Hana sql

SAP HANA Database - SQL Reference Manual
SAP HANA Appliance Software SPS 04
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1 2012-05-09

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Table of Content

Table of Content
Table of Content 4
SAP HANA Database - SQL Reference Manual 8
SQL Reference Ma nua l 9
Nota ti on 10
Introducti on 11
SQL 11
Supported Languages and Code Pages 11
Comment 11
Identifiers 11
Single Quotation Mark 11
Double Quotation Mark 11
SQL Reserved Words 12
Da ta Types 13
Classification of Data Types 13
Datetime Types 13
Date Formats 13
Time Formats 14
Timestamp Formats 14
Additional Formats 14
Supported Functions for Date/Time types 15
Numeric Types 15
Character String Types 16
Binary Types 17
Large Object (LOB) Types 17
Mapping between SQL Data Type and Column Store Data Type 18
Data Type Conversion 18
Typed Constant 20
Predi ca tes 22
Comparison Predicates 22
Range Predicate 22
In Predicate 22
Exists Predicate 22
LIKE Predicate 22
NULL Predicate 22
CONTAINS Predicate 23
Opera tors 25
Unary and Binary Operators 25
Operator Precedence 25
Arithmetic Operators 25
String Operators 26
Comparsion Operators 26
Logical Operators 26
Set Operators 26
Expres s i ons 28
Case Expressions 28
Function Expressions 28
Aggregate Expressions 28
Subqueries in Expressions 28
SQL Functi ons 30
Introduction 30
Data Type Conversion Functions 30
CAST 30
TO_ALPHANUM 30
TO_BIGINT 30
TO_BINARY 31
TO_BLOB 31
TO_CHAR 31
TO_CLOB 31
TO_DATE 32
TO_DATS 32

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Table of Content

TO_DECIMAL 32
TO_DOUBLE 33
TO_INT 33
TO_INTEGER 33
TO_NCHAR 33
TO_NCLOB 34
TO_NVARCHAR 34
TO_REAL 34
TO_SECONDDATE 34
TO_SMALLDECIMAL 35
TO_SMALLINT 35
TO_TIME 35
TO_TIMESTAMP 35
TO_TINYINT 36
TO_VARCHAR 36
DateTime Functions 36
ADD_DAYS 36
ADD_MONTHS 37
ADD_SECONDS 37
ADD_YEARS 37
CURRENT_DATE 37
CURRENT_TIME 38
CURRENT_TIMESTAMP 38
CURRENT_UTCDATE 38
CURRENT_UTCTIME 38
CURRENT_UTCTIMESTAMP 39
DAYNAME 39
DAYOFMONTH 39
DAYOFYEAR 39
DAYS_BETWEEN 40
EXTRACT 40
HOUR 40
ISOWEEK 40
LAST_DAY 41
LOCALTOUTC 41
MINUTE 41
MONTH 42
MONTHNAME 42
NEXT_DAY 42
NOW 42
QUARTER 43
SECOND 43
SECONDS_BETWEEN 43
UTCTOLOCAL 43
WEEK 44
WEEKDAY 44
YEAR 44
Number Functions 44
ABS 44
ACOS 45
ASIN 45
ATAN 45
ATAN2 46
BINTOHEX 46
BITAND 46
CEIL 46
COS 47
COSH 47
COT 47
EXP 47
FLOOR 48
GREATEST 48
HEXTOBIN 48
LEAST 48
LN 49
LOG 49
MOD 49
POWER 50
ROUND 50
SIGN 50
SIN 50
SINH 51
SQRT 51
TAN 51
TANH 51
UMINUS 52

