1. Research Unit
Quoting, paraphrasing, summarizing
The epidemiology of SIDS has changed with the substantial fall in the mortality attributable to the decreased prevalence of infants sleeping
prone.4 The winter excess of deaths has largely gone. Prone sleeping position has also been shown to be more dangerous in the presence of excess
clothing and bedding, all-night room heating, and infection. 5 In New Zealand the previous excess of deaths in the colder regions has also disappeared.
Recent reports have shown that the increased risk of SIDS with co-sleeping applies predominantly to infants whose mothers smoke cigarettes.
2,6 Infants of mothers who smoke in pregnancy have deficient hypoxic arousal responses. 7 Their arousal responses to thermal stress might also be
blunted.
Anthropologists have suggested that a sensory-rich environment, which includes sharing the same bedroom and co-sleeping, might lower the
risk of SIDS.8 Low SIDS mortality rates in Asia and the Pacific Islands, where it is common for infants to share rooms or beds, provides support for this
view. However, further analyses show that in the Pacific Island community bedsharing increases the risk of SIDS among infants of mothers who smoke.
These findings are an example of the ecological fallacy whereby a correlation between variables based on group (ecological) characteristics may not
necessarily be reproduced between variables based on individual characteristics.
The main concern about recommending that infants should not be taken to bed with the parent relates to a possible detrimental effect on
breastfeeding. Bedsharing is associated with breastfeeding, partly because breastfeeding encourages bedsharing.9 However, a recent study has shown
that routinely bedsharing infants breastfed three times longer during the night than did infants who routinely slept separately. 10 Thus breastfeeding
promotes bedsharing, which in itself facilitates breastfeeding. Although there are many good reasons for encouraging breastfeeding, the protective
effect of breastfeeding against SIDS is modest.
The recommendation that infants should not bedshare, at lease with mothers who smoke, should be included in the “Back to sleep” (sleeping
non-prone) campaign. This recommendation needs to be promoted with sensitivity. It does not prohibit the mother from breastfeeding or comforting
the child in bed, but when the mother is about to sleep the infant should be returned to the cot. Although this is a small group at risk, the magnitude of
the risk is large for infants of mothers who smoke, and the potential number of infants saved is substantial.
Mitchell, E. A. (1996). Co-sleeping and sudden infant death syndrome. The Lancet, 348, 1466.
In-text citation
(Mitchell, 1996)

2. Research Unit
Quoting, paraphrasing, summarizing
Unfamiliar words Quote “full course meal” Paraphrase- buffet Summarize- Chicken nugget
The epidemiology of SIDS has Epidemiology- Mitchell reports that, “The Mitchell reports that the Mitchell reports that the
changed with the substantial The scientific study of the epidemiology of SIDS has scientific study of SIDS study of SIDS
fall in the mortality causes, distribution, and changed with the has changed has changed
attributable to the decreased control of disease in substantial due to the due to the significant drop
prevalence of infants populations. fall in the mortality significant decrease of infant deaths
sleeping prone.4 Substantial- attributable to the in infant deaths due to more
Of ample or considerable decreased due to infants
The winter excess of deaths amount, quantity, size, prevalence of infants more infants sleeping prone (pg. 1466).
has largely gone. etc.: a substantial sum of sleeping prone” (pg. 1466). sleeping prone (pg. 1466).
money.
Mortality-
The relative frequency of
deaths in a specific
population; death rate.
Attributable-
To regard as resulting
from a specified cause;
consider as caused by
something indicated
(usually followed by to ):
She attributed his bad
temper to ill health.
Prevalence-
The condition of being
prevalent, or widespread:
the prevalence of AIDS in
developing countries.

3. Research Unit
Quoting, paraphrasing, summarizing
Unfamiliar words Quote “full course meal” Paraphrase- buffet Summarize- Chicken nugget
Prone sleeping position has also Presence
been shown to be more immediate vicinity;
dangerous in the presence of proximity: in the presence of
excess clothing witnesses
and bedding,
all-night room heating,
and infection. 5
(pg. 1466).
In New Zealand the previous Previous-
excess of deaths in the colder coming or occurring before
regions has also disappeared. something else; prior
regions-
the vast or indefinite
entirety of a space or area
(pg. 1466).
Recent reports have shown that Predominantly-
the increased risk of SIDS with for the most part; mostly;
co-sleeping applies mainly
predominantly to infants whose
mothers smoke cigarettes. 2,6
(pg. 1466).
Infants of mothers who smoke in Deficient-
pregnancy have deficient insufficient; inadequate
hypoxic arousal responses. 7
arousal-
to awaken; wake up:
(pg. 1466).
Their arousal responses to Blunted-
thermal stress might also be slow in perception or
blunted. understanding
(pg. 1466).

4. Research Unit
Quoting, paraphrasing, summarizing
Homework
1. Read the following research article excerpt
2. Pick three sentences (same or different)
3. Write a-
a. Quote- for your chosen sentence
b. Paraphrase- for your chosen sentence
c. Summary - for your chosen sentence
4. Write your in-text citation following your quote, paraphrase and summary
Anthropologists have suggested that a sensory-rich environment, which includes sharing the same bedroom and co-sleeping, might
lower the risk of SIDS.8 Low SIDS mortality rates in Asia and the Pacific Islands, where it is common for infants to share rooms or beds,
provides support for this view. However, further analyses show that in the Pacific Island community bedsharing increases the risk of SIDS
among infants of mothers who smoke. These findings are an example of the ecological fallacy whereby a correlation between variables
based on group (ecological) characteristics may not necessarily be reproduced between variables based on individual characteristics.
The main concern about recommending that infants should not be taken to bed with the parent relates to a possible detrimental
effect on breastfeeding. Bedsharing is associated with breastfeeding, partly because breastfeeding encourages bedsharing.9 However, a
recent study has shown that routinely bedsharing infants breastfed three times longer during the night than did infants who routinely slept
separately. 10 Thus breastfeeding promotes bedsharing, which in itself facilitates breastfeeding. Although there are many good reasons for
encouraging breastfeeding, the protective effect of breastfeeding against SIDS is modest.
The recommendation that infants should not bedshare, at lease with mothers who smoke, should be included in the “Back to sleep”
(sleeping non-prone) campaign. This recommendation needs to be promoted with sensitivity. It does not prohibit the mother from
breastfeeding or comforting the child in bed, but when the mother is about to sleep the infant should be returned to the cot. Although this
is a small group at risk, the magnitude of the risk is large for infants of mothers who smoke, and the potential number of infants saved is
substantial.
Quote
Paraphrase
Summarize