1. Inseparable Companions: American
Youth and Moral Panics
February 8, 2012

2. Other People’s Property (1951)
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=OpCIE1gHrzY&feature=related

3. Reading Hajdu
• Don’t worry about biographical details
• Look for broad pronouncements about chronology, motivation, change
(sometimes they’ll stick out at the beginning of a paragraph, but not
always):
– “To watchdogs of American esteem in the early post-Victorian years, the
earthy and raucous pages of the Sunday funnies threatened to devalue the
US’ emerging status as a civilized world power” (12).
– “Superman spoke directly to survivors of the Depression: he was an immigrant
(from another planet) himself, and he embodied the Roosevelt-era ideal of
power employed for the public good” (30).
– “Nearly all young people—boys and girls, loners, athletes, scholars, and
debutantes—read comic books, and most of their parents did not” (37).
– “Within a year of Pearl Harbor, the American press was probing the effects of
the war on home-front families, and reports of uncaged young animals tearing
up their neighborhoods began appearing in newspapers and magazines
around the country” (83).

4. This Lecture
• What is a “moral panic”?
• Moral panics and youth: a special relationship
• MPs and youth in the US: the 1920s and the
1950s

5. Genealogy of “Moral Panic”
• Term coined by sociologist Stanley Cohen, 1972
• Characteristics, per Cohen…universal in all “societies”;
mass media is involved in representation and
exacerbates panic; outcomes are various
• Later additions to theory: Stuart Hall et al believed that
the state was often also involved for its own ends
(control of immigrant, black communities)
• OTOH, Underdown et al believed that some threats
could be real, and sociologists shouldn’t assume that
people are being manipulated

6. Mods v. Rockers

7. Moral Panics and Youth
• Made worse by belief in “tabula rasa”
• Emphasis on society’s supposed decadence,
declension
• Conservative or liberal? Strange bedfellows
• Often, the media panics about the media
• Particular significance of race and class

9. Adam Walsh, 6, kidnapped in Florida,
1981

10. Moral Panics of the 20s

11. John Held, Jr.: “Insatiable Neckers”
(early 1920s)

12. 1920s: Parental Objections/Underlying
Anxieties
• Short skirts! Insatiable necking! Smoking! Disrespect!
Amorality!
• James Truslow Adams: “Here in these United States in
this post-war period, realizing that all is not right with
our world, we have found the scapegoat which permits
us to go about our business with a free mind. The
name on its collar is ‘The Younger Generation…’” (Fass,
17)
• Parents were: Sad about the War. Nervous about
technological change. Confused about possibilities for
more leisure. Conflicted about the evident failure of
Prohibition.

13. Brando in “The Wild One,” 1953

14. Looking Ahead to the Postwar Period:
Moral Panics/Underlying Causes
• Mass media brainwashes kids! Fathers are losing
authority! Kids pay more attention to their peers
than their parents! Kids are sinking to lowest
possible cultural level!
• Parents were: Afraid of robotic conformity
(demonstrable effectiveness of propaganda in
WWII/advertising). Nervous about wartime
breakdown of gender boundaries. Guilty about
the war/the bomb. Uneasy with class mobility.

15. References
• “1964: Mods and Rockers Jailed After Seaside Riots.” BBC, “On This Day,” May 18;
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/18/newsid_2511000/2511245.stm
(accessed 2/7/12)
• Cohen, Stanley. Folk Devils and Moral Panics: The Creation of the Mods and Rockers (MacGibbon
and Kee, 1972)
• Fass, Paula. The Damned and the Beautiful: American Youth in the 1920s (Oxford UP, 1977)
• Hall, Stuart, et al. Policing the Crisis: Mugging, the State, and Law and Order (1978)
• Gilbert, James. A Cycle of Outrage: America’s Reaction to the Juvenile Delinquent in the 1950s
(Oxford UP, 1986)
• Hunt, Arnold. “’Moral Panic’ and Moral Language in the Media.” The British Journal of Sociology,
vol 48, no 4 (December 1997), 629-648.
• Page, Ellen Welles. “A Flapper’s Appeal to Parents.” Outlook, December 6, 1922, p. 607. (Accessed
at http://faculty.pittstate.edu/~knichols/flapperappeal.html, 2/7/12)
• Underdown, David. Revel, Riot, and Rebellion: Popular Politics and Culture in England 1603-1660
(Clarendon Press, 1985)
• “What Makes Sneaker Collecting a Subculture?”, SHB:SneakerHeadBlog, May 12, 2011;
http://sneakerheadblog.wordpress.com/2011/05/12/what-make-sneaker-collecting-a-subculture/
(accessed 2/7/12)