Parental Kidnapping and Custody Issues Presentation SOC 216 - The Family 4/1/2012

1. Group 5
Presented By: Colton Nash , Reina Connolly, Kimberly
Anderson, Eric Church, Jake Discroll, Megan Griffith,
Amanda Mansfield, and Albandari Alrayes

2. Scott Church : Parental Kidnapping Definitions and Laws
Colton Nash : Domestic and International Kidnapping
Albandari Alrayes : Statistics on Parental Kidnapping
Jake Discrol – Economic Impacts On Parental Kidnapping
Megan Griffith : Custody Issues and Psychological Affects
Amanda : Parental Kidnapping and Psychological Affects
Kimberley Anderson: Parental Kidnapping Narratives
Reina Connolly: Intervention Steps and Resources

4. Scott Church
3 Types of Parental Kidnapping
1. Parental Kidnapping - Basically Family Member Taking Child
2. Custodial Interference - Non-biological person taking child
3. Access Interference: Denying or blocking access.

5. 13-1301. Definitions
Unless otherwise stated
1. "Relative" means a parent or stepparent, ancestor, descendant, sibling, uncle or
aunt, including an adoptive relative of the same degree through marriage or
adoption, or a spouse
2. "Restrain" means to restrict a person's movements without consent, without legal
authority, and in a manner which interferes substantially with such person's liberty, by
either moving such person from one place to another or by confining such person.
Restraint is without consent if it is accomplished by:

6. (a) Physical force, intimidation or deception; or
(b) Any means including acquiescence of the victim if
the victim is a child less than eighteen years old or an
incompetent person and the victim's lawful custodian
has not acquiesced in the movement or confinement.

7. 13-1302. Custodial interference; child born out of wedlock; defenses;
classification
A. A person commits custodial interference if, knowing or having reason to know that the
person has no legal right to do so, the person does one of the following:
1. Takes, entices or keeps from lawful custody any child, or any person who is incompetent, and
who is entrusted by authority of law to the custody of another person or institution.
2. Before the entry of a court order determining custodial rights, takes, entices or withholds any
child from the other parent denying that parent access to any child.
3. If the person is one of two persons who have joint legal custody of a child, takes, entices or
withholds from physical custody the child from the other custodian.
4. At the expiration of access rights outside this state, intentionally fails or refuses to return or
impedes the return of a child to the lawful custodian.

8. B. If a child is born out of wedlock, the mother is the legal custodian of the child for the purposes
of this section until paternity is established and custody or access is determined by a court.
C. It is a defense to a prosecution pursuant to subsection A, paragraph 2 if both of the following
apply:
E. A violation of this section is:
1. A class 3 felony if committed by a person other than the parent or agent of the parent or
custodian or agent of the custodian.

9. 2. Notwithstanding paragraph 3 of this subsection, a class 4 felony if the child or incompetent person is taken,
enticed or kept from lawful custody out of this state by the parent or agent of the parent or custodian or the
agent of the custodian.
3. A class 6 felony if committed by a parent or agent of the parent or custodian or agent of the custodian.
4. A class 1 misdemeanor if the child or incompetent person is voluntarily returned without physical injury by
the parent or defendant or the agent of the parent or defendant no later than forty-eight hours after the
parent or defendant takes, entices or keeps from lawful custody the child or incompetent person.

10. 13-1305. Access interference; classification; definition
A. A person commits access interference if, knowing or having reason to know that the
person has no legal right to do so, the person knowingly engages in a pattern of behavior
that prevents, obstructs or frustrates the access rights of a person who is entitled to
access to a child pursuant to a court order.
B. If the child is removed from this state, access interference is a class 5 felony.
Otherwise access interference is a class 2 misdemeanor.

11. C. The enforcement of this section is not limited by the availability of other remedies for
access interference.
D. For the purposes of this section "access order" means a court order that is issued
pursuant to title 25 and that allows a person to have direct access to a child or
incompetent person.

13. Regulates interstate kidnapping of a child by the
noncustodial parent
Common to get sympathy from another judge

14. In 2008, the U.S. Department of State handled 1,082 new
cases of international parental abduction involving 1,615
children.

