The document provides an overview of SAP architecture, servers, work processes, and other key components. It discusses the presentation layer, application layer, and database layer. It describes the different types of work processes like dialogue, update, enque, background, message server, and gateway. It also covers servers and instances, and screenshots of SM51 and SM50 are included to show active servers and work process overview.

2. Parameters
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
.............................................................................................................................................2
List of Screenshots.............................................................................................................5
List of Figures....................................................................................................................6
1. Introduction....................................................................................................................7
1.1 Operating System...................................................................................................7
1.2 Database Types......................................................................................................8
1.3 Basic Jobs: Two Types..........................................................................................8
1.4 High-Availability...................................................................................................9
1.5 Connectivity.........................................................................................................10
2. Advantages of SAP......................................................................................................11
3. Architecture of SAP.....................................................................................................13
3.1 Presentation Layer...............................................................................................13
3.2 Application Layer................................................................................................13
3.3 Database Layer:...................................................................................................13
3.4 Terminology.........................................................................................................14
4. Servers and Work process..........................................................................................15
4.1 SID: .................................................................................................................15
4.2 SM51: Shows only Active servers.......................................................................15
4.3 SM50: Work Process Overview...........................................................................18
4.4 T-Code Prefixes:..................................................................................................20
4.5 Menu Bar Buttons:...............................................................................................21
5. Profiles..........................................................................................................................22
6. System Bounce:............................................................................................................24
7. Market Place................................................................................................................27
7.1 Developer Key:....................................................................................................27
7.2 Developer Object:................................................................................................28
8. Installation....................................................................................................................29
8.1 Hardware Sizing:.................................................................................................29
8.2 Users:...................................................................................................................29
8.3 High Availability:................................................................................................30
8.4 Post installation activities:...................................................................................31
9. Installation Process......................................................................................................32
9.1 Central instance:...................................................................................................32
9.2 Database Instance:...............................................................................................33
9.3 Dialogue Instance:...............................................................................................34
9.4 Installation of GUI:..............................................................................................34
9.5 Checking Central Instances:................................................................................35
10. Client Maintenance....................................................................................................37
10.1 SCC4..................................................................................................................37
10.3 SCCL:................................................................................................................44
10.5 Remote Client Copy:..........................................................................................50
10.6 RFC....................................................................................................................51
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3. Parameters
11. Spool Administration.................................................................................................53
11.1 Types of Access Methods:.................................................................................53
11.4 SPAD: Spool Administration.............................................................................55
11.5 SP01 – Output control........................................................................................62
SP12 – TemSe Management......................................................................................64
12. Transport Management System...............................................................................69
12.1 Change Request management:...........................................................................71
12.3 Transport Directory:...........................................................................................75
12.4 Configuring STMS:...........................................................................................76
12.5 Defining Landscape:..........................................................................................77
13. Support Packages.......................................................................................................78
13.1 Types of Support packages:...............................................................................78
13.2 Applying Support Patches:................................................................................79
13.3 Pre-requisites:....................................................................................................82
13.4 Support Packages Errors:...................................................................................83
13.5 Applying Add-ons:.............................................................................................84
13.6 Kernel Patches...................................................................................................86
14. Update Mechanism....................................................................................................87
14.1 Advantages:............................................................................................................87
14.2 Types of Update Process:.......................................................................................88
14.3 Update Monitoring:................................................................................................88
14.4 Update Problems:...................................................................................................91
15. ENQUE.......................................................................................................................92
15.1 Problems with Enque:............................................................................................92
16. Data Transfer.............................................................................................................93
17. Archiving....................................................................................................................94
17.1 Reason for Archiving:............................................................................................96
17.2 Advantages:............................................................................................................96
18. System Monitoring:...................................................................................................97
Memory...........................................................................................................................100
19. Health Checks..........................................................................................................104
Background Work Process...........................................................................................133
Solving Max-Extents issues...........................................................................................149
SAPDBA.........................................................................................................................159
Client Transport............................................................................................................161
Client Export............................................................................................................161
Client Import............................................................................................................161
Operation Modes...........................................................................................................163
Database..........................................................................................................................164
DBA ARCHTECTURE...........................................................................................164
Directories................................................................................................................169
Database Startup......................................................................................................170
Database Shutdown..................................................................................................171
Storage Management...............................................................................................172
Creation of Table Space...........................................................................................172
Reorganization.........................................................................................................173
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4. Parameters
Process of reorganization:........................................................................................174
Backup restore and recovery:...................................................................................174
Types of backups:....................................................................................................175
Users and Maintenance.................................................................................................183
Creation of Users.....................................................................................................184
Creating User...........................................................................................................184
Security....................................................................................................................186
Activity....................................................................................................................186
Role Creation:..........................................................................................................188
Defining a Derived Role:.........................................................................................188
User Comparison.....................................................................................................189
Missing Authorizations SU53..................................................................................189
Security Parameters.................................................................................................190
Central User Administration....................................................................................191
Types of users:.........................................................................................................193
Logon Load Balancing..................................................................................................194
Advantages...............................................................................................................194
Defining Logon groups............................................................................................194
Mechanism of Logon on Load Balancing................................................................194
SNOTE............................................................................................................................196
Applying SNOTE.....................................................................................................196
SCOT.......................................................................................................................199
OS Directory...................................................................................................................200
Important T Codes........................................................................................................201
Programs........................................................................................................................204
Parameters......................................................................................................................205
Tables..............................................................................................................................207
Top Ten Problems..........................................................................................................209
Interview Questions.......................................................................................................210
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5. Parameters
List of Screenshots
Screenshot 1: SM51 (Active Servers List).....................................................................16
Screenshot 2: ...................................................................................................................17
Screenshot 3: SM50 (Process Overview).......................................................................20
Screenshot 4: SCC4 (Client Maintenance) 1.................................................................37
Screenshot 5: SCC4 (Client Maintenance) 2.................................................................38
Screenshot 6: SCC4, Client Creation 1..........................................................................39
Screenshot 7: Client Creation 2......................................................................................40
Screenshot 8: Client Roles...............................................................................................41
Screenshot 9: SCCL (Local Client Copy)......................................................................44
Screenshot 10: SCCL (Local Client Copy) 2.................................................................45
Screenshot 11: SCC3 (Client Copy Log).......................................................................47
Screenshot 12: Client Copy Log Analysis......................................................................48
Screenshot 13: SPAD (Spool Administration)..............................................................56
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6. Parameters
List of Figures
Figure 1: SAP Architecture............................................................................................13
Figure 2: SAP Market Place Shortcuts..........................................................................27
Figure 3: Transport Routes............................................................................................69
Figure 4: Health Checks................................................................................................104
Figure 5: SAP Database Architecture..........................................................................164
Figure 6: SAP Authorizations.......................................................................................183
Figure 7: SAP OS Directory.........................................................................................200
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7. Parameters
SAP
System Application Products for Data Processing
1. Introduction
It is developed in Germany.
It is an ERP.
Enterprise Resource Planning: Planning the resources in an Organization is called ERP.
A Company having different modules like:
1. Sales
2. Financials
3. Purchasing
4. Production
5. Human Resources
Integration of all these modules is done by ERP
1.1 Operating System
1. Windows
2. UNIX
a. HP-UX
b. Linux
c. Solaris
d. IBM AIX
Note: We use HP-UX 11i
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8. Parameters
1.2 Database Types
1. Oracle
2. SQL Server
3. DB2
4. SYBASE
5. Informix
6. MaxDB ( SAP DB)
Note: We use Oracle 9i. 9.2 (9.2.0.4)
1.3 Basic Jobs: Two Types
On-site:
• Here we can see all hardware.
• Here we are working with client, so we can see all the servers.
Off-shore:
• Servers are located in USA, UK or some other remote locations
• We will be in India and work on it.
Data centre: It is a Server Room where your entire data is stored in an Organization
8 Bits = 1 Byte
1024 Bytes = 1 Kilo Bytes
1024 KB = 1 Mega Bytes
1024 MB = 1 Giga Bytes
1024 GB = 1 Tera Bytes
1024 TB = 1 Pico Bytes
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9. Parameters
1.4 High-Availability
1. Mirroring: If one of the Hard disk fails another Hard disk will take
care.
It is a technique in which data is written to two duplicate
disks simultaneously. In this way if any one of the disks
fails, the system will switch to another disk with out
analysis of data or service.
2. RAID: Redundant Array of Independent Disks
Storing same data in different places on multiple hard
disks.
If any of the Hard disks fails, the data will store
automatically in a disk called HOT SPARE.
3. SAN: Storage Area Network.
If we have five applications, for each application we
require one server so we need five servers. Maintaining five
servers is tough. So SAN is coming into scenario, where we
will store all data in common place.
4. Clustering: In case if overload.
When the load is more on CI automatically it will transfer
with transaction to DB directly. In other words connecting
two or more computers together will behave like single
computer is called clustering.
It is used fir parallel processing
If any one of the servers fails, another server will take care
of the user.
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10. Parameters
5. Stand-by Servers: In case of disorder/disaster recovery.
Different R/3, different locations, each transaction is
replicated in all servers. In case of any disorders or
calamities like Tsunami or Earthquakes, there will be a
chance for not working of server. If one server is not
working another server will take responsibility and provide
service to the users.
1.5 Connectivity
1. HUB: In a network all the systems are connected to each other via HUB
2. SWITCH: All companies use switches for communication between systems.
Provides network connectivity between various systems
and networks.
3. ROUTER: Connectivity between one network to another network. It provides
secure network connectivity between network and outside
world.
Note 1: To communicate from India to another country we need VPN, Dial-Up or ISP
VPN : Virtual Private Network.
ISP : Internet Service Provider.
Note 2: We use VPN normally. In case of VPN failure we switch to Dial-Up.
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11. Parameters
2. Advantages of SAP
1. Rich set of modules
2. Data integrity
3. Easy administration
4. only one database
5. SAP supports all Databases and operating systems
6. Global Support 7 x 24 x 365
7. SAP supports Multi Languages
I.e.; almost all the languages available using UNICODE
8. One GUI for all R/3 systems
9. SAP supports JAVA
10. easy add-ons ( to add functionality to existing systems)
11. High security
12. User friendly
13. Common Programming Language which supports OOPs and ABAP.
UNICODE:
It is R/3 software; provide access to almost all languages in the world. It uses two bytes
NON UNICODE:
It is a version of R/3 which supports only few languages in the world using technology
MDMP – Multi Display Multi Program. It is used for providing support for other
languages.
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12. Parameters
SAP:
SAP R/3 => SAP Release Three
Versions:
 4.5 B
 4.6 C
 4.7 R/3 Enterprise Edition
Latest Releases are:
 ECC 5.0
 ECC 6.0
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13. Parameters
3. Architecture of SAP
Presentation Application
Database Layer
Layer Layer
Figure 1: SAP Architecture
3.1 Presentation Layer
Identifying the server which is least loaded from the GUI (Graphical User Interface) with
the help of message servers. During GUI logon following files are evaluated.
1. SAPLOGON.INI
2. SAPMSG.INI
3. SAPROUTE.INI
4. SAPDOCCD.INI
3.2 Application Layer
1. Database Client to communicate with Database Server
2. Kernel executables
3. Dispatcher
4. Configure Work Process
5. Buffer areas can be maintained, buffers in memory
6. It has message server in Central Instance
7. Run Time Executables
8. CPU and Process
3.3 Database Layer:
1. Predefined Tables
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14. Parameters
2. Own memory and buffer
3. Own security
4. Own process to handle request from Application Layer
3.4 Terminology
Work Process:
An application server contains work process, which are components that can run
applications. Each work process is linked to memory area.
Instance:
This is nothing but group of process and their memory. Basically it is an application
server.
Central Instance
This is the application server where message server and ENQUE server are installed
along with other work processes. During installation central instance needs to be installed
first.
Database Instance:
This is the instance where exactly Database is installed.
Dialogue Instance:
This is an additional application server which is installed to provide more number of
work processes to gather more number of users.
Dispatch
This is nothing but, which allocates the work process. Application server is nothing but
the Dispatcher. Is also called as an Instance.
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15. Parameters
4. Servers and Work process
4.1 SID:
It’s a three digit number. It is alphanumeric but never starts with a number.
Examples:
Right Way Wrong Way
N6A 2N6
BLD 2ND
BLQ 2LQ
BLP 2NP
N62 262
NA6 2A2
sid => bld <SID> => BLD
b1c B1C
4.2 SM51: Shows only Active servers
Note:
• Server Name Syntax: <Host name>_<SID>_<Instance Number>
Bdhp4431_N6P_00
• Instance Number: Ranges from 00-99 (Two Digit)
• There will be only one Database Server and only one central instance.
• Remaining all are Dialogue Instances
• Central Instances can be identified where ENQUE is installed.
• Database server Name is same as central instance name.
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16. Parameters
Screenshot 1: SM51 (Active Servers List)
SAP BASIS 16

