the time
believed the Holocaust was a farce
○ This ultimately illustrates that Americans at this
time could not believe humans would treat each
other so poorly

39. Freedom of Speech

41. The Four Freedoms
 Freedom from Want
 The chief argument of economic policies for the
rest of the 20th century
 Elimination of barriers to international trade
○ Goal was to protect the standard of living from falling
after the war
 Freedom from Fear
 The gradual disarmament of the entire world
 Help prevent tyranny (Italy, Germany) from
happening again
 “human security” paradigm
 Illustrates a gradual shift from the collective to
the individual

42. Freedom from Want

43. Freedom from Fear

46. The Fifth Freedom
 WW II America witnessed a burst of
messages defining advertisers’ version of
freedom: the emergence of free enterprise
 While private businesses enjoyed profit during
the war period, many businesses resented the
federal government’s intervention in virtually all
aspects of business ownership
 Furthermore, the expansion of labor unions
greatly strained relations between workers and
employers

50.  Audience
 Slogans
 Ideas
 Energy & Capital

60.  Gum
 Lingerie
 Grease
 Juke Boxes
 Toasters
 Blenders
 Cars
 Toothpaste
 Shoes
 Coffee
 Kettles
 Nylon hose
 Erasers
 Glass jars
 Tin cans
 Tea

62.  Right to work.
 Right to fair pay.
 Right to adequate food.
 Right to security.
 Right to live in a society of free enterprise.
 Right to come and go.
 Right to speak or be silent.
 Right to equality before the law.
 Right to rest.
 Right to an education.

63.  Right to work, if you are white.
 Right to fair pay, if you are male.
 Right to adequate food, if you register for and comply with food
rationing programs.
 Right to security, if you were not drafted.
 Right to live in a society of free enterprise, if one excludes the
government’s price and wage ceilings and orders that halted
production on all the common items one needs to live.
 Right to come and go, if the person does not need new shoes,
more gasoline, decent tires, a new car, or a new bicycle.
 Right to speak or be silent, as long as one speaks positively
about the war, and is silent about the legitimacy of rationing
claims.
 Right to equality before the law, if it is “Separate but Equal” before
the law.
 Right to rest, but only on Christmas Day.
 And a right to an education, if the cotton is not in bloom and ready
to be picked by child laborers.

64. Women at War
 Women in 1944 made up over 1/3 of the
civilian labor force
 New opportunities opened up for married
women and mothers
 Women’s work during the war was viewed
by men and the government as temporary
 The advertisers’ “world of tomorrow” rested
on a vision of family-centered prosperity
 (with women not in the workplace)

67. The American Dilemma
 Patriotic Assimilation
 World War II created a vast melting pot,
especially for European immigrants and their
children
○ FDR promoted pluralism as the only source of
harmony in a diverse society
 Government and private agencies eagerly
promoted group equality as the definition of
Americanism and a counterpoint to Nazism

68. The American Dilemma
 Patriotic Assimilation
 By the war’s end, racism and nativism had
been stripped of its intellectual respectability
○ However, racial and cultural intolerance hardly
disappeared from American life after the war

70. The American Dilemma
 Asian-Americans in Wartime
 Asian-Americans’ war experience was
paradoxical
 Chinese exclusion was abolished
 However, the Japanese were viewed by
American as a detested foe
○ The American government viewed every
person of Japanese ethnicity as a potential
spy

72. The American Dilemma
 Japanese-American Internment
 The military persuaded FDR to issue
Executive Order 9066
 Internment revealed how easily war can
erode basic freedoms
○ Hardly anyone spoke out against internment
 Viewed as unpatriotic
○ The courts refused to intervene
 The government marketed war bonds to the
internees and drafted them into the army

74. Blacks and the War
 The wartime message of freedom ushered a
major transformation for blacks’ status
 The war spurred a movement of black
population from the rural South to the cities of
the North and West
 Detroit race riot
 During the war, over 1 million blacks served in
the armed forces
 Black soldiers often had to give up their seats on
railroad cars to accommodate Nazi prisoners of war
 Illustrates cultural vs. racist tensions in the military

76. Birth of the Civil Rights
Movement
 The war years witnessed the birth of the
modern civil rights movement
 March on Washington
 Black labor leader A. Philip Randolph called
for the march in July 1941
 Executive Order 8802
 Prohibited government contractors from
engaging in employment discrimination
based on race, color, or national origin

77. Birth of the Civil Rights
Movement
 The Double V
 The double-V meant that victory over Germany and
Japan must be accompanied by victory over
segregation at home
 What the Negro Wants
 During the war, a broad political coalition on the left
called for an end to racial inequality in America
○ The status of blacks becomes an issue at the forefront
of enlightened liberalism
 CIO unions made significant efforts to organize black
workers and win access to skilled positions
 The South reacted by attempting to preserve
white supremacy
 Resurgence of the KKK in the post-war years

78. The End of the War
 The Atomic Bomb
 One of the most momentous decisions ever
confronted by an American president fell on
Harry Truman
 The Manhattan Project developed the
atomic bomb
○ Practical realization of Einstein’s theory of
relativity
○ Testing was conducted in Alamagordo, New
Mexico (1945)

80. The End of the War
 The Dawn of the Atomic Age
 On 6 August 1945, an American bomber
dropped an atomic bomb that detonated over
Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan
 Because of the enormous cost in civilian lives,
the use of the bomb remains controversial
○ Allied military forces reasoned the use of the
bomb saved roughly half a million Allied soldiers’
lives
 The use of atomic weapons was the logical
culmination of the type of war World War II had
become
○ A total threat requires a total response

82. Check my SlideShare page
(rfair07) for more lectures
 Lectures posted for:
 United States History before 1877
 United States History after 1877
 Texas History
 United States (Federal) Government
 Texas Government
 If you would like a great study resource
for United States History (college or AP
exam), check out the following:
 AP U.S. History Exam Study