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Table of Content

String Functions 52
ASCII 52
CHAR 52
CONCAT 53
LCASE 53
LEFT 53
LENGTH 53
LOCATE 54
LOWER 54
LPAD 54
LTRIM 55
NCHAR 55
REPLACE 55
RIGHT 55
RPAD 56
RTRIM 56
SUBSTR_AFTER 56
SUBSTR_BEFORE 57
SUBSTRING 57
TRIM 57
UCASE 58
UNICODE 58
UPPER 58
Miscellaneous Functions 59
COALESCE 59
CURRENT_CONNECTION 59
CURRENT_SCHEMA 59
CURRENT_USER 59
GROUPING_ID 60
IFNULL 61
MAP 61
NULLIF 62
SESSION_CONTEXT 62
SESSION_USER 63
SYSUUID 63
SQL Sta tements 64
Schema Definition and Manipulation Statements 64
ALTER AUDIT POLICY 64
ALTER FULLTEXT INDEX 65
ALTER INDEX 65
ALTER SEQUENCE 66
ALTER TABLE 67
CREATE AUDIT POLICY 70
CREATE CALCULATION SCENARIO 72
CREATE FULLTEXT INDEX 73
CREATE INDEX 73
CREATE SCHEMA 74
CREATE SEQUENCE 74
CREATE SYNONYM 75
CREATE TABLE 76
CREATE TRIGGER 80
CREATE VIEW 82
DROP AUDIT POLICY 82
DROP CALCULATION SCENARIO 83
DROP FULLTEXT INDEX 83
DROP INDEX 84
DROP SCHEMA 84
DROP SEQUENCE 84
DROP SYNONYM 85
DROP TABLE 85
DROP TRIGGER 86
DROP TYPE 86
DROP VIEW 86
RENAME COLUMN 87
RENAME INDEX 87
RENAME TABLE 87
ALTER TABLE ALTER TYPE 88
TRUNCATE TABLE 88
Data Manipulation Statements 89
DELETE 89
EXPLAIN PLAN 89
INSERT 92
LOAD 93
MERGE DELTA 93
REPLACE | UPSERT 93

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Table of Content

SELECT 94
UNLOAD 101
UPDATE 101
System Management Statements 102
SET SYSTEM LICENSE 102
ALTER SYSTEM ALTER CONFIGURATION 102
ALTER SYSTEM ALTER SESSION SET 103
ALTER SYSTEM CANCEL [WORK IN] SESSION 104
ALTER SYSTEM CLEAR SQL PLAN CACHE 104
ALTER SYSTEM CLEAR TRACES 104
ALTER SYSTEM DELETE ALL HANDLED EVENTS 105
ALTER SYSTEM DELETE HANDLED EVENT 105
ALTER SYSTEM DISCONNECT SESSION 105
ALTER SYSTEM LOGGING 105
ALTER SYSTEM RECLAIM DATAVOLUME 106
ALTER SYSTEM RECLAIM LOG 106
ALTER SYSTEM RECLAIM VERSION SPACE 106
ALTER SYSTEM RECONFIGURE SERVICE 107
ALTER SYSTEM REMOVE TRACES 107
ALTER SYSTEM RESET MONITORING VIEW 107
ALTER SYSTEM SAVE PERFTRACE 107
ALTER SYSTEM SAVEPOINT 108
ALTER SYSTEM SET EVENT HANDLED 108
ALTER SYSTEM START PERFTRACE 108
ALTER SYSTEM STOP PERFTRACE 108
ALTER SYSTEM STOP SERVICE 108
UNSET SYSTEM LICENSE ALL 109
Session Management Statements 109
CONNECT 109
SET HISTORY SESSION 109
SET SCHEMA 110
SET [SESSION] 110
UNSET [SESSION] 110
Transaction Management Statements 111
COMMIT 111
LOCK TABLE 111
ROLLBACK 111
SET TRANSACTION 112
Access Control Statements 112
ALTER SAML PROVIDER 112
ALTER USER 113
CREATE ROLE 115
CREATE SAML PROVIDER 115
CREATE USER 116
DROP ROLE 117
DROP SAML PROVIDER 117
DROP USER 118
GRANT 118
REVOKE 123
Data Import Export Statements 124
EXPORT 124
IMPORT 125
IMPORT FROM 126

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This guide describes SQL language supported by SAP HANA DB.

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SQL Reference Manual

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Notation
This reference use BNF (Backus Naur Form) which is the notation technique used to define programming
languages, to describe SQL. BNF describes the syntax of a grammar using a set of production rules using a set
of symbols.

Symbols used in BNF

Symbol Description
Angl e bra ckets a re us ed to s urround the na me of a s ynta cti c el ement (BNF nontermi na l ) of the SQL
<>
l a ngua ge.
The defi ni ti on opera tor i s us ed to provi de defi ni ti ons of the el ement a ppea red on the l eft s i de of
::=
the opera tor i n a producti on rul e.
Squa re bra ckets a re us ed to i ndi ca te opti ona l el ements i n a formul a . Opti ona l el ements ma y be
[]
s peci fi ed or omi tted.
Bra ces group el ements i n a formul a . Repeti ti ve el ements (zero or more el ements ) ca n be s peci fi ed
{}
wi thi n bra ce s ymbol s .
The a l terna ti ve opera tor i ndi ca tes tha t the porti on of the formul a fol l owi ng the ba r i s a n
|
a l terna ti ve to the porti on precedi ng the ba r.
The el l i ps i s i ndi ca tes tha t the el ement ma y be repea ted a ny number of ti mes . If el l i ps i s a ppea rs
... a fter grouped el ements s peci fyi ng tha t the grouped el ements encl os ed wi th bra ces a re repea ted.
If el l i ps i s a ppea rs a fter a s i ngl e el ement, onl y tha t el ement i s repea ted.
Introduces norma l Engl i s h text. Thi s i s us ed when the defi ni ti on of a s ynta cti c el ement i s not
!!
expres s ed i n BNF.