17. Parameters
servers.
Screenshot 2:
SAP BASIS 17

18. Parameters
4.3 SM50: Work Process Overview
Types of Work Process:
D Dialogue
V Update
E Enque
B Background / Batch
M Message Server
G Gateway
S Spool
Dialogue: [D]
This process is used to communicate with system interactively. This process is used to
select data from the database, update the database, print from the database. This is the
only process where users will be communicated with their request.
Update: [V]
This process is used to update the database; user never uses this process directly. But user
in turn send request through dialogue process to update the database. Dialogue processes
are used to update temporary tables. Update process reads from the temporary tables and
upload the database.
Enque:[E]
In order to have transaction consistency the records have to be locked while updating the
database. There will be only one ENQUE work process by the R/3 system.
Background/ Batch:[B]
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19. Parameters
This process is used to run the long running jobs in the background mode. This process is
used to run without any user interaction and also scheduled at predefined intervals.
Message Server:[M]
It controls dispatches, provides a log from ENQUE to work process. Message Server also
decides least loaded server during user logon.
Gateway:[G]
Gateway is used to communicate between the systems (R/3 Systems).
Spool: [S]
Spool process is used to print the document to the user. User cannot print the document
directly but prints to the temporary sequential tables spool process reads the sequential
files and sends the output request to the output device or any print server.
Servers System wide Per Instance
Dialogue >=2 >=2
Update >=1 >=0
Enque 1 0/1
Batch >=1 >=1
Message Server 1 0/1
Gateway >=1 1
Spool >=0 >=0
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20. Parameters
Screenshot 3: SM50 (Process Overview)
4.4 T-Code Prefixes:
n -- Next screen
o – Open new session / screen
nex -- Exit Whole session.
E.g.:
1}/nsm50
2}/osm50
3}/nex
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21. Parameters
4.5 Menu Bar Buttons:
Back F3
Search Ctrl + F
First Page
Previous Page
Next Page
Last Page
Ascending Order
Descending Order
Refresh
Execute F8
Save
Select All Edit – Select All / Deselect All
Spreadsheet: Saving values in Excel
%PC – Spreadsheet - Location
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22. Parameters
5. Profiles
There are three types of profiles:
1. Start up Profile
2. Default Profile
3. Instance Profile
Startup Profile:
start_DVEBMGS00_<hostname>
Start Database
Start Message Server All the three consistently called as Central Instance
Start Dispatcher
Default Profile:
Changes effect globally across all the systems
Logon/systemclient
Logon/system_language
Database host
Instance Profile:
<SID>_DVEBMGS00_<hostname>
Applicable only to application servers
rdisp/wp_no_btc
rdisp/wp_no_dia
rdisp/wp_no_upd
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23. Parameters
rdisp/wp_no_spool
Memory parameter
Buffer Parameter
Note: If there are three application servers there will be three startup profiles, three
instance profiles and only one default profile
Example:
App. servers Profiles
1 3
2 5
3 7
ns + ni + 1d {s-startup, i-instance, d-default}
2n+1
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24. Parameters
6. System Bounce:
# ps –ef|grep dw
# ps –ef|grep ora-
In order to shutdown the system we need to stop the application servers first and then the
database server
The commands used are
# stopsap r3 - Application server shutdown
# stopsap - Database server Shutdown
In order to start the system the database server has to be started first and then application
servers. The commands used are:
# startsap - database server startup
# startsap r3 - application server startup
In order to check the status of the application server and database server at OS level we
check by using the following commands
#ps –ef|grep dw - Application server shutdown
#ps –ef|grep ora - Database server Shutdown
SAP BASIS 24

