1. Contact of Civilizations Chapter One

2. Contact of Civilizations Origins of Texas date back 30,000 years Ice Age Migration Land Bridge across the Bering Sea Asiatic nomads; hunted for plants and animals Agriculture Develops Roughly 7000 B.C.E. Regional distinctions in cultural and linguistics develop as a result

3. Early Indian Migration

4. Pre-Columbian Cultures 12 million people migrate to North America Iroquois (Northeast Woodlands) Recognized warriors Created the “League of the Iroquois” – alliance that ended conflicts among member tribes “Five Civilized Tribes” – adopted European cultural ways (Atlantic Coast to Mississippi Valley) Choctaws, Seminoles, Chickasaws, Creeks, and Cherokees Pueblos (West Texas to Arizona) Lived similarly to European peasants Built adobe villages on rock walls for defense purposes

5. Pueblo Settlement (Arizona)

6. Pre-Columbian Cultures Central American Indians Mayans Most intellectually advanced Cipher coding, architecture, astronomy, and calendars Speculation on the reasons for their decline Disease, food shortages, and/or social revolution Aztecs Capital in present-day Mexico City known as “Tenochtitlan” War-like culture, but had an efficient political and legal system Excelled in the arts and architecture

7. Inca Civilization

8. Pre-Columbian Cultures Central American Indians Incas Capital in Cuzco (present-day Peru) Efficient system of civil administration and road system superior to any in Europe at the time Best architectural skills of any Native American civilization Designed structures that could withstand earthquakes Advanced scientific skills Possibly had success in performing brain surgeries

9. Inca Architecture at Cuzco

10. Indigenous Peoples of Texas Coastal Tribes Karankawa(Matagorda to Corpus Christi) Migrated on and off the coast for a constant food supply Practiced ritual cannibalism Acknowledged three gender roles Male, Female, and berdache (men who took on female roles) Coahuiltecan(Gulf Coast Plain/South TX) Hunted and gathered in South Texas during the summer months Commonality Both groups had common roots in Northern Mexico Lacked political organization Religion was primitive and animistic Both groups moved frequently Used dome-shaped wigwams covered by animal skins for shelter

11. Karankawas

12. Indigenous Peoples of Texas Caddos(Northeast Texas) Originated from the Mississippi River Valley Dome-shaped housing made of grass and cane Primarily an agricultural group; planted twice a year Caddo chiefs were known as xinesi Served as political and religious leaders A stable group that traded extensively Bartered baskets, tools, ceramics, art, and weapons

13. Caddo Housing

14. Indigenous Peoples of Texas Jumanos (Trans-Pecos area) People of a shared cultural background, primarily with a common language or specific livelihood Indigenous to modern-day Arizona and New Mexico Fairly nomadic tribe that hunted primarily along the West Texas plains Some permanent agricultural settlements Known as accomplished merchants

15. Indigenous Peoples of Texas Plains Indians Apaches, Comanches, Kiowas, and Tonkawas Had a secondary role in Texas history during the 18th and 19th centuries Apaches related to tribes from Alaska and Canada These tribes utilized the horse after its introduction by Spaniards in the 17th century Warfare led to the tribes migration to Texas Dependant on buffalo fro almost all living essentials The family was the primary social structure Families loosely cooperated under a chief No political structure Religion allowed for individual relationships with deities

17. The First Europeans The Spanish Reconquista Early Spain was controlled by Muslims from Northern Africa Spain was in a constant state of warfare to oust Muslims that were viewed as intruders Reconquista – general term used to recognize the centuries of struggle to regain Spain from Muslim control Kings were typically responsible for this However, Spain benefitted economically from Muslim control

18. Castile and the Reconquista

19. The First Europeans Castile and the Reconquista Castile’s Reconquista was essentially a religious crusade 900 A.D. – Spainards believed they found the burial site of apostle Santiago (St. James) Inspired religious fervor in Spain and essentially made the Catholic Church a crucial ally to the Spanish Crown Catholic religious orders such as the Franciscans and Dominicans began proselytizing in the 13th century

