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Acid and Base Solutions
Ch 10.3 (p352 – 359)
What are acids and bases?
• Acids
– An acid is a substance that produces a
hydronium ion (H3O+) when dissolved in water
• Nearly all acid molecules contain one or more
hydrogen atoms (H).
• When the acid mixes with water, this hydrogen atom
separates from the acid
• It quickly combines with a water molecule, resulting in
a hydronium atom.
• A hydronium ion, H3O+, is a positively charged ion
formed when an acid dissolves in water
http://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-strengths-and-weaknesses-of-acids-and-bases-george-zaidan-and-charles-mor
• Fig 1. Acids, such as hydrochloric acid,
produce hydronium ions when they
dissolve in water
What are acids and bases?
• Bases
– A base is a substance that produces
hydroxide ions (-OH) when dissolved in water.
• When a hydroxide compound such as sodium
hydroxide (NaOH) mixes with water, hydroxide
ions separate from the bases and form hydroxide
ions (-OH) in water.
• Some bases, such as ammonia (NH3), do not
contain hydroxide ions
– These bases produce hydroxide ions by taking hydrogen
atoms away from water, leaving hydroxide ions (OH-).
• Fig 2. Sodium
hydroxide in water
causes the ions to
separate leaves
sodium ions,
hydroxide ions,
and water
• Fig 3. Ammonia in water causes ammonia
to steal a hydrogen from water creating
hydroxide ions from the water molecules.
What is pH?
• The pH is an inverse measure of the
concentration of hydronium ions (H3O+) in a
solution.
– Inverse means that as one thing increases, another
thing decreases.
– In this case, as the concentration of hydronium ions
increases, pH decreases.

• A solution with a lower pH is more acidic.
• As the concentration of hydronium ions
decreases, the pH increases.
• A solution with a higher pH is more basic
Balance of Hydronium and
Hydroxide Ions
• All acid and base solutions contain both
hydronium and hydroxide ions.
• In a neutral solution, such as water, the
concentration of hydronium and hydroxide ions
are equal.
• What distinguishes an acid from a base is which
of the two ions is present in the greater
concentration
– Acids have a greater concentration of hydronium ions
(H3O+) than hydroxide ions (OH-)
– Bases have a greater concentration of hydroxide ions
than hydronium ions.
•

Acids
– [H3O+] > [OH-]

•

Neutral
– [H3O+] = [OH-]

•

Bases
– [H3O+] < [OH-]

•

* brackets around a chemical formula mean concentration
The pH Scale
• The pH scale is used to indicate how
acidic or basic a solution is.
• The pH scale contains values that range
below 0 and above 14
– Acids have a pH below 7
– Bases have a pH above 7
– Solutions that are neutral have a pH of 7
Chapter 10.3
The pH Scale
• How is the concentration of hydronium
ions different in a solution with a pH of 1
from the concentration of a solution with a
pH of 2?
– A change in one pH unit represents a tenfold
change in the acidity or basicity of a solution.
• For example, if one solution has a pH of 1 and a
second solution has a pH of 2, then the first
solution is not twice as acidic as the second
solution; it is ten times more acidic
The pH Scale
• The difference in acidity or basicity between two
solutions is represented by 10^n, when n is the
difference between the two pH values.
– For example, how much more acidic is a solution with
a pH of 1 than a solution with a pH of 3?
• First, calculate the difference, n, between the two pH values:
n = 3-1 = 2
• Then use the formula 10^n, to calculate the difference in
acidity: 10^2= 100.
• A solution with a pH of 1 is 100 times more acidic than a
solution with a pH of 3
How is pH Measured?
• pH Indicators
– An indicator is a compound that changes
color at different pH values when it reacts with
acidic or basic solutions
• When one or two drops of indicator are added to a
solution, the color of the solution changes. This
color can be matched to a set of standard colors
that correspond to pH.
– For example, bromthymol blue is an indicator that
changes from yellow to green to blue between pH 6 and
pH 7.6
Chapter 10.3
How is pH Measured?
• pH Testing Strips
– pH can also be measured using pH testing strips
– The strips contain an indicator that changes to a
variety of colors over a range of pH values