25. Parameters
If there are six application servers first we log into each six servers by using hostnames at
OS level.
Then first stop application servers and then check them again and stop the database
server.
For restarting we use Vice Versa
Note:
In order to differentiate between database server and application servers in the system we
mark them in two different colors.
When we logon at SAP level, go to SM51 in order to check the number of server. We can
also check through RZ03, where it shows whether the server is active or inactive.
If it is not active log on to the hostname of server which is not active and then execute the
command
# startsap r3
Then come back to the RZ03 screen and click the refresh button to check if the server is
active /inactive
Interview Question:
If the system could not start what might be the reason
Answer:
1. Check all the services
2. check all the environment variables
3. Check alert Log
4. check Achieve Struck
5. Changes in profile parameters
6. Table space overflow
7. Check network connectivity
8. Kernel executables may be corrupted
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26. Parameters
Reasons for Shut Down and Start-up:
1. Maintenance
2. Backup
3. Patches
4. Upgrades[ Hardware, Software, Kernel]
5. Parameter Changes
6. Mass transports.
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27. Parameters
7. Market Place
SAP service Market Place
Service Link
Developer Key / Object sscr
Problem Management Message
Notes Database Notes
Administration of service connections Service connections
Registration of naming environments Namespaces
Requesting License Key License key
Requesting Migration Key Migration Key
Downloading support packages patches
User Administration User_admin
Example : www.service.sap.com/sscr
Figure 2: SAP Market Place Shortcuts
7.1 Developer Key:
Log into the system specified and then go to system menu and then click on status button
Note down the installation number
Example: 123456789534 (10-20 Digits)
Go to www.service.sap.com/sscr
Give OSS ID and Password
Market Place Id is called as OSS ID
Example: S0001234567
S0007654321
Click on registered developers
Specify the user ID or Object
BA9823 Company User Id of Person who generated the TICKET
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28. Parameters
Here we will get a list of installation numbers, click on the appropriate installation
number
At the bottom click a register and finally gives Developer Key
7.2 Developer Object:
Log into the required system and system status (Copy installation number)
Log into www.service.sap.com by OSS ID
Click on register object
Then on screen specify the
BASIS Release
Program ID
Type
Object Name
Click on Installation Number and click on register
A registration Key is generated
SAP BASIS 28

29. Parameters
8. Installation
8.1 Hardware Sizing:
To analyze the business requirement and allocating the memory. Steps involved on
getting size of the hardware based on the business requirement given by the client
1. Contact SAP
2. get OSS ID
3. go to www.service.sap.com/sizing
4. go to Quick Size tool
5. Enter the project name / customer number
6. Create Project
7. Number of Users: (Low/ medium/ High)
8. Amount of legacy data
9. Number of Modules
10. Select Operating System
11. Select Database version
12. Select Peak Load Time
13. High Availability
14. data Security(Mirror / RAID / Cluster)
15. Save the details
16. calculate the result
8.2 Users:
Low Activity: Occasional Users
400-480 Transactions per week
40 Hours per week
Medium Activity: Transactional Users
400-4800 transactions per Week
High Activity: Power Users
4800 and above transactions per week
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30. Parameters
8.3 High Availability:
Availability of systems 24 x 7 x 365 without any interruption so that customer can do his
operation without any stoppages.
Pre-requisites for Installation
1. verify SAP software
2. Internet connections to search for Run Time Errors(SAP Market Place:
www.service.sap.com)
3. Download Install guide (SAP Market Place: www.service.sap.com – Install guide)
4. Document all the steps
5. Install Java Runtime Environment
6. Set virtual memory to Three times of physical memory + 500 MB
7. set environmental variables for JAVA
JAVA_HOME=c:jdk1.4JREbin
8. Specify an entry in:
C:windowssystem32driversetchost
To 192.168.0.1 <hostname> SAPTRANSHOST
9. Enable file sharing for Networks to maximum.
Go to LAN Icon  Right Click  Properties  Select Files and Printers.
10. Install Oracle/SQL Server RDBMS software.
11. Check for Oracle Environmental variables.
12. Dump all necessary media into Hard disk
a. SAP Inst
b. SAP Kernel
c. Export DVDs (1 to 7)
NOTE: There should not be any spaces or special characters while creating
directories
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31. Parameters
8.4 Post installation activities:
1. Go to SICK / SM28  Installation check
2. Go to SE06  CTS Initialization
3. Go to SE03  System Settings
4. Go to RZ10  Import profiles of active servers
5. Go to STMS 
6. Go to SLIC  License Management
7. Go to SR13  Library configuration
8. client creation
9. Local client copy
10. Remote client copy
11. SU25  Initiate Profile generator.
12. Setting up work process, memory and buffer parameters.
13. Support packages and kernel package
14. Register system in SAP.
15. establish remote connectivity to SAP
16. SGEN
17. Define backup of the system
18. Create users in SU01 and assign roles
19. Establish remote connectivity to BI, PI, CRM, SRM and other systems.
20. Define operation modes, logon load balancing
21. Configuring users GUIs
22. Configuring CCMS (RZ20, RZ21)
23. Allow the system for configuration and development.
24. Schedule for standard background jobs
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32. Parameters
9. Installation Process
Installation is done in three phases:
1. Central Instance (CI)
2. Database Instance (DbI)
3. Dialogue Instance (DI)
9.1 Central instance:
Which is located centrally applicable to all the dialogue instances and database instances
1. Go to Dump double check on SAPINST
NT/I386/SAPINST.EXE
Select central Instance
2. Specify SID and instance number
3. Specify host name
4. Specify Oracle_Home Path.
5. Assign 60% of memory for CI (Remaining 40% for DbI)
Example: 1 GB RAM – 600 MB
512 MB RAM – 330 MB
6. Specify path for user directory C: ; D:
7. Specify passwords for <SID>ADM, SAPSERVICE<SID>.
<SID>ADM :
8. R/3 system administration which is used to start R/3 systems and this
administrative privileges
9. SAPSERVICE<SID>: This is a service user which is used to run all the SAP
services like SAPSOL.
10. Specify Kernel Patches
11. Specify the dispatcher / gateway / Message Server: Port Number.
By default: (32_ _ / 33 _ _ / 36_ _). _ _  Instance Number.
SAP BASIS 32