15. On September 28, 2009, thirty-eight year old Christopher
Savoie made national news when he was arrested for child
abduction just outside the U.S. Consulate in Fukuoka, Japan
In Japan, the emphasis following a divorce is on a "clean
break" for all parties involved

16. 97 % of parents who participated in the survey had
missing children
The children were suspected to be in forty-six
different countries

17. Was signed on October 25th, 1980
"to secure the prompt return of children wrongfully removed to or retained in any
Contracting State; and to ensure that rights of custody and of access under the law
of one Contracting State are effectively respected in the other Contracting States”

18. A : Albania , Argentina , Australia, and Austria
B: Belarus, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, and Bosnia
C: Canada Chile China, People Republic of Costa
Rica, Croatia Cyprus, and Czech Republic
D: Denmark
E: Ecuador ,Egypt, Estonia, and the European Union
F Finland and France
G: Georgia, Germany, and Greece
H : Hungary
I : Iceland ,India, Ireland, Israel, and Italy

19.  J : Japan and Jordan
 K : Korea
 L: Latvia, Lithuania, and Luxembourg
 M : Malaysia, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Montenegro and Morocco
 N : Netherlands , New Zealand, and Norway
 P: Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines , Poland, and Portugal
 R: Romania and Russia
 S :Serbia , Slovakia , Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Sweden, and
Switzerland
 T: The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Turkey
 U: Ukraine, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , United States of
America, Uruguay
 V: Venezuela

20. The IPKCA makes it a felony to "remove a child from
the United States or retain a child . . . outside the
United States with intent to obstruct the lawful
exercise of parental rights."

21. a ne exeat clause
Custody agreements almost always need to be
modified for an international move

22. adopt a per se (in and of itself) ban on all contested
international relocations of a child for whom custody is
shared
adopt a per se ban on all contested international relocations
to non-Hague Convention countries

24. The problem of missing children is
complex. Children may become missing due to
abduction by nonfamily members or abduction
by family members.
Children may be missing as a result of running
away from home. Also be missing involuntarily
for reasons other than abduction, due to
becoming lost, injured or otherwise missing to
their parents.

25. 800,000 children younger than 18 are missing
each year, or an average of 2,000 children
reported missing each day.
200,000 children were abducted by family
members.

26. According to 1997 study, Case Management for
Missing Children Homicide Investigation, the
murder of an abducted child is a rare event; an
estimated 100 such incidents occur in the United
States each year. However, the study further found
that 76.2 % of abducted children who are murdered
are dead within 3 hours of the abduction.

27. According the FBI’s National Crime Information
Center (NCIC)
o 85% - 90% of the 876,213 persons reported
missing to America’s law enforcement agencies in
2000 were juveniles (persons under 18). That means
that 2,100 times per day parents or primary care
givers felt the disappearance was serious enough to
call law enforcement.
o 152,265 of the persons reported missing in 2000
were categorized as either endangered or
involuntary.

28. Of the 800,000 children reported missing annually,
approximately 69,000 are abducted:
 Family members account for the majority of
these reported cases (82%)
 Non-family abductions account for 12,000 of
these reported cases (18%)
 Of non-family abductions, 37% are by a stranger.

29.  Every 40 seconds in the United States, a
child is reported missing or abducted. That
translates to over 2,000 children per day
(under 18 years) or 800,000 per year.
 About 74% of the victims of nonfamily child
abduction are girls.
References:
1990 U.S. Justice Dept.
http://www.klaaskids.org/pg-mc-mcstatistics.htm
http://www.missingkids.com/missingkids/servlet/PageServlet?LanguageCountry=en_US&PageId=2816
http://kidsfightingchance.com/stats.php

31. Legal Fees:
- Average from $3,000- $5,000
- Can cost as much as $35,000
- Cost varies based on length of procedures, hiring of experts,
- Usually paid in advance, retainer
- Once retainer is used up based on firm/lawyer’s fees, then additional charges are billed to client
The Economic Aftermath
- Once thousands of dollars are invested the idea of “winning” becomes a priority
- The best interest of the child can be lost
- Legal battles usually end with one winner (sole physical custody)
- Possible counseling/therapy for child
- Child Support