• pH Meters
– Although pH strips are quick and easy, they provide
only an approximate pH value. A more accurate way
to measure pH is to use a pH meter
– A pH meter is an electronic instrument with an
electrode that is sensitive to the hydronium ion
concentration in solution.
Chapter 10.3

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Chapter 10.3

  • 1. Acid and Base Solutions Ch 10.3 (p352 – 359)
  • 2. What are acids and bases? • Acids – An acid is a substance that produces a hydronium ion (H3O+) when dissolved in water • Nearly all acid molecules contain one or more hydrogen atoms (H). • When the acid mixes with water, this hydrogen atom separates from the acid • It quickly combines with a water molecule, resulting in a hydronium atom. • A hydronium ion, H3O+, is a positively charged ion formed when an acid dissolves in water
  • 4. • Fig 1. Acids, such as hydrochloric acid, produce hydronium ions when they dissolve in water
  • 5. What are acids and bases? • Bases – A base is a substance that produces hydroxide ions (-OH) when dissolved in water. • When a hydroxide compound such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH) mixes with water, hydroxide ions separate from the bases and form hydroxide ions (-OH) in water. • Some bases, such as ammonia (NH3), do not contain hydroxide ions – These bases produce hydroxide ions by taking hydrogen atoms away from water, leaving hydroxide ions (OH-).
  • 6. • Fig 2. Sodium hydroxide in water causes the ions to separate leaves sodium ions, hydroxide ions, and water
  • 7. • Fig 3. Ammonia in water causes ammonia to steal a hydrogen from water creating hydroxide ions from the water molecules.
  • 8. What is pH? • The pH is an inverse measure of the concentration of hydronium ions (H3O+) in a solution. – Inverse means that as one thing increases, another thing decreases. – In this case, as the concentration of hydronium ions increases, pH decreases. • A solution with a lower pH is more acidic. • As the concentration of hydronium ions decreases, the pH increases. • A solution with a higher pH is more basic
  • 9. Balance of Hydronium and Hydroxide Ions • All acid and base solutions contain both hydronium and hydroxide ions. • In a neutral solution, such as water, the concentration of hydronium and hydroxide ions are equal. • What distinguishes an acid from a base is which of the two ions is present in the greater concentration – Acids have a greater concentration of hydronium ions (H3O+) than hydroxide ions (OH-) – Bases have a greater concentration of hydroxide ions than hydronium ions.
  • 10. • Acids – [H3O+] > [OH-] • Neutral – [H3O+] = [OH-] • Bases – [H3O+] < [OH-] • * brackets around a chemical formula mean concentration
  • 11. The pH Scale • The pH scale is used to indicate how acidic or basic a solution is. • The pH scale contains values that range below 0 and above 14 – Acids have a pH below 7 – Bases have a pH above 7 – Solutions that are neutral have a pH of 7
  • 13. The pH Scale • How is the concentration of hydronium ions different in a solution with a pH of 1 from the concentration of a solution with a pH of 2? – A change in one pH unit represents a tenfold change in the acidity or basicity of a solution. • For example, if one solution has a pH of 1 and a second solution has a pH of 2, then the first solution is not twice as acidic as the second solution; it is ten times more acidic
  • 14. The pH Scale • The difference in acidity or basicity between two solutions is represented by 10^n, when n is the difference between the two pH values. – For example, how much more acidic is a solution with a pH of 1 than a solution with a pH of 3? • First, calculate the difference, n, between the two pH values: n = 3-1 = 2 • Then use the formula 10^n, to calculate the difference in acidity: 10^2= 100. • A solution with a pH of 1 is 100 times more acidic than a solution with a pH of 3
  • 15. How is pH Measured? • pH Indicators – An indicator is a compound that changes color at different pH values when it reacts with acidic or basic solutions • When one or two drops of indicator are added to a solution, the color of the solution changes. This color can be matched to a set of standard colors that correspond to pH. – For example, bromthymol blue is an indicator that changes from yellow to green to blue between pH 6 and pH 7.6
  • 17. How is pH Measured? • pH Testing Strips – pH can also be measured using pH testing strips – The strips contain an indicator that changes to a variety of colors over a range of pH values • pH Meters – Although pH strips are quick and easy, they provide only an approximate pH value. A more accurate way to measure pH is to use a pH meter – A pH meter is an electronic instrument with an electrode that is sensitive to the hydronium ion concentration in solution.