33. Parameters
12. Continue installation.
9.2 Database Instance:
1. Select DbI
2. Specify SID, hostname and instance number
3. Specify the installation on New Database or use the existing Database.
4. Specify the database, schema ID
Xxx SAP xxx
Schema ID: It is the owner of Database.
-----------------
5. Select 40% of physical memory
6. Specify the log files location:
a. Mirror log a, ORIGNAL log B  1 Device
b. Original log b, Mirror log B  1 Disk
7. Specify the kernel directory.
Kernel Directory is used to extract database executables into RUN directory.
8. Specify the path for SAP directory:
a. sapreorg
b. sapcheck
c. saptrace
d. sapbackup
e. saparch
9. Specify the path to Data Dictionary
(sapdata1, sapdata2, sapdata3, … .. sapdatan)
10. Specify export DVD Dump:
SAP4.7ENTdata_DVD1EXPORT1
SAP4.7ENTdata_DVD2EXPORT2
SAP4.7ENTdata_DVD3EXPORT3
SAP4.7ENTdata_DVD4EXPORT4
SAP BASIS 33

34. Parameters
SAP4.7ENTdata_DVD5EXPORT5
SAP4.7ENTdata_DVD6EXPORT6
SAP4.7ENTdata_DVD7EXPORT7
11. Specify the passwords for <SID>adm, sapservice<SID>.
12. Number of parallel processes to expedite the installation process.
13. Select MNLS( MN Log Support) Yes / No  No
14. Specify password for System, SYS, DBS, NMP and ANPLN.
15. Continue.
9.3 Dialogue Instance:
1. select dialogue instance
2. Specify the CI host name
3. specify the DB Host name
4. Specify Instance name and number.
D01, D02
D  Dialogue. 01, 02  Instance Number
5. Specify the kernel path
6. Specify passwords and continue
9.4 Installation of GUI:
1. If users are minimal (10-15), go to user desktop and install
2. If we have more number of users, copy the GUI installation CD into a File server,
share the folder to every one
Inform the users to install GUI from the below location:
fileserverSAPGUI
3. Write a logon script and host it in active directory service or give the logon script
to network system administrator to trigger the user logon.
4. Using a third party tool like Microsoft Monitoring Server, where all user desktop
are monitored centrally.
SAP BASIS 34

35. Parameters
NOTE: To uninstall old version go to SAPSWEEP.exe  then install SAPINST.exe
9.5 Checking Central Instances:
1. Check the service:
a. saposcol
b. sap<SID>_00
c. ORATNSLISTNER
d. Oracleservice<SID>
SAPOSCOL: it is SAP OS collector, there is only one SAPOSCOL in the system.
SAP<SID>_00 : It is an instance service which is used to start the SAP instance
ORATNSLISTNER: this is a listener service when the oracle database is started. If the
listener could not be started Go to command Prompt and Type
> lsnrctl - Listener Control
Lsnrctl> status
----------
----------
> help
start
stop
status
ORACLESERVICE<SID>: This is an oracle service user <SID>, which is used to start
oracle
USERS:
<SID>adm
sapservice<SID>
SAP BASIS 35

36. Parameters
SAP<SID>
OP$<SID>adm
OP$SAPsercice<SID>
OP$: Operating system users <<SID>adm and SAPservice<SID> are also created in
database prefixing with OP$. This mechanism provides logon to the database by
operating system users without prompting a password.
LOGS:
• SYSLOG in MMC
Microsoft Management Console in WINDOWS
• Application_syslogs in event viewer (WINDOWS)
• SAPINST_LOG
• Alert_<SID>.log in SAPTRACE directory.
Interview Question:
* Cd orac;e<SID>saptracebackground
* Developer traces in work directory
Dev_wp, dev_disp, dev_ms
SAP BASIS 36

37. Parameters
10. Client Maintenance
Client can be created with T-Code ‘SCC4’.
10.1 SCC4
Screenshot 4: SCC4 (Client Maintenance) 1
SAP BASIS 37

38. Parameters
Screenshot 5: SCC4 (Client Maintenance) 2
SAP BASIS 38

39. Parameters
Screenshot 6: SCC4, Client Creation 1
SAP BASIS 39

40. Parameters
Screenshot 7: Client Creation 2
In SCC4 we can see this list of all the clients present in the system
There will be always 000, 001 and 066 present in the system and the remaining will be
the business clients.
We can see settings of business clients by double clicking on client (line).
In order to create a new client, click on the TAB  New Entries. Here we need to
specify:
1. Specify the description
2. Specify the location
3. Specify the currency
4. Specify the logical system.
As a client is three digited we can’t identify and distinguish between the clients in the
landscape. Logical system names are defined in SALE / BD64 T-codes.
SAP BASIS 40

41. Parameters
The naming convention for the logical system:
Letter should be in Capitals
<SID>CLNT<clientnumber>
Example: A7BCLNT430
A7B430 Normal Usage
Go to SALE / BD64; click on new entries; a pop up box prompts saying that it is a
CROSS CLIENT, i.e.; the entry created in this table is visible to all clients.
Define the logical system name and save the entries.
Come back to the client creation screen SCC4:
Enter the logical system name
5. Specify the client roles:
Screenshot 8: Client Roles
Different types of client roles are:
a. Customizing Client: this is the only client where changes are initiated in
entire landscape. This is also called as Golden / Master Client.
SAP BASIS 41

42. Parameters
Note: The customizing client is only allowed for changing cross client
objects and repository. It is represented by CUST/CUSTOMIZING.
The setting for this client will be
i. Automatic recording of changes
ii. Changes to repository and cross client objects alone
iii. Protection Level should be zero, i.e.; No restriction
b. Sandbox Client: It is called as SAND client where changes are allowed but
not carried forward.
Note: All the additional clients except customizing client are not
allowed for any changes in repository and cross client objects.
c. Testing Client: this client is used for UNIT TESTING. No changes are
allowed in this client, only it is allowed to test the objects.
d. Quality Testing Clients: the changes which are made in customizing
clients developed in system and are transported into this client by using
STMS. The integration between modules, Stress Testing, Load Testing etc
is performed in this client.
Note: in SAND client and testing client we are copying client specified
objects.
e. Training Client: All the approved changes in quality testing clients are
copied into this client. This client is used for end users of the company
which they are going to perform on production box.
f. Production Client: Most of the environment there will be only one Client
in the production box. This is the client where real time business
applications are performed. Most of the activities are tied with financial
implications. The changes which are approved in quality are transported to
the system.
2. Changes and transports for client specific objects:
a. Changes without automatic recording
b. Automatic recording of changes
c. No changes allowed
SAP BASIS 42