32. Lawyer Fees:
- $75-$400 an hour
- Time in court charged at higher rate than office
consultation
- Legal support available for low income families

33. The Economic Aftermath
- Once thousands of dollars are invested the
idea of “winning” becomes a priority
- The best interest of the child can be lost
- Legal battles usually end with one winner
(sole physical custody)
- Possible counseling/therapy for child
- Child Support

34. Child Support
- Median of $280 per child a month (U.S. Census
Bureau)
- Configured based on several factors
- Children’s date of birth
- Gross income
- Medical insurance
- Extra education expenses
- Parenting time days per years

36. Issues Regarding Custody:
1. Physical Custody- Who the child lives with
2. Residential Custody- Who makes decisions on
behalf of the children concerning health, education,
religion, and general welfare.
Types:
1. Joint Legal Custody
2. Joint Physical Custody
3. Sole Legal Custody

37. Parent Alienation Syndrome
Definition: Attempt to alienate a child against the
other parent.

38. For women:
Women initiate divorce twice as often as men
90% of divorced mothers have custody of their children (even if they did not receive
it in court)
After divorce, women experience less stress and better adjustment in general than
do men. The reasons for this are that (1) women are more likely to notice marital
problems and to feel relief when such problems end, (2) women are more likely than
men to rely on social support systems and help from others, and (3) women are
more likely to experience an increase in self-esteem when they divorce and add new
roles to their lives.
Women who work and place their children in child care experience a greater stigma
than men in the same position. Men in the same position often attract support and
compassion.

39. For men:
Men are usually confronted with greater emotional adjustment problems than
women. The reasons for this are related to the loss of intimacy, the loss of social
connection, reduced finances, and the common interruption of the parental role.
Men remarry more quickly than women.
As compared to "deadbeat dads," men who have shared parenting (joint legal
custody), ample time with their children, and an understanding of and direct
responsibility for activities and expenses of children stay involved in their children's
lives and are in greater compliance with child support obligations. There is also a
greater satisfaction with child support amount when negotiated in mediation.
Budgets are prepared, and responsibility divided in a way that parents understand.
Men are initially more negative about divorce than women and devote more energy
in attempting to salvage the marriage

40. 3 Major Protective Psychological Factors for
Children going through a custody battle:
1) A reasonably harmonious parental relationships
where they support each other through parenting
2) Sensitivity and commitment of each parent to the
child
3) Psychological intactness and morality of each
parent

41. Children are at risk at several points along the family break down:
1) Predivorce families may include violence and abuse
2) Reaction to breakup is a wide range of symptoms depending on age, gender, and
the degree of anger and depression in the adults
3) Post divorce, single families have a lowered income, lowered standard of living, less
educational opportunities, and changes in parent-child relationship
4) New siblings
5) Risk for developmental effects when confronting serious commitments and
relationships

42. 1) Denial
2) Abandonment
3) Preoccupation with Information
4) Anger and Hostility
5) Depression
6) Immaturity/Hypermaturity
7) Preoccupation with Reconciliation
8) Blame and Guilt
9) Acting Out

43. Studies in the early 1980’s showed that children in repeat divorces
earned lower grades and their peers rated them as less pleasant to be
around.
Teenagers in single-parent families and in blended families are three
times more likely to need psychological help within a given year.
Compared to children from homes disrupted by death, children from
divorced homes have more psychological problems.
People who come from broken homes are almost twice as likely to
attempt suicide than those who do not come from broken homes.
Children of divorced parents are roughly two times more likely to
drop out of high school than their peers who benefit from living with
parents who did not divorce.

44. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HQ8QXFH9j8A
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EROTbDCr5ag

45. Kimberly Anderson

47. A. Amstetten, Austria
B. Captured by own father, Josef Fritzl, and held for 24
years
C. Josef told Elisabeth’s mother, and all others, that
Elisabeth had escaped home to join a cult
D. Hidden in a concealed basement in the Fritzl home
E. Physical and sexual abuse
F. Seven births—One dead
G. Father arrested for incest, rape, and enslavement,
among other charges—sentenced to life in prison
H. Elisabeth living with her children in an undisclosed
location

48. http://www.txdps.state.tx.us/mpch/AbductorDetailsPrint.asp?id=A10/15/20013:01:
25PM&Person=Abductor
http://www.myspace.com/pleasebringchristinahome/photos/13886350

49. Kidnapped by non-custodial father, Lee Herman
Wackerhagen, on December 26th, 1993 from
Lockhart, Texas
Parents divorced three years prior; mother had
custody
Left mom’s home to spend Christmas with his
father—given permission to stay a few extra
days
Lee’s girlfriend had been murdered a few days
before the kidnapping; Lee a suspect
Chance remains missing to this date

51. Abducted by her mother, following the divorce of her
parents
Name was originally Missy Sokolsky; mother changed her
name to Melissa Hart—both assumed new identities
Father took her back, and mother re-captured her
Lived with mother in a women’s shelter, surviving off of
donated food and second-hand clothing; later moved into
a room in a house with a stranger
Melissa kept secrets to protect her mother
Ran away at age sixteen and reunited with her father, who
died soon afterward
Now works as the executive director of Take Root, helping
rescued children recover from abduction

52. http://www.facebook.com/people/Linda-Murray/100001407950854

53. 1999 kidnapped her two daughters and one
son; helped by brother
Violated custody ruling
Son soon found abandoned in a hotel
Discovered six years later during a traffic stop
Charged with removal of minor children against
custody orders
Brother will be charged, if found

54. International kidnapping
Illegally took child from father and fled to
Jamaica
Seven months later, returned to US without
child; arrested by ICE HSI
Pled guilty to 3 charges of international parental
kidnapping; 3 max years in prison and $250,000
fine
Child still not found

55. http://www.insidesocal.com/sgvcrime/2007/11/

56. Following a custody battle—father given full custody—
Jennifer did not arrive at the father’s to give the children
to her now ex-husband
Bought a car, moved to Aguascalientes, Mexico with new
husband, changed names
Few months after: sent letter to LA County District
Attorney’s Office, claiming she saved her kids from an
abusive father
Found in Mexicali having dinner
Taken to LA
Currently in jail; children with CPS

58. 1)Parental kidnapping affects individuals and institutions
 Individuals who are greatly affected by parental
abduction
a)Child that is kidnapped
b)Parent that is missing his/her child
c) The abductor (usually the parent of the child or a close
family member)
d)Siblings of the child who is kidnapped

59. Institutions which are impacted by child abduction
a) Schools and Districts
1. Teachers/Mentors of the Kidnapped Child
2. Peers of the Kidnapped Child
3. Friends of the Kidnapped Child
4. Parents Who Knew the Kidnapped Child
5. Other Staff and Faculty

60. b) Church Organizations
1. Church members
2. Religious leaders and clergy
c) Law Enforcement
1. Police officers assigned to child kidnapping cases
2. Law enforcement who have experienced firsthand
the impact of child abduction on a family
3. Police officers and investigators who have children
themselves (hits close to home)

61. d) The Family
1. The child who was kidnapped
2. The parent whose child is missing
3. The abductor (spouse/other family members)
4. Siblings of the kidnapped child

62. 1) Psychological lens
2) Social lens
 Through this information, one can see how recovery
is important when one suffers from the
repercussions of parental kidnapping.
 The recovery process is also crucial to start right
after the child comes home after being abducted.

63. 1) age
2) family history (mental/physical health problems)
3) emotional/physical abuse experienced
4) mental state (through a psychiatric evaluation)
5) how much information the child discloses after the
kidnapping
 More intense therapy if child does not disclose
information and less intense therapy if child does
disclose information and is open to talk about it
6) state of parent-child relationship

64. However, there are professionals, organizations, and foundations that specialize
in parental kidnapping cases through a sociological and psychological perspective
whose main goals are to:
1) Educate parents on parental kidnapping
2) Educate parents and child caretakers on the signs and prevention techniques
for families who might be at risk for child abduction
3) Educate parents who are victims of child abduction
4) Provide counseling techniques and recovery strategies to children who have
been kidnapped
5) Provide recovery and counseling techniques to parents who have had their
child abducted
6) Provide recovery and counseling techniques for abductors
7) Include other family therapies/foundations focused on recovery

65. Academic research and peer review journals have recently published information on
counseling and intervention techniques to aid individuals in parental kidnapping
including:
a) Child (Victim)
b) Parent (Victim)
c) Abductor
d) The Overall Family
*The above information is crucial when finding the right intervention for each individual
so they can restore their emotional and physical well-being.

