This document discusses the aerobic and anaerobic energy systems in the body. It explains that muscles need ATP and PCr for energy and contraction. When these run low, the body produces more ATP through anaerobic glycolysis using glycogen or through the aerobic system using carbohydrates and oxygen. The anaerobic system produces lactic acid as a byproduct and is important for short, intense exercise. The aerobic system is more efficient and uses oxygen to break down glucose and fat in the mitochondria. Different types of training can improve anaerobic threshold, aerobic capacity, and other cardiovascular and respiratory adaptations to meet the energy demands of various sports.

1. ANAEROBIC AND AEROBIC ENERGY
SYSTEMS
Chapter 7
Anatomy and Physiology for Coaches

2.  Muscles Fibers need energy to sustain contraction
 2 main sources of stored energy
 ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
 PCr (Phosphocreatine)
 When stored energy runs low, the body must produce
more ATP
 Carbohydrate (glycogen) stored in muscle and liver
 Anaerobic glycolosis
 By-product is lactic acid
 Carbohydrate in blood
 Aerobic system

3. ANAEROBIC SYSTEM
 Non – oxidative (with out oxygen)
 Brief but intense
 Byproduct is Lactic Acid
 Important at the onset of exercise
 Important for events of short duration
 Low efficiency 1 glucose = 3ATP

4. LACTIC ACID
 By product of Anaerobic metabolism
 Change the acid-base balance in the muscle cell
 Reducing energy production by the aerobic system
 Causing burning sensation in muscles, nausea
physical and mental fatigue
 Training reduces production of Lactic acid and
improved the body’s ability to remove it from the
system.

5. ANAEROBIC POWER
 Maximal all out effort for several seconds
 ATP-PCr energy system
 Nervous system sends a message to muscle cell
 ATP is split to ADP to release energy
 PCr restores ADP to ATP, thus repeating the cycle.
 Anaerobic glycolysis
 Break-down of glycogen with out oxygen.
 3 ATP / 1 glucose
 Produces lactic aid

6. AEROBIC
 Uses oxygen to produce energy
 Abundant energy stores
 Carbohydrates 4 Kcal / gram
 Fat is abundant and rich energy source 9 Kcal / gram
 More efficient than anaerobic
 1 glucose = 36 ATP
 Occurs in Mitochondria of the cell.
 Glucose + O2 = CO2 + H2O + energy
* Protein is essential to build, maintain and repair
issue, but is not a preferred energy source.

7. AEROBIC CAPACITY
 The ability of the aerobic system to take in,
transport and utilize oxygen.
 a product of the respiratory, cardiovascular and
muscular systems.
 Measured in L/min
 Higher measures indicate excellence in non-weight
bearing sports.

8. AEROBIC POWER
 Aerobic capacity in relation to body weight
 Measured in ml/kg/min
 One’s ability to use oxygen per unit of body weight
 Predictor of performance in weight bearing activities

9. ANAEROBIC THRESHOLD
 Lactate threshold
 Transition zone that involves increase dependence
on the anaerobic system.
 Upper limit of body’s ability to clear lactic acid.
 Lactate threshold 1
 Easy training zone
 Uses primary slow oxidative muscle fibers
 Lactate threshold 2
 fatigue occurs rapidly
 Performance threshold
 Both thresholds can be increased with training.

10. SPORT SPECIFIC TRAINING
 It is important to understand the demands of your
sport
 Train to specifically meet the demands of your
sport.
 Understanding specific energy demands helps to
focus training for success.

11. ENERGY TRAINING
 Anaerobic
 For sports needing max effort or force production
 Sprinters and heavy lifters
 Uses stored ATP, CPr and Non-oxidative breakdown
 Events lasting up to 2 mins.
 Subtle changes seen with training
 Aerobic
 Training effects are clear
 Increase in mitochondria, increase enzyme
activity, greater oxygen uptake, increase in fibers to
produce ATP.
 Improvements in Cardiovascular and Respiratory
systems.
 Improved ability to burn fat.

12. OTHER TRAINING EFFECTS
 Blood volume / stroke volume
 Amount of blood pumped per beat
 Aerobic training can increase blood volume
 Increase blood returned to the heart and pumped to the
working muscle
 Slower resting and exercise heart rates
 Cardiac Output
 Volume of blood pumped per minute
 Cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume
 Respiration
 Becomes more efficient with training
 Greater tidal volume less frequency is needed to meet
the demands.
 Ventilation = tidal volume x frequency