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Introduction
This chapter describes the SAP HANA Database implementation of Structured Query Language (SQL). It
explains the characteristics of SQL, also how to manage comments and reserve words.

SQL
SQL stands for Structured Query Language. It is a standardized language for communicating with a relational
database. SQL is used to retrieve, store or manipulate information in the database.

SQL statements perform the following tasks:

Schema definition and manipulation
Data manipulation
System management
Session management
Transaction management

Supported Languages and Code Pages

The SAP HANA Database supports Unicode to allow the use of all languages in the Unicode Standard and 7 Bit
ASCII code page without restriction.

Comment

You can add comments to improve readability and maintainability of your SQL statements. Comments are
delimited in SQL statements as follows:

Double hyphens "--". Everything after the double hyphen until the end of a line is considered by the
SQL parser to be a comment
"/*" and "*/". This style of commenting is used to place comments on multiple lines. All text between
the opening "/*" and closing "*/" is ignored by the SQL parser.

Identifiers
Syntax:

<identifier> ::= <simple_identifier> | <double_quotes><special_identifier><double_qu
otes>
<simple_identifier> ::= <letter> [{<letter_or_digit>|<underscore>}, ...]
<double_quotes> ::= "
<special_identifier> ::= any character
<letter> ::= A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P
| Q | R | S
| T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | i
| j | k | l | m
| n | o | p | q | r | s | t | u | v | w | x | y | z
<digit> ::= 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9
<letter_or_digit> ::= <letter> | <digit>
<underscore> ::= _

Identifiers are used to represent names used in SQL statement including table name, view name, synonym
name, column name, index name, function name, procedure name, user name, role name, and so on. There
are two kinds of identifiers; undelimited identifiers and delimited identifiers.

Undelimited table and column names must start with a letter and cannot contain any symbols other
than digits or an underscore "_".
Delimited identifiers are enclosed in the delimiter, double quotes, then the identifier can contain any
character including special characters. For example, "AB$%CD" is a valid identifier name.
Limitations:
"_SYS_" is reserved exclusively for database engine, hence not allowed at the beginning of
schema object names.
Role name and user name must be specified as undelimited identifiers.
Maximum length for the identifiers is 127 characters.

Single Quotation Mark

Single quotation marks are used to delimit string literals and single quotation mark itself can be represented
using two single quotation marks.

Double Quotation Mark

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Double quotation marks are used to delimit identifiers and double quotation mark itself can be represented
using two double quotation marks.

SQL Reserved Words

Reserved words are words which have a special meaning to the SQL parser in the SAP HANA Database that
cannot be used as a user-defined name. Reserved words should not be used in SQL statements for schema
object names. If necessary, you can work around this limitation by delimiting a table or column name with
double quotation marks.

The following table lists all the current and future reserved words for the SAP HANA Database.

ALL ALTER AS BEFORE
BEGIN BOTH CASE CHAR
CONDITION CONNECT CROSS CUBE
CURRENT_CONNECTION CURRENT_DATE CURRENT_SCHEMA CURRENT_TIME
CURRENT_TIMESTAMP CURRENT_USER CURRENT_UTCDATE CURRENT_UTCTIME
CURRENT_UTCTIMESTAMP CURRVAL CURSOR DECLARE
DISTINCT ELSE ELSEIF ELSIF
END EXCEPT EXCEPTION EXEC
FOR FROM FULL GROUP
HAVING IF IN INNER
INOUT INTERSECT INTO IS
JOIN LEADING LEFT LIMIT
LOOP MINUS NATURAL NEXTVAL
NULL ON ORDER OUT
PRIOR RETURN RETURNS REVERSE
RIGHT ROLLUP ROWID SELECT
SET SQL START SYSDATE
SYSTIME SYSTIMESTAMP SYSUUID TOP
TRAILING UNION USING UTCDATE
UTCTIME UTCTIMESTAMP VALUES WHEN
WHERE WHILE WITH
Table 1. Reserved Words

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Data Types
This section describes the data types used in the SAP HANA Database.

Data type specifies the characteristics of a data value. A special value of NULL is included in every data type
to indicate the absence of a value. The following table shows the built-in data types available in the SAP
HANA Database.