67. A) Art Therapy
1) Def.: Therapy in which creative projects and activities through
art is a tool used to help the therapist aid the development of an
individual’s emotional and physical health.
(http://www.goodtherapy.org/art-therapy.html)
2) In the Context of Child Abduction: “Art produces tangible insight
into the child’s world, which may lead to communication and also
the alleviation or resolution of dysfunctional behavior, anger, hurt
and pain. This is a prime example of the importance of the
involvement of a trained professional in these cases.”
(http://www.parentalabduction.org/counseling_services.htm)

68. 3) Art therapy can allow children of parental abduction:
 Be creative
 Be successful in art or other creative hobbies
 Illustrate positive associations with the parent and abductor
 Heal through art when illustrating what he or she might be
feeling
 Communicate through art so therapists and parents can
collaborate to help the child psychologically and socially
 Use art as a healthy intervention when life gets stressful or
they think about the abduction

69. B) Anger Management
1) Def.: Therapy which stops and alleviates triggers which make the client burst
out in rage or get very angry. Coping methodology is also used within this therapy
to identify these triggers which causes a client’s rage. In addition, these coping
methods help clients to cope and successfully handle these triggers and their
emotional responses through control and other mental health strategies.
(http://www.goodtherapy.org/anger-management.html)
2) In The Context of Child Abduction: “Children who have suffered neglect or
abuse may bury their emotional wounds for years and suffer from anger issues
which can be treated by anger management therapy sessions. “
(http://www.goodtherapy.org/anger-management.html)

70. 3) Positive Outcomes of Anger Management Therapy For Child
a) Could come to peace with their angry or bitter feelings toward both of their
parents
b) Have some sort of resolution concerning the child abduction and why they were
the victim
c) Helps children move on with their lives living a productive and healthy lifestyle
d)Helps children socially with establishing and maintaining friendships and
relationships without jeopardizing these with anger.
e) Provides a sense of calm and relief once a child incorporates anger management
techniques into his/her daily life.

71. C) Play Therapy
1) Def.: Therapy which incorporates a combination play and imagination in order
for the therapist to help an individual resolve an issue, conflict, or trauma that
they faced in the past or present.
(http://www.goodtherapy.org/Play_Therapy.html)
2) In the context of child abduction: “A play therapist uses a child’s internal healing
mechanism to transform current life issues by accessing past, present, conscious,
and unconscious experiences through play”
(http://www.goodtherapy.org/Play_Therapy.html)

72. C) Benefits of Play Therapy
1) Develops a child’s imagination
2) Creates playful scenarios to describe how the child is feeling
3) The child feels safe and secure interacting through play
4) The child does not have feelings of neglect or abuse since they are concentrating on
playing
5) Child has a visual representation of their current life issues through a fun method of
playing and sees what healing mechanisms they can apply in his/her real lives.

73. Parents Who Are Victims - Counseling Techniques and Strategies
Research has suggested that during child abduction, parents who are “left
behind”:
A) Do not take care of themselves
B) Do not seek the proper help (therapy/counseling) for themselves
C) Sacrifice their mental and physical health to find their missing child
D) Deprive themselves From eating and sleeping
E) Feel despair and helplessness – which could be agents that threatens a
parent’s mental health
(http://traversecityfamilylaw.com/Documents/WhenYourChildIsMissing.pdf