20. The First Europeans Agrarian Castile Reconquista encouraged the raising of sheep in rural areas of Castile Higher and quicker profits than crops Cattle raising flourished in southern Castile Vaqueros – mounted cattle herders that drove cattle cross-country from northern grazing lands to southern pastures seasonally Began cattle ranching traditions, the rodeo, cattle branding This later was transplanted to North America under areas of Spanish control

21. Vaquero

22. The First Europeans “Los Reyes Catolicos” The Catholic Kings Iberian kingdoms of Castile and Aragon united in 1479 under Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon Wanted to consolidate their power over the entire Iberian peninsula They first had to pacify the kingdoms, especially the nobles, Catholic Church, and military These groups had gained power during the final days of the Spanish Reconquista Isabella used the institution of the hermandad (brotherhoods responsible for maintaining the peace) to pacify the nobles Also used influence at the local level for a grass-roots approach to regain control After regaining peace and control of the Iberian peninsula, the Catholic monarchs focused their attention on foreign policy Spain had to compete with Portugal who was technologically advanced and already sending Prince Henry the Navigator to the African coast

23. New World Contacts Christopher Columbus Italian navigator that convinced Queen Isabella to fund his journey to the “West Indies” Columbus was motivated by economic and political gain Landed in Hispaniola on 12 October 1492 (modern-day Bahamas) Named the first island San Salvador (Holy Savior) He did not find the West Indies, but reported that he had discovered a new continent

24. Christopher Columbus

25. New World Contacts The Conquistadors After Columbus’s discovery, Spain quickly sent explorers to make the country rich Vasco Nunez de Balboa – crossed the Central American Isthmus and claimed the Pacific Ocean for Spain in 1513 Juan Ponce de Leon – reached Florida and claimed the peninsula for Spain, but the Spanish did not successfully settle until the 1560s Hernan Cortes – conquered the Aztec empire and paved the way for Spanish domination of present-day Mexico Francisco Pizarro – conquered the Inca empire in present-day Peru

26. New World Contacts Fortune in Texas Cabeza de Vacawas involved in an expedition to Florida in search of gold Pillaged a native tribe and became stranded on Florida’s west coast Sailed to the Gulf of Mexico, captured by the Karankawa Indians, and finally escaped after years of captivity Sailed around the Rio Grande and finally made it to Mexico Friar Marcos de Niza was sent by the Spanish Crown to investigate de Vaca’s claims in 1539 Later traveled to western New Mexico and discovered a “glittering city of silver and gold” Actually a Pueblo village with quartz imbedded in the walls of the adobe structures de Niza somehow convinced the Crown that he had evidence of the Seven Cities of Gold

27. Coronado’s Expedition

28. New World Contacts Vasquez de Coronado’s Expeditions Assigned to explore Texas and the Southwest after de Niza’s report to the Crown Discovered that de Niza’s “city of gold” was just an adobe complex Refused to be discouraged and traveled for two years throughout the Southwest and Texas Panhandle, but did not find anything of value to the Crown Discouraged explorations to the north for another 50 years Hernando de Soto’s Expedition Traveled from Florida to Alabama, and later to the Mississippi Valley looking for the cities of gold Did not find anything and later died from fever His party traveled onward to eastern Texas, near present-day Houston County and as far west as the Trinity River de Soto and his party’s reports later reinforced the Spanish Crown’s decisions to stop exploration in Texas

30. New World Contacts Northern Competition French Founded Quebec in Canada Began occupying Nova Scotia Traveled as far south as present-day Wisconsin Dutch Claimed the Hudson Valley and New Netherlands, which later became New York English Explored along the Atlantic Coast By the 1640s, the English had possession of the Atlantic seaboard between Spanish controlled Florida and New England

31. Colonization Process in Spanish Texas Three structures crucial to colonization The Presidio The Mission Settlements

32. Colonization Process in Spanish Texas The Spanish Crown attempted to bring Indian lands into Spanish influence by an orderly process of expansion and settlement The Presidio Usually the first structure established Served numerous functions Prison Garrison to train soldiers for warfare Protected the mission Walled courtyard to conduct peace talks with Indians