43. Parameters
d. Changes without auto recording, No transports allowed
3. Cross-client object changes:
a. Changes to repository and cross client customizing allowed
b. No changes to cross client
c. No changes to repository
d. No changes to both cross client and repository
4. Protection:
a. Protection level 0 (Zero) – No restriction
b. Protection level 1 – No overwriting
c. Protection level 2 – No overwriting. No external availability
5. CATT and eCATT
a. CATT – Computer Aided Testing Tool
b. eCATT – Extended Computer Aided Testing Tool
NOTE: For Production – eCATT & CATT not allowed
6. SAVE the entries
NOTE: If the client role is production then the settings should be as follows:
i. No changes allowed
ii. No changes to repository and cross client
iii. Protection level -1 – No overwriting
iv. eCATT & CATT Not Allowed
T000 – Table stores all the list of created clients.
SAP BASIS 43

44. Parameters
10.2 Client copies:
There are three types of client copies:
1. Local Client Copy – SCCL
2. Remote Client Copy – SCC9
3. Client Transport – SCC7 (Import), SCC8 (Export)
10.3 SCCL:
Example: A5B400 – Source
A5B900 – Target
Copying the client from one client to another client with in the same system.
Screenshot 9: SCCL (Local Client Copy)
SAP BASIS 44

45. Parameters
Screenshot 10: SCCL (Local Client Copy) 2
Procedure:
1. Log into the target client.
Example: 900 - A5B
With User ID : sap*
Password : pass
2. Go to T-code: SCCL
3. Specify the - source client Ex: 400
- Profile
Types of Profiles: Ex: SAP_ALL
a. SAP_ALL – All clients specified data
b. SAP_APPL – Customizing and application data
c. SAP_CUST – Customizing
SAP BASIS 45

46. Parameters
d. SAP_USER – User Master Record and Authentication Profiles.
e. SAP_UCUS – Customizing and User master Records.
2. Schedule in Background
3. Schedule Job
4. Click on Immediate and SAVE
5. Click on continue
6. Popup box prompts saying client copy can be monitored in SCC3
NOTE:
i. Local client copy takes around 4 Hours.
ii. There will be around 13000 tables.
SAP BASIS 46

47. Parameters
10.4 SCC3:
Screenshot 11: SCC3 (Client Copy Log)
SAP BASIS 47

48. Parameters
Screenshot 12: Client Copy Log Analysis
Target client
Source client
Copy Type
Profile
Status Processing, Successfully Completed, Failed.
User sap*
…
..
.
Number of Tables __ of __
SAP BASIS 48

49. Parameters
Prerequisites of client copy:
1. Check the target client number [ should be existing or create it]
2. There should be at least two background files available free.
3. No users should be logged into the Target and Source Clients [ Locked]
4. There should be enough Table Space.
5. /usr/sap/trans should have enough space while performing client export and client
import [ only for Transports]
6. Monitor the client copy progress in SCC3, SM37 and SM50.
7. Check the RFC connection (Remote Function Call)
8. Check the size of the client using RS Table Size / RS Check (SE38)
9. Version Should be same [ For Remote Client Copy]
Errors while performing Client Copy:
1. Not enough space in the Disk / Table Space
2. Objects are locked
3. Memory restrictions.
SAP BASIS 49

50. Parameters
10.5 Remote Client Copy:
Remote client copy is done from a client in one system to another system.
Example : N6P 600
A5P 700
Procedure:
1. Log into the target client with
User ID : sap*
Password : pass
2. Check the RFC connection between two systems in SM59
If the connection exists it shows in green Color
If there is no connection we establish RFC connection at SM59 [Create…]
3. If the client exists we delete the client data by using SCC5. [ For low error rate]
4. Then go to SCC9, here we specify the profile, source client, source SID.
5. Schedule as Background, schedule job, Immediate, SAVE and Continue.
6. Popup box prompts saying “Monitoring can be done in SCC3”
NOTE:
i. Creation of RFC is checked by Authorization Team
ii. If the RFC is created by us, we need to delete the RFC once client copy is
done.
iii. Unlock the users at both source and target systems after client copy.
iv. Remote client copy all together takes around 6-8 Hours [ delete(3) + copy(4)]
SAP BASIS 50

51. Parameters
10.6 RFC
Remote Function Call
Different Type of RFC:
1. Synchronous – SRFC – SM59 – We Use it *****
2. Asynchronous – ARFC – SM59
3. Transactional – TRFC – SM58
4. Queued – QRFC – SMQ1, SMQ2
NOTE: To establish connection between two systems we need to configure
i. TMS Configuration
ii. Configuring CUA
iii. Communication between R/3.
Create RFC:
1. Go to SM59
2. Click on R/3 Connection
3. Click on CREATE
4.
a. Name the RFC: <SID>CLNTNO
N6P400
b. Type of Connection: R/3, R/2, TCP/IP, etc
c. Description about RFC
Client Copy to System xxx / Data Transfer / Etc
d. In technical setting TAB, we specify
GATEWAY HOST / IP ADDRESS
SAP BASIS 51

52. Parameters
e. In Logon Security TAB we specify
Client No: <Source>
User ID
Password
Language
f. Save the Connection
2. Test the connection
3. Test authorization
NOTE: Prerequisites:
i. Version should be same
ii. RFC connection should be existing
iii. Source and target system should be available.
SAP BASIS 52

53. Parameters
11. Spool Administration
SPAD, SP12, SP01
Different types of servers which provide SPOOL process
1. Real Spool Server
2. Logical Spool Server
Real Spool Server:
These are those which are configured with spool process. Spool process can be defined
based on the available resources, using parameter RDISP/WP_no.spo
Real spool server is a server which physically exists.
Logical Spool Server:
These servers are defined to handle the load balancing and fail over of spool servers.
11.1 Types of Access Methods:
Access methods define a type of printing there are three types of access methods.
1. Local access method
2. Remote access method
3. Front end access method
Local access method
Spool server transfer the data directly to host the host printer or print manager this is the
fastest printing. Local method L and C are used to configure local access method.
SAP BASIS 53

54. Parameters
Remote access method
The output process and spool process will be in two different places. Protocols S and U
are used to configure remote access method.
Front end access method
User can print from request printer directory. Front end printing has the following
disadvantages;
a. Printer is dedicated to one user
b. If more number of front end printers are configured , spool conjunction
occurs, so restrict spool process for Front end printing by
RDISP/max_fro_wp_no_sp0=2
11.2 Various types of spool request: (STATUS)
1. Printing: Printing the job
2. Completed: Job completed
3. Problem: Printed with errors
4. Error: Could not print
5. Waiting: Spool processing
6. In Processing: Spool process is converted into output request.
11.3 Various Problems in SPOOL:
1. Network issues
2. device not reached
3. Driver
4. There is a long queue at the printer
5. Cartridges
6. Change in the structure of the program.
SAP BASIS 54

55. Parameters
7. Print job is deleted
8. The user is not having the authorization to print.
9. Out of paper
10. page format
NOTE: No two output devices should be addressed with the same IP address.
HOUSEKEEPING JOBS
RSPO0040
RSPO1041
RSPO0043
11.4 SPAD: Spool Administration
SPAD is used to define the printer or it is used to check the properties of the existing
output device.
SAP BASIS 55

56. Parameters
Screenshot 13: SPAD (Spool Administration)
SAP BASIS 56

57. Parameters
SAP BASIS 57

58. Parameters
SAP BASIS 58

59. Parameters
SAP BASIS 59

60. Parameters
Process to setup Printer in SPAD:
1. Go to SPAD
2. Give the output device name
PR04 or HP08 (case sensitive)
3. Click on output device
4. Here we get the message as “ No output device is defined”
5. then click on display (change)(Pencil Icon) and click on create button
6. here we need to define primarily two TABs
a. Device Attributes
b. Access Methods
Device Attributes:
1. Device Type
2. Spool server
SAP BASIS 60

