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Anja Gassner, Tor Vagen, Mrigesh Kshatriya

Sentinel landscapes
Long term socio ecological
research sites
for FTA
Components
1. Smallholder production systems and
markets
2. Management and conservation of
forest and tree resources
3. Environmental services and
landscape management
4. Climate change adaptation and
mitigation
5. Impacts of trade and investment on
forests and people
Component

1

Smallholder production systems and markets

 Enhancing productivity and sustainability of smallholder
forestry and agroforestry practices (food security and
nutrition)
Component Lead
Center: ICRAF
 Increasing income generation and market integration for
smallholders
Component
 Improving policy and institutions to enhance social assets
Coordinator:
to secure rights to forests, trees and land
Fergus Sinclair
Research
themes
Component

2

Management and conservation of forest and tree
resources

 Understanding threats to populations of important tree species
and formulating genetic conservation strategies
 Conserving and characterizing high-quality germplasm of high
Component Lead
value tree species in the forest to farm gradient
Center: Bioversity
 Developing improved silvicultural and monitoring practices for
multiple use management of forest ecosystems
Component
 Developing tools and methods to resolve conflicts over
Coordinator:
distribution of benefits and resource rights
Research
themes

Laura Snook
Component

3

Environmental services and landscape management

 Understanding patterns and drivers of forest (tree cover)
transition in decline and restoration phases
Component Lead  Understanding consequences of tree cover transition for
Center: ICRAF
livelihoods, environmental good and services, and adaptive
policy
Component
 Active learning landscapes where innovative responses and
Coordinator:
policy options are tested
Meine van
Research
themes

Noordwijk
Component

4

Climate change adaptation and mitigation

 Harnessing forests, trees and agroforestry for climate
change mitigation
Component Lead  Enhancing climate change adaptation through forests,
Center: CIFOR
trees and agroforestry
 Understanding the role of forests, trees and agroforestry in
Component
achieving synergies between climate change mitigation
Coordinator:
and adaptation
Lou Verchot
Research
themes
Component

5

Research
themes

Component Lead
Center: CIFOR
Component
Coordinator:
Pablo Pacheco

Impacts of trade and investment on forests and people

 Understanding the processes and impacts of forestrelated trade and investment
 Enhancing responses and policy options to mitigate
negative impacts and enhance positive impacts from
trade and investment
Sentinel landscape
A framework to
• Provide hard evidence on key indicators
important to FTA themes
• Standard protocols/modules for data
collection
• Backstopping for data management/data
mining/data analysis
• Tool to allow greater cohesion,
interdependence and alignment of FTA
themes both within as well across the
landscapes we are working in
• Entry for partners to influence our impact
pathways
Learning from others
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

CGIAR benchmark approach
International Long-term Ecological Research (ILTER)
International Forestry Resources and Institutions (IFRI)
A Long-Term Biodiversity, Ecosystem and Awareness Research Network (ALTERNet)
European network for a long-term forest ecosystem and landscape research
programme (ENFORS)
National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON)
Alternatives to Slash and Burn (ASB)
Tropenbos International (TBI)
Poverty Environment Network (PEN)
Tropical Ecology Assessment & Monitoring (TEAM)
Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI)
Rewarding the Upland Poor for Environmental Services (RUPES)
Smithsonian forest networks (SIGEO/CTFS)
World Bank Standard of living survey
Comparative Research

Sources: Based on Sartori (1970) and Mair (1996)
2 approaches
• Classical comparative study : set of 8 very
different geographical bounded landscapes in
Africa, Asia and Latin America
• Thematic research questions to guide the
selection of a network of study sites across
Asia, Latin America and Africa.
8 geographically bound SL
• What are the institutional settings that ensure
that utilisation of forest resource result in
equal sharing of benefits?
• What are the enabling factors that make
people value the ecosystem service of trees?
• What are the conditions that allow farmers to
significantly capitalize on tree products?
Tropical Managed Forest Observatories
1. How does the provision of different forest
products and services vary across gradients of
timber harvest intensity; i.e., do thresholds in
response exist?
2. Are there trade-offs in management practices
aiming to enhance the production of different
forest products and services; i.e., do threshold
points differ among them?
3. Do responses of forests vary across the region,
and does this follow trends in forest functional
composition?
Oil Palm Value Chain
1. What are main trade and investment flows
associated to oil palm expansion?
2. What are the main socio-economic and
ecological impacts from such expansion?
3. What mechanisms and incentives are more
effective to reduce the negative impacts, and
to promote more sustainable and inclusive
business models of oil palm production?
ICRAF IFRI Presentation 2013
Linking with other Networks