Classification of Data Types

In the SAP HANA Database each data type can be classified by its characteristic as follows:

Classification Data Type
Da teti me types DATE, TIME, SECONDDATE, TIMESTAMP
Numeri c types TINYINT, SMALLINT, INTEGER, BIGINT, SMALLDECIMAL, DECIMAL, REAL, DOUBLE
Cha ra cter s tri ng types VARCHAR, NVARCHAR, ALPHANUM, SHORTTEXT
Bi na ry types VARBINARY
La rge Object types BLOB, CLOB, NCLOB, TEXT
Table 2: Classification of data types

Datetime Types

DATE
The DATE data type consists of year, month, and day information to represent a date value. The
default format for the DATE data type is 'YYYY-MM-DD'. YYYY represents the year, MM represents
the month, and DD represents the day. The range of date value is 0001-01-01 through 9999-12-31.

TIME
The TIME data type consists of hour, minute, and second to represent a time value. The default
format for the TIME data type is 'HH24:MI:SS'. HH24 represents the hour from 0 to 24, MI represents
the minute from 0 to 59, SS represents the second from 0 to 59.

SECONDDATE
The SECONDDATE data type consists of year, month, day, hour, minute and second information to
represent a date with time value. The default format for the SECONDDATE data type is 'YYYY-MM-DD
HH24:MI:SS'. YYYY represents the year, MM represents the month, DD represents the day, HH24
represents hour, MI represents minute, and SS represents seconds. The range of date value is 0001-
01-01 00:00:01 through 9999-12-31 24:00:00.

TIMESTAMP
The TIMESTAMP data type consists of date and time information. Its default format is 'YYYY-MM-DD
HH24:MI:SS.FF7'. FFn represents the fractional seconds where n indicates the number of digits in
fractional part. . The range of the timestamp value is 0001-01-01 00:00:00.0000000 through 9999-12-
31 23:59:59.9999999.

For details on supported formats for datetime types, refer to Table 4, Table 5, Table 6 and Table 7 below.

Date Formats

The following date/time formats can be used when parsing a string into a date/time type and converting a
date/time type value into a string value. Please note that format for Timestamp is the combination of Date
and Time with the additional support for fractional seconds.

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Format Description Examples
YYYY-MM-DD Defa ul t forma t INSERT INTO TBL VALUES ('1957-06-13');
YYYY from 0001 to 9999, MM from 1 to 12,
DD from 1 to 31. If yea r ha s l es s tha n four
di gi ts , month ha s l es s tha n two di gi ts , or
INSERT INTO TBL VALUES ('1957-06-13');
YYYY/MM/DD da y ha s l es s tha n two di gi ts , then va l ues
INSERT INTO TBL VALUES ('1957/06/13');
YYYY/MM-DD wi l l be pa dded by one or more zeros . For
INSERT INTO TBL VALUES ('1957/06-13');
YYYY-MM/DD exa mpl e, a two di gi t yea r 45 wi l l be s a ved
INSERT INTO TBL VALUES ('1957-06/13');
a s yea r 0045, a one di gi t month 9 wi l l be
s a ved a s 09, a nd a one di gi t da y 2 wi l l be
s a ved a s 02.
YYYYMMDD ABAP Da ta Type, DATS forma t. INSERT INTO TBL VALUES ('19570613');
INSERT INTO TBL VALUES (TO_DATE('2040-
Ja n-10', 'YYYY-MON-DD'));
MON Abbrevi a ted na me of month. (JAN. ~ DEC.)
INSERT INTO TBL VALUES (TO_DATE('Ja n-
10', 'MON-DD'));
Ja nua ry-10', 'YYYY-MONTH-DD'));
MONTH Na me of month. (JANUARY - DECEMBER).
INSERT INTO TBL VALUES
(TO_DATE('Ja nua ry-10', 'MONTH-DD'));
INSERT INTO TBL VALUES (TO_DATE('2040-I-
10', 'YYYY-RM-DD'));
RM Roma n numera l month (I-XII; JAN = I).
INSERT INTO TBL VALUES (TO_DATE('I-10',
'RM-DD'));
INSERT INTO TBL VALUES (TO_DATE('204',
'DDD'));
DDD Da y of yea r (1-366).
204','YYYY-DDD'));
Table 4: Supported formats for Date