61. Parameters
3. Device class
4. Model
5. Location
6. Message
Access Methods:
1. Host spool access methods [ L U F]
C S
2. Host printer
3. Host name
Specify short name = output device name
Click save
SAP BASIS 61

62. Parameters
11.5 SP01 – Output control
SAP BASIS 62

63. Parameters
This is used to check the status of the spool request once the test print is given:
go to SP01
Give spool request number
click on execute
4. Here we need to check the status of the spool request.
Initially it will be in “In Processing”. We need to check on Refresh to check the
status of Test.
SAP BASIS 63

64. Parameters
SP12 – TemSe Management
SAP BASIS 64

65. Parameters
1. Go to SP12
2. Click on TemSe data Storage
 Consistency Check
 Delete All
This deletes all Temporary Sequential files that are present.
Printers are defined at both SAP level and OS level.
SAP BASIS 65

66. Parameters
When we log into the OS level give the command
# printers
To check the various options for the printer
The various options are as follows:
1. Remote Administration
2. Add a Printer
3. Remove a Printer
4. Enable / Disable a Printer 
5. Cancel Print Request
6. Check Printer Status 
7. Start / Stop the Print Spooler
8. Quit
SAP BASIS 66

67. Parameters
SAP BASIS 67

68. Parameters
NOTE:
i. Maximum number of spool requests is 32,000.
ii. Printer can be licked in SPAD by checking the option “Change  Lock Printer
in SAP System” Located at bottom of page.
iii. Page Format / Printer Format can be changes in T-code ‘SE73‘.
SAP BASIS 68

69. Parameters
12. Transport Management System
It specifies transport of objects from one system to another. There are two types of routes
1. Consolidation route
2. Delivery route
Integration Consolidation Delivery
Development Quality Production
Consolidation Route Delivery Route
Figure 3: Transport Routes
The route between integration/development and consolidation/quality is called
Consolidation route.
The route between consolidation/quality and delivery/Production is called Delivery route
Transport Layer:
It specifies the path for moving objects. By default SAP is a transport layer for standard
objects.
SAP BASIS 69

70. Parameters
Transport Groups:
The objects which share common transport directory
Development Class:
It is the collection of repository objects. When ever we define a repository object we need
to assign the development class
We need to define development class in SE80, while defining development class we need
to define and assign to transport layer.
Repository Objects:
Programs, reports, transactions, functional modules.
Repository objects will be stored in Data Dictionary objects.
Data Dictionary:
Tables (Domain, data elements), structures and views
Target group:
A group of systems and clients where the change request has to be moved.
Transport Protocol: TP
Tp is an executable; TP.EXE is stored in RUN directory
Which reads the change request and task
Copy the Contents from database and move them to transport directory when change
request is released
When TP is not functioning execute
SAP BASIS 70

71. Parameters
# R3trans –d
Which generates a log file in the current directory. TP not only uses R3trans but also uses
RDDI* jobs which are scheduled step by step. The job sequence and schedule are
documented in the table TRBAT and TRJOB.
TP can be executed or imported at OS level. The commands used are as follows:
Log into target system
# sesu –
# sesu –sisadm
Ex: # sesu –f3padm
# cd /usr/sap/trans/bin
# tp addtobuffer <TPNO> <SID>
Ex: # tp addtobuffer F3AK912345 F3P
# tp import <TPNO> <SID> client<no>
&
# tp import <TPNO> <SID> client<no> u1
Ex: # tp import F3AK912345 F3P client400 u1
U1 is UMode
UMODES are used if we get errors. U1, u2, u126 are used.
It overrides the previous commands. The error occurred in the last transaction is
overwritten.
12.1 Change Request management:
When ever the objects are created or modified in the customizing clients of development
system. The changes will be recorded to change requirements. The client is set for
automatic recording of changes.
SAP BASIS 71

72. Parameters
Change request: change request consists of changes made by the developer/functional
consultants.
Change Requests are created in SE01, each change request consists of one or more tasks.
Project leader is the owner of change request.
Tasks are assigned by developer or functional consultants.
Tasks can be released only by the owner of the task. If the owner is not available as a
basis administrator we can change the ownership of the task and release the task.
Change request Release:
In order to release the Change request all the tasks should be released first when change
request is released
1. Cofiles are populated with
K912345. <SID>
2. Datafiles are populated with
R912345.<SID>
3. the name of the developer is added to name of SAP directory.
Change Request Mechanism:
When ever a change request is not released Transport Protocol gets initiated. Transport
Protocol reads the content from the database based on change request. Transport Protocol
in turn cause R3trans to copy the objects from database to OS format.
Datafile Cofile
RO KO Client Specific Objects
RX KX Client Specific Text in any
RT KT Cross Client
SAP BASIS 72

73. Parameters
Mass transport:
# tp import ALL <SID> client<no>
# pf = /usr/sap/trans/bin/tp_domain_<SID>pfl
NOTE: When TP is finished successfully it shows with a return code ‘0’
When TP is returned with 4 – Completed
8- Error
Transport directory can also be found in STMS
12.2 Types of Change Request:
1. Customizing
2. Workbench
3. Transport Copies
4. Relocation of objects
Customizing CR:
Changes related to customer, client specific are recorded to CCR. CCR will be created in
SE01. there are performed mostly by functional consultants. These requests can be
released in SE01/ SE09/ SE10. And these are called as transport organizers.
Ex: sales organization, tax settings, creating a company code ( comp code)
Workbench CR:
Changes related to cross clients customizing are recorded as WBCR. These are created in
SE01 and released in SE01 / SE09 / SE10.
Ex: All the programs, transactions and time settings etc.
Transport of copies:
It is used to transport objects such as programs, tables, etc and record them to CR. It is
done through SE01.
SAP BASIS 73

74. Parameters
Reallocation of Objects:
This is used to move the objects with or without development class; can be performed in
SE01.
SAP BASIS 74

75. Parameters
12.3 Transport Directory:
This is the directory where modifying the objects are stored. This consists of sub
directories.
BIN: it stores the domain configuration information when a domain is created or
modified.
DOMAIN CONF: contains transport domain controller (TDC) information
# tp.doamin_<SID>.pfl
It is a profile which is used to store the transport tool TP parameters.
Changing TP parameters:
# no_impoer_ALL=1 We have “0 / 1” Ideally we use 1.
This parameter prevents mass transportation.
Buffer:
This consists of the entries when ever a change request is exported pointing to quality or
production system. When ever the landscape is established the development objects will
flow in the direction of transport rules. This addressing is documented in this directory.
COFILE: * * * * *
These are control/command files which describes about the changes and R/3 version.
DATAFILE: * * * * *
This consists of data which needs to be imported into the target system.
SAP BASIS 75

76. Parameters
EPS – Electronic Parcel Service.
This is used for applying support patches ( .ATT & .PAT files.)
Log Files: * * * * *
These files give the information about imports.
1. ALOG: gives the information about transport request.
2. SLOG: gives the step by step information of the imports.
3. ULOG: gives the detailed steps of the imports.
SAPNAMES:
This specifies the name of the developers along with the change.
IMP: this is used to view the details about jobs. This is also used to copy the old database
files.
12.4 Configuring STMS:
STMS is used to configure domain controller, system landscapes, establish the route
between systems.
Configuring Domain Controller:
Domain controller manages all the systems which are configured to the domain. As a post
installation activity domain controller has to be configured
1. Log into ‘000’ client with user ID like sap*
2. Go to STMS
3. A pop up box will be prompted to configure domain
4. Domain name will be like
domain_<SID> by default
5. Save
Include systems in domain:
SAP BASIS 76