Linking CRP6 Land degradation models with IFRI and CIRAD
plot level data
• Households (n= 1400) more likely to have fed
all members through the year from home
gardens and fields if they:
– Have fruit trees in homestead yard (odds ratio=2.8,
p<0.001)
– Have fruit trees in fields (odds ratio=2.0, p<0.05)
after controlling for household size & dependency
ratio, age & gender of household head, number of
assets owned, & position on rainfall gradient

>This association needs further investigation
work expended to analyse 15000 households.
Ecosystem monitoring
indicators developed
Amazon - 2001

Amazon - 2011

Tor Vagen, Thomas Gumbricht, 2013

Global Forest Cover Index
Ecosystem monitoring
indicators developed

Tor Vagen, Thomas Gumbricht, 2013

Land Degradation Risk
Systematic methods for mapping of soil and
ecosystem health at multiple scales

2013

1986

2006
Tor Vagen, Thomas Gumbricht,

Nyahururu, Kenya

Mau Forest, Kenya

Ecosystem monitoring
indicators developed
Maximum surface wetness index
2001 (MODIS)

2011 (MODIS)
Land health metrics - PEN villages in Africa
What changes you have made in the way you manage your
land, soil and water and in how you have prepared your land
over the last 10 years?

Adjusted R-squared: 0.25
Adjusted R-squared: 0.078
F-statistic: 24.53 on 1 and 71 DF, p-value:
F-statistic: 7.244 on 1 and 71 DF, p-value:
4.777e-06
0.008
Institutional mapping
Proof of concept Nicaragua Honduras SL
Lead by Sandrine Freguin Gresh, CIRAD
Sentinel sites nested in sentinel landscapes
ICRAF IFRI Presentation 2013
Core methodology
• IFRI +Stages of Poverty (Krishna)
• LDSF
• Household survey
– Livelihood
– Food security
– Social network

• Farm inventory
Where are we?
• Sampling ongoing: Nicaragua/Honduras;
Burkina Faso Ghana
• Western Amazon, Cameroon, Western Ghats,
Mekong
• Analytical workshop 3-7 CATIE Costa Rica

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ICRAF IFRI Presentation 2013