Time Formats

HH24:MI:SS Defa ul t forma t
HH from 0 to 23. MI from 0 to 59. SS from 0
to 59. FFF from 0 to 999.
If one di gi t hour, mi nute, s econd i s
s peci fi ed, then 0 wi l l be i ns erted i nto INSERT INTO TBL VALUES ('23:59:59');
HH:MI[:SS][AM|PM] the va l ue. For exa mpl e, 9:9:9 wi l l be INSERT INTO TBL VALUES ('3:47:39 AM');
HH12:MI[:SS][AM|PM] s a ved a s 09:09:09. INSERT INTO TBL VALUES ('9:9:9 AM');
HH24:MI[:SS] HH12 i ndi ca tes 12 hour cl ock a nd HH24 INSERT INTO TBL VALUES
i ndi ca tes 24 hour cl ock. (TO_TIME('11:59:59','HH12:MI:SS');
AM or PM ca n be s peci fi ed a s a s uffi x to
i ndi ca te the ti me va l ue i s before or a fter
noon.
INSERT INTO TBL VALUES (TO_TIME('12345',
SSSSS Seconds pa s t mi dni ght (0-86399).
'SSSSS'));
Table 5: Supported formats for Time

Timestamp Formats

YYYY-MM-DD
Defa ul t forma t
HH24:MI:SS.FF7
Fra cti ona l s econds ha s the ra nge 1 to 7
a fter the FF pa ra meter to s peci fy the
INSERT INTO TBL VALUES
number of di gi ts i n the fra cti ona l s econd
FF [1..7] (TO_TIMESTAMP('2011-05-11
porti on of the da te ti me va l ue returned. If
12:59.999','YYYY-MM-DD HH:SS.FF3'));
a di gi t i s not s peci fi ed, the defa ul t va l ue
i s us ed.
Table 6: Supported formats for Timestamp

Additional Formats

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Format Description Example
D Da y of week (1-7). TO_CHAR(CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,'D')
DAY Na me of da y (MONDAY - SUNDAY). TO_CHAR(CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,'DAY')
DY Abbrevi a ted na me of da y (MON - SUN). TO_CHAR(CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,'DY')
MON Abbrevi a ted month na me (JAN - DEC) TO_CHAR(CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,'MON')
MONTH Ful l month na me (JANUARY - DECEMBER) TO_CHAR(CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,'MONTH')
Roma n numera l month (I - XII; I i s for
RM TO_CHAR(CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,'RM')
Ja nua ry)
Q Qua rter of yea r (1, 2, 3, 4) TO_CHAR(CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,'Q')
W Week of month (1-5). TO_CHAR(CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,'W')
WW Week of yea r (1-53). TO_CHAR(CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,'WW')
Table 7: Additional formats for Datetime

Supported Functions for Date/Time types

ADD_DAYS
ADD_MONTHS
ADD_SECONDS
ADD_YEARS
COALESCE
CURRENT_DATE
CURRENT_TIME
CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
CURRENT_UTCDATE
CURRENT_UTCTIME
CURRENT_UTCTIMESTAMP
DAYNAME
DAYOFMONTH
DAYOFYEAR
DAYS_BETWEEN
EXTRACT
GREATEST
GREATEST
HOUR
IFNULL
ISOWEEK
LAST_DAY
LEAST
LOCALTOUTC
MINUTE
MONTH
MONTHNAME
NEXT_DAY
NULLIF
QUARTER
SECOND
SECONDS_BETWEEN
TO_CHAR
TO_DATE
TO_DATS
TO_NCHAR
TO_TIME
TO_TIMESTAMP
UTCTOLOCAL
WEEK
WEEKDAY
YEAR

Numeric Types
TINYINT
The TINYINT data type stores an 8-bit unsigned integer. The minimum value is 0 and the maximum
value is 255 for TINYINT.

SMALLINT
The SMALLINT data type stores a 16-bit signed integer. The minimum value is -32,768 and the
maximum value is 32,767 for SMALLINT.

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INTEGER
The INTEGER data type stores a 32-bit signed integer. The minimum value is -2,147,483,648 and the
maximum value is 2,147,483,647 for INTEGER.

BIGINT
The BIGINT data type stores a 64-bit signed integer. The minimum value is -
9,223,372,036,854,775,808 and the maximum value is 9,223,372,036,854,775,807 for BIGINT.

DECIMAL(precision, scale) or DEC(p,s)
The DECIMAL(p, s) data type specifies a fixed-point decimal number with precision p and scale s. The
precision is the total number of significant digits and can range from 1 to 34.

The scale is the number of digits from the decimal point to the least significant digit and can range
from -6,111 to 6,176, which means scale specifies the range of the exponent in the decimal number
from 10-6111 to 106176. If scale is not specified, it defaults to 0. Scale is positive when the number has
significant digits to the right of the decimal point and negative when the number has significant digits
to the left of the decimal point.

Examples: 0.0000001234 (1234 x 10-10) has the precision 4 and the scale 10. 1.0000001234
(10000001234 x 10-10) has the precision 11 and scale 10. 1234000000 (1234x106) has the precision 4
and scale -6.