77. Parameters
If the domain controller is already created we need to include systems in domain.
Including systems in domain comprises of two phases:
Phase I:
a. Log into ‘000’ client with user sap*
b. Go to STMS
c. Popup will be prompted to configure domain
d. Select icon ‘Include systems in domain’.
e. Specify the host name, instance number and domain controller name.
f. Save
g. A request from the system is sent to domain controller to approve
inclusion.
Phase II:
a. Log into the TDC- transport Domain Controller in ‘000’ client
b. Go to Option  System
c. Select ‘Approve’  select ‘Activate & Distribute’.
d. Now domain controller contribution file is uploaded in
/usr/sap/trans/bin.
12.5 Defining Landscape:
In order to define landscape
a. Go to STMS
b. Go to Transport Routes (Shift + F7)
c. Select thee system landscape
d. Specify name of system
e. Specify name if the landscape
f. Save
g. Activate and distribute the configuration across the system in the landscape.
SAP BASIS 77

78. Parameters
13. Support Packages
Also called as support patches
Support packages are used to enhance the functionality or used to bug fixes in the
programs.
Support packages are applied through SPAM
13.1 Types of Support packages:
1. BASIS Support Packages(SAP_BASIS)
It is in the form of:
SAP<kernel version><patch number>
SAPKB62001
2. ABAP Support Packages(SAP_ABAP)
SAPKA62001
3. Application Support Packages(SAP_APPL)
SAPKH47001
4. H.R. Support Packages(SAP_HR)
SAPKE47001
5. Finally Plug-in patches ( also called Add-ons)
Note: BASIS & ABAP support packages follows the WebAS Version, where as APPL &
HR follow the R/3 version.
SAP BASIS 78

79. Parameters
13.2 Applying Support Patches:
1. Go to www.service.sap.com/patches
a. Select support packages and patches
b. Search support packages and patches
c. Entry by application component
d. My application component.
2. Copy the support packages into
/usr/sap/trans/sapmnt/trans
3. Uncar the files using the command
# sapcar –xvf KB62001.car
That is applied if the file is greater than 10 MB
If less than 10MB apply through front-end.
4. Define the sequence of support packages/
5. Apply the support packages through application servers.
6. Define the Queue.
7. Import the Queue.
8. SPDD phase occurs if the data dictionary objects are changed by applying
NOTES. Example: Changing EMPID.
9. SPAU phase occurs if the repository objects are referred in customer programs.
10. Finally prompts to confirm the queue.
11. Confirm the Queue.
SAP BASIS 79

80. Parameters
SAP BASIS 80

81. Parameters
NOTE:
i. If a note is already applied to fix the bug or enhance the program thought ‘snote’,
SPAU phase will trigger whole applying support patches.
ii. If the notes are applied manually by data dictionary changes, SPDD will trigger
for applying support patches.
SAP BASIS 81

82. Parameters
13.3 Pre-requisites:
1. There should be valid backup
2. SPAM/SAINT should be in latest version. There should not be any aborted
package which was applied earlier.
3. There should be at least two background work process available.
4. There should be enough space in EPS directory.
/usr/sap/trans/EPS/IN
5. Always log into the client ‘000” with user Id: DDIC.
6. There should be enough table space below its threshold value
7. Ensure TP is connected to database
R3trans -d
8. Apply support patches in sequence of numbers
9. Apply support patches in sequence of components.
a. BASIS
b. ABAP
c. APPL
d. HR
10. The sequence in applying support patches should be in Development, Quality and
Production.
11. If the support packages is more than 10MB Uncar the file in the application server
and apply through application server.
Apply this file into ‘trans’ directory [copy it].
Uncar the file by using command
# sapcar –xvf <kernelversion no.car>
12. .ATT, .PAT files are occurred into EPS/ IN directory.
SAP BASIS 82

83. Parameters
13.4 Support Packages Errors:
1. TP could not get connected to database.
Resolution:
a. Execute ‘R3trans –d’ which generates Trans Log
b. STMS configuration consistency
c. Check tp profile is readable [ check permission]
d. Check environmental variables
e. tp and R3trans outdated or corrupted.
f. Execute report RTPTEST which will give you the details.
2. Max Extents reached with error ora1631 / 1632
Resolution:
Add extents using SAPDBA tool or SE14.
3. Table Space overflow: with error ora1653/1654.
Resolution
Add data file for the table space by using SAPDBA tool.
4. SPAM/SAINT is outdated
Resolution
Import latest SPAM
5. RDDI* jobs are not scheduled
Resolution
Log into ‘000’ client with user id: DDIC and schedule the report RDDNEWPP.
6. Background job is stagnated with memory issues:
Resolution
Configure the memory parameters
7. Patch sequence is not followed.
SAP BASIS 83

84. Parameters
Difference between support package and plug in:
Support packages provide additional functionality for the existing components, these are
applied through SPAM.
Add-on Installation Tool (Plug-In):
These are additional components which provide functionality like insurance, banking,
etc. other than core objects.
These are applied through SAINT.
13.5 Applying Add-ons:
1. Log into ‘000’ client with user id DDIC
2. Go to SAINT
 Installation Packages
 Load Packages
 Front End
It will be displayed on the screen. Select the package and continue to apply.
3. Plug in request a Password along with Note Number.
4. Go to Market Place and download the Note. www.service.sap.com.note
5. Read the note completely to understand the implication of plug-in as the system.
6. If there is a conflict problem with add-on and current support packages.
CRT (Conflict resolution Transport) which needs to be applied
7. Key the password and continue.
NOTE: We can’t work simultaneously on SPAM / SAINT. Only we have
one support package / Add-on can be applied.
8. Confirm the queue
There are standard core packages
a. PI – Plug-in
b. PI_BASIS plug-in
c. SI_PI (solution Tool Plug In)
d. BI_CONT ( BI_content)
SAP BASIS 84

85. Parameters
Note: For Support Packages the process takes around 30-45 minutes
For Kernel Patches it takes 5-10 minutes.
SAP BASIS 85

86. Parameters
13.6 Kernel Patches
1. Go to SAP market place, download the latest kernel executables
2. Kernel executables are OS and database independent
3. Stop application servers by command # stopsap r3
4. Uncar the downloaded files using # sapcar –xvf
5. The files evaluated are sapexe  OS
sapexe_db<no>.car  database.
6. Create a folder ‘runold’ and copy the existing ‘run’ directory into this newly
created folder.
7. Copy the downloaded files into existing run directory
8. # startsap r3 and check the kernel version.
NOTE:
i. Kernel executables are stored in ‘run’ directory
ii. /usr/sap/sid/sys/exe/run
iii. Kernel version can be checked by command # disp+work
iv. If the system could not start with new kernel executables. Then, go back to with
old kernel executables
v. This process takes around 10 minutes.
vi. Check the kernel version before the process and also after the process, where we
can see the difference in the patch numbers.
# sesu – # sesu –
# sesu –sidadm # sesu –sidadm
# disp+work # Retrans –d
Patch number: 1985 (0000)
(0012)
SAP BASIS 86