  • 1. Anja Gassner, Tor Vagen, Mrigesh Kshatriya Sentinel landscapes Long term socio ecological research sites for FTA
  • 2. Components 1. Smallholder production systems and markets 2. Management and conservation of forest and tree resources 3. Environmental services and landscape management 4. Climate change adaptation and mitigation 5. Impacts of trade and investment on forests and people
  • 3. Component 1 Smallholder production systems and markets  Enhancing productivity and sustainability of smallholder forestry and agroforestry practices (food security and nutrition) Component Lead Center: ICRAF  Increasing income generation and market integration for smallholders Component  Improving policy and institutions to enhance social assets Coordinator: to secure rights to forests, trees and land Fergus Sinclair Research themes
  • 4. Component 2 Management and conservation of forest and tree resources  Understanding threats to populations of important tree species and formulating genetic conservation strategies  Conserving and characterizing high-quality germplasm of high Component Lead value tree species in the forest to farm gradient Center: Bioversity  Developing improved silvicultural and monitoring practices for multiple use management of forest ecosystems Component  Developing tools and methods to resolve conflicts over Coordinator: distribution of benefits and resource rights Research themes Laura Snook
  • 5. Component 3 Environmental services and landscape management  Understanding patterns and drivers of forest (tree cover) transition in decline and restoration phases Component Lead  Understanding consequences of tree cover transition for Center: ICRAF livelihoods, environmental good and services, and adaptive policy Component  Active learning landscapes where innovative responses and Coordinator: policy options are tested Meine van Research themes Noordwijk
  • 6. Component 4 Climate change adaptation and mitigation  Harnessing forests, trees and agroforestry for climate change mitigation Component Lead  Enhancing climate change adaptation through forests, Center: CIFOR trees and agroforestry  Understanding the role of forests, trees and agroforestry in Component achieving synergies between climate change mitigation Coordinator: and adaptation Lou Verchot Research themes
  • 7. Component 5 Research themes Component Lead Center: CIFOR Component Coordinator: Pablo Pacheco Impacts of trade and investment on forests and people  Understanding the processes and impacts of forestrelated trade and investment  Enhancing responses and policy options to mitigate negative impacts and enhance positive impacts from trade and investment
  • 8. Sentinel landscape A framework to • Provide hard evidence on key indicators important to FTA themes • Standard protocols/modules for data collection • Backstopping for data management/data mining/data analysis • Tool to allow greater cohesion, interdependence and alignment of FTA themes both within as well across the landscapes we are working in • Entry for partners to influence our impact pathways
  • 9. Learning from others • • • • • • • • • • • • • • CGIAR benchmark approach International Long-term Ecological Research (ILTER) International Forestry Resources and Institutions (IFRI) A Long-Term Biodiversity, Ecosystem and Awareness Research Network (ALTERNet) European network for a long-term forest ecosystem and landscape research programme (ENFORS) National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON) Alternatives to Slash and Burn (ASB) Tropenbos International (TBI) Poverty Environment Network (PEN) Tropical Ecology Assessment & Monitoring (TEAM) Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI) Rewarding the Upland Poor for Environmental Services (RUPES) Smithsonian forest networks (SIGEO/CTFS) World Bank Standard of living survey
  • 10. Comparative Research Sources: Based on Sartori (1970) and Mair (1996)
  • 11. 2 approaches • Classical comparative study : set of 8 very different geographical bounded landscapes in Africa, Asia and Latin America • Thematic research questions to guide the selection of a network of study sites across Asia, Latin America and Africa.
  • 12. 8 geographically bound SL • What are the institutional settings that ensure that utilisation of forest resource result in equal sharing of benefits? • What are the enabling factors that make people value the ecosystem service of trees? • What are the conditions that allow farmers to significantly capitalize on tree products?
  • 13. Tropical Managed Forest Observatories 1. How does the provision of different forest products and services vary across gradients of timber harvest intensity; i.e., do thresholds in response exist? 2. Are there trade-offs in management practices aiming to enhance the production of different forest products and services; i.e., do threshold points differ among them? 3. Do responses of forests vary across the region, and does this follow trends in forest functional composition?
  • 14. Oil Palm Value Chain 1. What are main trade and investment flows associated to oil palm expansion? 2. What are the main socio-economic and ecological impacts from such expansion? 3. What mechanisms and incentives are more effective to reduce the negative impacts, and to promote more sustainable and inclusive business models of oil palm production?
  • 16. Linking with other Networks Linking CRP6 Land degradation models with IFRI and CIRAD plot level data
  • 17. • Households (n= 1400) more likely to have fed all members through the year from home gardens and fields if they: – Have fruit trees in homestead yard (odds ratio=2.8, p<0.001) – Have fruit trees in fields (odds ratio=2.0, p<0.05) after controlling for household size & dependency ratio, age & gender of household head, number of assets owned, & position on rainfall gradient >This association needs further investigation work expended to analyse 15000 households.
  • 18. Ecosystem monitoring indicators developed Amazon - 2001 Amazon - 2011 Tor Vagen, Thomas Gumbricht, 2013 Global Forest Cover Index
  • 19. Ecosystem monitoring indicators developed Tor Vagen, Thomas Gumbricht, 2013 Land Degradation Risk
  • 20. Systematic methods for mapping of soil and ecosystem health at multiple scales 2013 1986 2006 Tor Vagen, Thomas Gumbricht, Nyahururu, Kenya Mau Forest, Kenya Ecosystem monitoring indicators developed
  • 21. Maximum surface wetness index 2001 (MODIS) 2011 (MODIS)
  • 22. Land health metrics - PEN villages in Africa
  • 23. What changes you have made in the way you manage your land, soil and water and in how you have prepared your land over the last 10 years? Adjusted R-squared: 0.25 Adjusted R-squared: 0.078 F-statistic: 24.53 on 1 and 71 DF, p-value: F-statistic: 7.244 on 1 and 71 DF, p-value: 4.777e-06 0.008
  • 24. Institutional mapping Proof of concept Nicaragua Honduras SL Lead by Sandrine Freguin Gresh, CIRAD
  • 25. Sentinel sites nested in sentinel landscapes
  • 27. Core methodology • IFRI +Stages of Poverty (Krishna) • LDSF • Household survey – Livelihood – Food security – Social network • Farm inventory
  • 28. Where are we? • Sampling ongoing: Nicaragua/Honduras; Burkina Faso Ghana • Western Amazon, Cameroon, Western Ghats, Mekong • Analytical workshop 3-7 CATIE Costa Rica