When precision and scale are not specified, DECIMAL becomes a floating-point decimal number. In
this case, precision and scale can vary within the range described above, 1~34 for precision and -
6,111~6,176 for scale depending on the stored value.

SMALLDECIMAL
The SMALLDECIMAL is a floating-point decimal number. The precision and scale can vary within the
range, 1~16 for precision and -369~368 for scale depending on the stored value. SMALLDECIMAL is
supported only on column store.

DECIMAL and SMALLDECIMAL are floating-point types. For instance, a decimal column can store any
of 3.14, 3.1415, 3.141592 whilst maintaining their precision.

DECIMAL(p, s) is the SQL standard notation for fixed-point decimal. For instance, 3.14, 3.1415,
3.141592 are stored in a decimal(5, 4) column as 3.1400, 3.1415, 3.1416, respectively keeping the
specified precision(5) and scale(4).

REAL
The REAL data type specifies a single-precision 32-bit floating-point number.

DOUBLE
The DOUBLE data type specifies a single-precision 64-bit floating-point number. The minimum value is
-1.79769 x 10308 and the maximum value is 1.79769x10308 . The smallest positive DOUBLE value is
2.2207x10-308 and the largest negative DOUBLE value is -2.2207x10-308.

FLOAT(n)
The FLOAT(n) data type specifies a 32-bit or 64-bit real number, where n specifies the number of
significant bits and can range between 1 and 53.

When you use the FLOAT(n) data type, if n is smaller than 25, it becomes a 32-bit REAL data type. If n
is greater than or equal to 25, it then becomes a 64-bit DOUBLE data type. If n is not declared, it
becomes a 64-bit double data type by default.

Character String Types

The character string data types are used to store values that contain character strings. While VARCHAR data
types contain ASCII character strings, NVARCHAR are used for storing Unicode character strings.

VARCHAR
The VARCHAR(n) data type specifies a variable-length ASCII character string, where n indicates the
maximum length and is an integer between 1 and 5000.

NVARCHAR
The NVARCHAR(n) data type specifies a variable-length Unicode character set string, where n
indicates the maximum length and is an integer between 1 and 5000.

ALPHANUM
The ALPHANUM(n) data type specifies a variable-length character string which contains alpha-
numeric characters, where n indicates the maximum length and is an integer between 1 and 127.

SHORTTEXT
The SHORTTEXT(n) data type specifies veriable-length character string which supports textsearch-

16 2012-05-09


features and stringsearch-features. This is not a standalone sql-type. Selecting a SHORTTEXT(n)-
column yields a column of type NVARCHAR(n).

<shorttext_type> ::= SHORTTEXT '(' int_const ')' <elem_list_shorttext>

<elem_list_shorttext> ::= <elem_shorttext> [... ',' <elem_shorttext>]

<elem_shorttext> ::= <fulltext_elem> | SYNC[HRONOUS]

Binary Types

Binary types are used to store bytes of binary data.

VARBINARY
The VARBINARY(n) data type is used to store binary data of a specified maximum length in bytes,
where n indicates the maximum length and is an integer between 1 and 5000.

Large Object (LOB) Types
LOB (large objects) data types, CLOB, NCLOB and BLOB, are used to store a large amount of data such as text
documents and images. The maximum size of an LOB is 2 GB.

BLOB
The BLOB data type is used to store large binary data.

CLOB
The CLOB data type is used to store large ASCII character data.

NCLOB
The NCLOB data type is used to store a large Unicode character object.

TEXT
The TEXT data type specifies which supports textsearch-features. This is not a standalone sql-type.
Selecting a TEXT-column yields a column of type NCLOB.

<text_type> ::= TEXT <opt_fulltext_elem_list_text>

<opt_fulltext_elem_list_text> ::=
<fulltext_elem_text> [... ',' <fulltext_elem_text>]

<fulltext_elem_text> ::= <fulltext_elem>
| [SYNC[HRONOUS]
| [ASYNC[HRONOUS] FLUSH [QUEUE]
EVERY <n> MINUTES [[OR] AFTER <m> DOCUMENTS] ]

Syntax-rules common to TEXT and SHORTTEXT

<fulltext_elem> ::= LANGUAGE COLUMN <column_name>
| LANGUAGE DETECTION '(' <str_const_list> ')'
| MIME TYPE COLUMN <column_name>
| FUZZY SEARCH INDEX [ON|OFF]
| PHRASE INDEX RATIO [ON|OFF]
| CONFIGURATION <str_const>
| SEARCH ONLY [ON|OFF]
| FAST PREPROCESS [ON|OFF]

LOB types are provided for storing and retrieving such large data. LOB types support the following
operations.