87. Parameters
14. Update Mechanism
Update Mechanism: When ever a user wants to update or create a transaction logs into
the system using dialogue process.
1. User logs in to the database.
2. User request is received by the dispatcher and kept in the queue.
3. When ever a free Work Process is available, dispatcher assigned it to the queue.
4. Work Process rolls the user request and the user related information from user
contest to task handler.
5. As the request is related to update, it communicates with Enque process to issue
lock to update the records (Time= 1 ms).
6. If the request is from a dialogue instance, dialogue work process communicates
with Message Server in the central instance. Message Server in turn
communicates with Enque process to issue the lock. The entire process should be
completed with in 100ms.
7. User updates the records in Temporary tables; the temporary tables are VBHDR
(VB Header), VBMOD (VB Module), VBDATA, VBERR.
8. If the transaction is committed the update process will initiate to update the
Database. If the transaction is rolled back nothing is updates in Database.
14.1 Advantages:
1. Database consistency
2. User is not waiting for the status of update in database.
3. User updates i.e.; dialogue updates temporary tables asynchronously.
4. Update process reads data from Temporary tables and updates the database
synchronously.
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88. Parameters
14.2 Types of Update Process:
There are two types of updates: V1 & V2.
V1: Update is time critical update.
Ex: Order Entry, Invoice.
V1 has high priority than V2.
V1 work process are defined by parameter rdisp/wp.no.vb
V1 is also used to handle V2 updates if there is no V1 process defined.
V2 Updates are non critical
Ex: Updating the monitoring information, static information, etc.
We need to define at least 25% of the dialogue work process as update
process, as V2 updates are not critical, defining at least one V2 update per
instance is enough.
V2 update will be defined by the parameter rdisp/wp.no.vb2
14.3 Update Monitoring:
Updates are monitored in transaction SM13.
• Go to SM13
• Select Terminated Updates and execute.
• The update will have following status
o ‘init’ – Update is initialized and waiting for update process.
o ‘auto’ – Updates which are running during a shutdown will have a status
auto after restart.
o ‘run’ - Update is running
o ‘err’ – Update is thrown into error.
o V1 & V2 – Waiting for V1 to update.
SAP BASIS 88

89. Parameters
SAP BASIS 89

90. Parameters
SM14: It is used to identify whether the update is active or inactive.
Update process will be deactivated when there is a problem with update mechanism. It is
better to use this mechanism to avoid inconsistencies in the database.
Set the parameter rdisp/vb_stop.active=1
And also set rdisp/vbmail
So that email notification will be sent in case of deactivation.
When it is deactivated, an error message is logged in SM21. Evaluate the log and resolve
the error before activating the update.
SAP BASIS 90

91. Parameters
14.4 Update Problems:
1. Less number of Work processes is configured.
2. The update queue increases and more updates are in its state.
Resolution: Try to find out the status of the other Background jobs, which are
updating the database. The update is consuming more time to update the database,
the update queue increases. If it is a generic problem try to resolve it. If it is a
regular problem consider increasing update process based on the availability of
resources.
3. Check if the update mechanism is deactivated (SM14).
Go to SM14, check the status of the update mechanism, and if it is deactivated
click the system log in SM21.
NOTE: Update can be deactivated / activated manually in SM14.
4. Programmatic Errors
5. Table space overflow.
SAP BASIS 91

92. Parameters
15. ENQUE
Enque process is used to provide locks in SAP system to obtain the transaction
consistency.
Enque locks are related to only SAP application server.
Enque process is configured by parameter rdisp/wpo.no.enque
Enque process locks and unlocks SAP objects / SAP transactions.
Enque table is stored in the main memory of the central instance.
Enque locks are displayed in SM12.
15.1 Problems with Enque:
1. Transaction could not be updated due to Enque table overflow. If more number of
locks are issued and not released then Enque overflow occurs. Try to consider
increasing the size of Enque table
2. Enque time increases: if the work process from the dialogue instance requests a
lock, Enque time should not be more than 200ms. If it is central instance it should
not be more than 1 ms.
3. Deleting the Locks: user could not get the lock to update the transaction log in
SU01, change user DDIC
User raises a ticket then go to SM12. Identify the transaction which is locked.
Identify the user who has locked the transaction write a mail to him explaining the
urgency of releasing the lock. It is better to advise the business users to write to their
superiors. Try to communicate with the user and get verbal approval to release the
lock. Write a mail to IT manager and the User saying as per the verbal
communication the lock is released.
4. Go to SM12. Select the Lock Argument and release the lock.
SAP BASIS 92

93. Parameters
16. Data Transfer
There are various technologies from SAP transferring data from the legacy system to R/3
system and SAP system to other system.
1. LSMW (Legacy system Migration Workbench)
2. DI (Direct Input Method)
3. Batch input method (SM35) – Recording will be done.
The following are the technologies used to transfer data:
1. ALE (Application Link Enabling).
2. EDI ( Electronic Data Interchange)
3. BAPI (Business Application Programming Interface)
4. RFC (Remote Function Call)
ALE: ALE is used when you want to transfer data between clients in R/3 system
Ex: CUA (Central User Administration), data is transferred among clients.
EDI: It is used to transfer from one R/3 system to other R/3 system or non R/3 system.
Ex: CPIC – Common Programming Interface for Communication.
It is a SAP defined program to transfer data between systems.
BAPI: It is an API to communicate with the systems and to transfer the data. It can be
programmed in VB or JAVA or any other Programming Language.
SAP BASIS 93

94. Parameters
17. Archiving
Archiving is a process of moving data from R/3 system to any other storage area.
This storage area may be
1. Hard Disk
2. Tapes
3. Optical Drives
In order to identify the objects needs to be moved can be found in DB15 based on the
intensity of DB12.
We need to monitor the movement of objects. If needed we may also need to retrieve the
objects. The objects which are retrieved cannot be allowed for updating. These are third
party tools available in market:
1. I-XOX
2. BIW
3. Data Work Bench 2000
In order to achieve an object
1. Go to SARA
a. Select the object to be archived
b. Define the time period.
c. Schedule to WRITE, DELETE, SAVE
2. Go to FILE
a. Define logical path
b. Assign physical path to logical path
SAP BASIS 94

95. Parameters
SAP BASIS 95

96. Parameters
17.1 Reason for Archiving:
1. Database size is growing
2. Database _______________
3. During reorganization the data.
4. Inventories are growing up
17.2 Advantages:
1. Database Response Time will be moderated
2. Tape size will be normal as earlier.
NOTE: ADK – Archive Development Kit, It is used for transferring data to an archive
during data archiving
Archiving: It is a process refers to saving offline redo logs. The storage of incoming and
outgoing documents.
SAP BASIS 96

97. Parameters
18. System Monitoring:
GUI Time
Dispatcher Wait Time
Rollout Time
Rollin Time
Processing Time
Load Time
Database Time
Enque Time
RFC Time
CPU Time
GUI & CPU are not part of response time because GUI is not part of application server.
GUI time is expensive if it goes beyond 200ms
Steps to be taken:
1. Check networking connectivity
2. Check for user desktop resources.
3. The amount of time taken by Work Process to get data from database is called
Database Time.
4. The amount of the time spent to load the program is called Load Time.
5. The amount of time spent by Work Process in CPU is called CPU time.
6. The amount of time requires to get the lock is called Enque Time.
7. The amount of time the user request is spent in queue is called wait time
8. The amount of time taken for rolling to work process is called Roll-on process
time.
9. Time taken to user request to roll out of the work process is called roll out time.
SAP BASIS 97