74. Some techniques which parents should follow when their child is kidnapped in order to
maintain emotional and physical stability include:
Forcing Yourself To Eat Or Sleep: Most parents in the context of a child abduction
case deprive themselves from eating and sleeping due to stress, fear, depression,
and anxiety. However, it is crucial to eat and sleep in order to not make their stress,
fear, anxiety, and depression more severe, therefore interfering with their daily
lives and activities.
Finding Time For Physical Exercise: Exercise is proven to increase serotonin which is
a chemical in the brain that creates feelings of happiness and joy. Individuals with a
lack of serotonin have a chemical imbalance which could lead to depression and
other psychological issues. It is important to exercise in order for the parent to feel
better and shift to a more positive and optimistic state of mind.
Create A Space For Yourself : Sometimes having quiet time allows parents to be in
check with their emotions and release any anxiety they have through healthy
methods like breathing or doing an activity alone in a peaceful, serene
environment. This promotes mental health and it also lets the parent separate
from people who he/she shares a bond with (friendships or relationships) for a
short time. In this way, the parent will not hurt or push away the person he/she
loves or who cares about him/her.

75. Find Ways To Release Negative Emotions: When releasing negative emotions, it is
important for the parent to find healthy ways in which they can complete this task.
Healthy ways and strategies parents of missing children can release their negative
emotions include pursuing hobbies or doing various activities including: painting,
writing, drawing, singing, dancing, yoga classes, etc. Other ways to release negative
emotions that parents might hold in include doing techniques such as:
 Writing a letter to the abductor or anyone they are angry at and ripping the letter
into shreds
 Screaming into or punching a pillow
 Doing breathing exercises
Don’t Blame Yourself
Guilt can affect one’s social and psychological well-being. It is important for every
individual not to dwell on blaming him/herself. When a parent blames him/herself,
he/she has less self-esteem, which could create or feed into depression or anxieties.
Instead of parents blaming them, they should focus on the future and create ways in
which they can parent better and spend more time with their child when he/she
returns.

76. 6) Don’t Blame Others
Parents who place the blame on others tend to drive away their family, friends, and
other support networks. The key for any parent to get through parental abduction is to
have support systems and not to jeopardize them by instilling hate or guilt in the
people who care about or love them.
7) Keep A Journal
Writing exercises, including journaling, is incorporated into many different therapies to
help one with their psychological and social struggles. A journal helps an individual, not
only with depression, but it also can make a parent in this type of situation:
1) Uncloud his/her perspectives on life
2) Feel uplifted and inspired
3) See glimmers of hope through their writing
4) Help them to communicate effectively
5) Feel a closer connection to the therapist in terms of communication if the
journal is shared
6) Learn lessons from past entries
7) Experience self-healing through writing

77. 8) Stay Away From Alcohol and Other Harmful Medications:
Parents who have their child abducted go through unimaginable stresses. However,
some cope by using alcohol in excessive amounts. Excessive alcohol use puts a parent at
more risk to have brain damage, liver damage, depression and manic episodes,
delusions, and to commit suicide. Others might cope by self-medicating or overdosing.
Therefore, removing alcohol and drugs from the place of residence is a good idea.
9) Stay United In Your Fight For Your Child: Many moms and dads do not realize in order
to be effective parents; they must take care of themselves first. It is important to take
care for yourself so your efforts are concentrated on the child and finding them as soon
as possible. In fact, in most crime and kidnapping cases, “the first 48 hours is critical”.

78. 10) Seek Professional Counseling for Yourself and Your Family: It is important to
have family and individual counseling ASAP (more specifically as soon as the
parental abductions start continuing to the aftermath.) Professional counselors and
therapists have a vast knowledge on coping methodologies, how to work with
different populations, the art of communication, and other resources from social
agencies they know of. A counselor is not only a professional to help alleviate a
stressful situation, but also provides another insight and perspective outside
yourself and your family so you can get the best guide to lead a healthy and
productive life even under these stresses.
Family counseling is also very important since during a case of child abduction,
the foundation of this institution is destroyed. Therefore, family counseling could help
restore dynamics and bonds. In addition, family counseling can be a platform in which
everyone in the family can communicate effectively and understand techniques by
which each family member can contribute. As a result, the family in questions is not
dysfunctional and once again functions as a whole.