The length() function returns the LOB length in bytes.
LIKE can be used to search LOB columns.

The LOB types have the following restrictions:

LOB columns cannot appear in ORDER BY or GROUP BY clauses.
LOB columns cannot appear in FROM clauses as a join predicate.
LOB columns cannot appear in WHERE clauses as a predicate except LIKE, CONTAINS, =, or <>.
LOB columns cannot appear in SELECT clauses as an aggregate function argument.
LOB columns cannot appear in SELECT DISTINCT clauses.
LOB columns cannot be used in set operations such as EXCEPT. UNION ALL is an exception.
LOB columns cannot be used as a primary key.
LOB columns cannot be used in CREATE INDEX statements.
LOB columns cannot be used in statistics update statements.

17 2012-05-09


Mapping between SQL Data Type and Column Store Data Type

SQL Type Column Store Type
Integer Types TINYINT, SMALLINT, INT CS_INT
BIGINT CS_FIXED(18,0)
Approxi ma te Types REAL CS_FLOAT
DOUBLE CS_DOUBLE
FLOAT CS_DOUBLE
FLOAT(p) CS_FLOAT, CS_DOUBLE
Deci ma l Types DECIMAL CS_DECIMAL_FLOAT
DECIMAL(p,s ) CS_FIXED(p-s ,s )
SMALLDECIMAL CS_SDFLOAT
Cha ra cter Types VARCHAR CS_STRING,CS_ALPHANUM,CS_UNITDECFLOAT,CS_DATE,CS_TIME
NVARCHAR CS_STRING,CS_ALPHANUM,CS_UNITDECFLOAT
CLOB, NCLOB CS_STRING
ALPHANUM CS_ALPHANUM
Bi na ry Types BLOB CS_RAW
VARBINARY CS_RAW
Da te/Ti me Types DATE CS_DAYDATE,CS_DATE
TIME CS_SECONDTIME,CS_TIME
TIMESTAMP CS_LONGDATE,CS_DATE,CS_SECONDDATE
SECONDDATE CS_SECONDDATE

Data Type Conversion
This section describes the data type conversion allowed in SAP HANA Database.

Explicit type conversion

The type of an expression result, for example a field reference, a function on fields, or literals can be
converted using the following functions: CAST, TO_ALPHANUM, TO_BIGINT, TO_VARBINARY,
TO_BLOB, TO_CLOB, TO_DATE, TO_DATS, TO_DECIMAL, TO_DOUBLE, TO_INTEGER, TO_INT,
TO_NCLOB, TO_NVARCHAR, TO_REAL, TO_SECONDDATE, TO_SMALLINT, TO_TINYINT, TO_TIME,
TO_TIMESTAMP, TO_VARCHAR.

Implicit type conversion

When a given set of operand/argument types does not match what an operator/function expects, a
type conversion is carried out by the SAP HANA Database. This conversion only occurs if a relevant
conversion is available and if it makes the operation/function executable. For instance, a comparison
of BIGINT and VARCHAR is performed by implicitly converting VARCHAR to BIGINT. The entire explicit
conversions can be used for implicit conversion except for the TIME and TIMESTAMP data types. TIME
and TIMESTAMP can be converted to each other using TO_TIME(TIMESTAMP) and
TO_TIMESTAMP(TIME).

Examples

Input Expression Transformed Expression with Implicit Conversion
BIGINT > VARCHAR BIGINT > BIGINT(VARCHAR)
BIGINT > DECIMAL DECIMAL(BIGINT) > DECIMAL
TIMESTAMP > DATE TIMESTAMP > TIMESTAMP(DATE)
DATE > TIME Error beca us e there i s no convers i on a va i l a bl e between DATE a nd TIME
Table 8: Implicit Type conversion Examples

In the tables below,

Boxes with "OK" means data type conversions are allowed without any checks.
Boxes with "CHK" means the data type can be converted if the data is valid for the target type.
Boxes with "-" indicates that data type conversion is not allowed.

The rules shown are applicable to both implicit and explicit conversion except for Time to Timestamp
conversion. Only explicit conversions are allowed for converting the Time data type to Timestamp using the
TO_TIMESTAMP or CAST functions.