33. Colonization Process in Spanish Texas The Mission Priests staffed the mission and attempted to perform functions relevant to exploration, conquest, and Christianization Attempted to convert the Indians to Catholicism Tried to maintain friendly relations with hostile tribes Assisted in maintaining conquered territories

34. Mission San Jose, San Antonio

35. Colonization Process in Spanish Texas Settlements Civilian Settlements Another way to hold conquered territory; used during the reconquista Used to populate the frontier and integrate their resources into the Spanish colonization system Settlers were known as Pobladores Ranchos (ranches) Provided settlements with resources such as beef, pork, wool, and byproducts such as hide and tallow on the frontier Played a supporting role in Christianizing Indians Furnished soldiers with live animals

36. Spanish Texas Western Texas Jumano Indians invited the Spanish to visit after a miraculous visit by the “Lady in Blue” Spanish nun Madre Maria de Agreda takes credit for her spiritual visit Spanish explorers were primarily interested in freshwater pearls and buffalo; also saw it as a base of trade with the Caddo Indians Pueblo Revolt of 1680 Pueblo tribes attacked and destroyed Spanish settlements of the upper Rio Grande Many displaced settlers came to El Paso Spanish Return Jumano Chief requested priests (and explorers followed) Jumanos were secretly seeking protection from the Apaches Spanish fended off the Apaches, hunted countless buffalo, and promised to return again

37. Spanish Texas Eastern Texas: The French Threat French explorer La Salle wanted to stake a claim in the Mississippi Valley; travelled down the river to present-day Matagorda Bay Was marooned and established Fort St. Louis near present-day Vanderbilt, Texas Explored Texas, but attempted to meet up with other Frenchmen coming down the Mississippi His settlers later killed him Indians killed the remaining survivors at Fort St. Louis and destroyed the fort

38. Spanish Texas Eastern Texas: The Caddos Spain responded to the French threat by sending Alonso de Leon on several expeditions Explored Fort St. Louis and then made contact with the Caddos Seen as the “great kingdom of Tejas” to the Spanish; Tejas – friend Caddos accepted the Europeans as potential allies and trading partners de Leon and missionaries set up two missions However, the Caddos were not willing converts Christianity clashed with their religion Spanish disrupted their traditional way of life They did not like the “unruly” Spanish soldiers Became resentful and attacked Spanish livestock Spanish later retreat and leave East Texas in 1693

39. Spanish Texas Eastern Texas: The French and Spanish Alliance French Canadian Louis Jucherau de St. Denis came to the Spanish on the Rio Grande looking for trade Arrested and later convinced the Spanish that the Caddo wanted missionaries The Spanish viceroy ordered Spanish Captain Domingo Ramon to convert East Texas into a buffer zone Rebuild Spanish missionaries Assigned St. Denis as his second in command Somewhat uneasy alliance, but the Spanish benefitted from St. Denis’s knowledge of Texas terrain, command of Indian languages, and his ability to befriend the Indians

40. San Antonio de Bexar

41. Spanish Texas Settlements San Antonio de Bexar (present-day San Antonio) Served to Christianize the Coahuiltecan Indians Also, the midway point between Rio Grande and East Texas; served as a supply station By the 1730s, a presidio, municipality, and five missions constituted the San Antonio complex Presidio de La Bahia Initially established as a Gulf Coast deterrent to the French Moved inland toward the San Antonio River to present-day Goliad

42. Presidio de La Bahia (Goliad)

43. Spanish Texas Failed Settlements San Gabriel River settlement (near Rockdale) Established to convert the Tonkawas Given little attention, abandoned in 1755 San Saba River settlement (near Menard) Established to convert the Apaches Failed due to Indian attacks; abandoned in 1769 Incorporation The Spanish colonization system would be crucial to the success of Spain in the Texas frontier Two choices for dealing with Indians Assimilate or annihilate