1. How do plants
grow?

2. Non-vascular plants
- They don’t have real roots. (They just look like roots)
- They have parts that look like stems but they are not real
stems.
- They have leaf like structures, but they are not real leaves.
The leaves, stems and roots are not real BECAUSE:
They do not have VESSELS.

3. Vascular plants
- They have vascular tissue.
Tissue (a group of cells with the same function)
Cells (Building units)
Vascular plants
(Can be divided into)
Phloem Xylem
Transports food Transports water
From leaves to all From roots to all
parts of the plant parts of plant.

5. Vascular plants include:
Tiny duckweed Giant redwood
plant. trees.

6. Cactus. Orchids

7. Roots
Function of roots:
1 Absorb water and
nutrients from the soil
Hold the plant in
2
place.
N.B. Xylem in the roots take the water and nutrients to the stem and
then to the leaves.

9. Types of
roots
1 Taproots 2 Fibrous roots 3 Prop roots
(a) One large strong (a) Thin and (a) Grow above the
roots that pushes branching ground.
deep into the soil. forming a mat Example:
(b) Some taproots below the surface Mangrove trees and
also store food. of the ground. corn.
Example: (b) The spread out
Carrots and beets. and absorb water
from a large area.
Example:
Grass and cactus.

10. Xylem cells Phloem cells
Cross section in a root

11. Stem
Function of a stem:
1 Act as pipelines for transporting water and
nutrients between the roots and leaves
2 Provide support for the plant.

13. Structure of leaves
Cuticle
(waxy layer)
Upper
epidermis Chloroplast
Contains
chlorophyll
Vascular (green pigment)
bundle
Contains xylem
that absorbs
sun’s energy
and phloem
vessels
Stomata Lower
Lets in carbon dioxide epidermis
and lets out oxygen