79. 11) Rely on Peer Support Groups and Family When You Are Struggling to Cope:
Peer and support groups are very important for the parent left behind to take
advantage of. It is also important for parents to ask for help in order to get
through this stressful time. Therefore, it is a bad thing if the child never reached
out for anything from their parents, family, friends, and loved ones. It is
important in order for the parent to stay sane to have support groups and family
surround them during unbearable moments or when he/she struggles to cope.
12) Seek Peace and Solace within Yourself: Solace seeking and peace seeking are
so important when it comes to forgiving yourself. Peace and solace not only
make you empowered, hopeful, and energetic, but are also part of the process of
letting go and moving on in baby steps, not letting the ab
duction shape a parent’s life. In this way, the parent regains his/her self-worth.
Note: The above underlined techniques and strategies were
taken from When Your Child Is Missing PDF File published by
Traverse City Family Law pgs. 61 – 63.

80. Even though there is not much research on therapies and counseling strategies geared
toward child abductors, there are certain organizations that are specifically for criminals
(since parental kidnapping in some states is a criminal offense). They teach offenders
how to:
a) Learn their mistakes
b) Integrate into society
c) Realize their actions
d) Take responsibility
e) Make positive changes in their life

81. 1) http://www.criminon.org/ : “Criminon (which means “no crime”) is an
international non-profit public benefit corporation dedicated to addressing
the causes of criminality and restoring the criminal’s self-respect through
effective drug detoxification, education and common sense programs.”
2) http://www.ehow.com/list_6638745_types-rehabilitation-treatment-
criminal-justice.html : Types of Rehabilitation and Treatment Article
(Depending on the Criminal Offense)
3) http://www.rehabilitations.org/prisoner-rehabilitation.html An
organization focused on rehabilitation techniques and practices within a
prison and criminal population.

82. Family Therapy and Intervention Processes
The family unit is one of the most important institutions within society. However, just
like any institution, it faces struggles and triumphs, sometimes occurring on a frequent
basis. Crises and tragedies families face sometimes can destroy the institution from the
inside out. In other words, these crises that destroy the fabric by which families are held
together are derived from different categories including: social, economic, and political
realms. Parental kidnapping can cause chaos, disharmony, and fear in families, shaking
their foundations.
Therefore, it is important for parents of the child to use family therapy and intervention
resources to:
a) Prevent parental abductions in the family
b) Lessen the chaos, disharmony, and fear in the family if parental kidnapping already
occurred
c) Become a stronger family unit
d) Make the child (the kidnapped) feel safe again in his/her own home and feel
comfortable when among family members (either the parent who was left behind and
the abductor)
e) Establish closure between the parent that was left behind and the abductor
f) Provide counseling and other forms of therapy to siblings of the kidnapped

83. Some organizations that are focused on family intervention, therapies and strategies
include:
http://www.fsisc.org/topic.asp?pid=26 – Family Violence Intervention
Program
http://www.st.annshome.org/site/Programs/OutpatientServices/Intensiv
eFamilyInterventionProgram/tabid/164/Default.aspx - St Anne’s School
and Home (The Intensive Family Intervention Program
http://www.fisnj.org/center-for-family-success/about-center-for-family-
success.htm - National Institute For Family Success

84. Alanen, J.. Family abduction prevention and response.
Charles B. Wang International Children’s Building, 2009.
Web. 9 Apr 2012.
http://www.missingkids.com/en_US/publications/NC75.pdf
. "Counseling / Psychological Services." . Parental Abduction Inc., n.d.
Web. 9 Apr 2012.
http://www.parentalabduction.org/counseling_services.htm
"International Child Abductions: A Manual for Parents ."
Foreign Affairs and International Trade of Canada. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Apr 2012.
http://www.voyage.gc.ca/publications/child-abductions_enlevements-enfants-eng
Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, Dept. of Justice, Washington,
D.C.. Risk Factors and Preventative Intervention . Print.
http://childabductions.org/prevention2.html
Office of Victims of Crime. U.S Department of Justice.
Library & Multimedia Publications: Parental Kidnapping. Web.
http://ovc.ncjrs.gov/Publications.aspx?TopicID=103
"Parental Kidnapping Resources and Other Family
Law Links.”. Jeanne M. Hannah, 2005.
Web. 9 Apr 2012. http://www.parental-kidnapping.com/Pages/FAQs.htm