18 2012-05-09


smalldecimal
decimal(p,s)
Target/

nvarchar
smallint

decimal

varchar
double
integer
tinyint

Source

bigint

real
tinyint - OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK

smallint CHK - OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK

integer CHK CHK - OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK

bigint CHK CHK CHK - OK CHK CHK CHK OK OK OK

decimal CHK CHK CHK CHK - CHK CHK CHK OK OK OK

decimal(p,s) CHK CHK CHK CHK CHK CHK CHK CHK CHK CHK OK

smalldecimal CHK CHK CHK CHK OK CHK - CHK CHK OK OK

real CHK CHK CHK CHK OK CHK CHK - OK OK OK

double CHK CHK CHK CHK CHK CHK CHK CHK - OK OK

varchar CHK CHK CHK CHK CHK CHK CHK CHK CHK - OK

nvarchar CHK CHK CHK CHK CHK CHK CHK CHK CHK CHK -
Table 9a: Data type conversion table

Target/
time date seconddate timestamp varchar nvarchar
Source
time - - - - OK OK

date - - OK OK OK OK

seconddate ti me da te - ti mes ta mp OK OK

timestamp ti me da te s econdda te - OK OK

varchar CHK CHK CHK CHK - OK

nvarchar CHK CHK CHK CHK CHK -
Table 9b: Data type conversion table

Target/
varbinary alphanum varchar nvarchar
Source
varbinary - - - -

alphanum - - OK OK

varchar OK OK - OK

nvarchar OK OK CHK -
Table 9c: Data type conversion table

Data Type Precedence

This section describes the data type precedence implemented by the SAP HANA Database. Data type
precedence specifies that the data type with lower precedence is converted to the data type with higher
precedence.

19 2012-05-09


Highest TIMESTAMP

SECONDDATE
DATE
TIME
DOUBLE
REAL
DECIMAL
SMALLDECIMAL
BIGINT
INTEGER
SMALLINT
TINYINT
NCLOB
NVARCHAR
CLOB
VARCHAR
BLOB
Lowest VARBINARY

Typed Constant
A constant is a symbol that represents a specific fixed data value.

Character string contant
A character string constant is enclosed in single quotation marks.

'Brian'
'100'

Unicode string has a similar format to character string but is preceded by an N identifier (N stands for
National Language in the SQL-92 standard). The N prefix must be uppercase.

N'abc'

SELECT 'Brian' "character string 1", '100' "character string 2", N'abc' "unicode st
ring" FROM DUMMY;

character string 1, character string 2, unicode string
Brian, 100, abc

Number constant
A number constant is represented by a string of numbers that are not enclosed in quotation marks.
Numbers may contain a decimal point or scientific notation.

123
123.4
1.234e2

A hexadecimal number constant is a string of hexadecimal numbers and has the prefix 0x.

0x0abc

SELECT 123 "integer", 123.4 "decimal1", 1.234e2 "decimal2", 0x0abc "hexadecimal" FR
OM DUMMY;

integer, decimal1, decimal2, hexadecimal
123, 123.4, 123.4, 2748

Binary string constant
A binary string has the prefix X and is a string of hexadecimal numbers that are enclosed in quotation
marks.

X'00abcd'
x'dcba00'

SELECT X'00abcd' "binary string 1", x'dcba00' "binary string 2" FROM DUMMY;

binary string 1, binary string 2

20 2012-05-09


00ABCD, DCBA00

Date/Time/Timestamp constant
Date, Time and Timestamp each have the following prefixes.

date'2010-01-01'
time'11:00:00.001'
timestamp'2011-12-31 23:59:59'

SELECT date'2010-01-01' "date", time'11:00:00.001' "time", timestamp'2011-12-31 23:
59:59' "timestamp" FROM DUMMY;

date, time, timestamp
2010-01-01, 11:00:00, 2011-12-31 23:59:59.0

21 2012-05-09


Predicates
A predicate is specified by combining one or more expressions, or logical operators, and returns one of the
following logical/truth values: TRUE, FALSE, or UNKNOWN.

Comparison Predicates
Two values are compared using comparison predicates and the comparison returns true, false, or unknown.

Syntax:

<comparison_predicate> ::=
<expression> { = | != | <> | > | < | >= | <= } [ ANY | SOME| ALL ] { <expression_li
st> | <subquery> }
<expression_list> ::= <expression>, ...

Expressions can be a simple expression such as a character, date, or number. An expression can also be a
scalar subquery.

ANY, SOME - When ANY or SOME are specified, the comparison returns true if at least one value returned by
the subquery or expression_list is true. ALL - When ALL is specified, the comparison returns true if the
comparison of all values returned by the subquery or expression_list is true.

Range Predicate

A value is compared with a list of values within the provided range.

Syntax:

<range_predicate> ::= <expression1> [NOT] BETWEEN <expression2> AND <expression3>

BETWEEN ... AND ... - When a range predicate is used, it returns true if expression1 is within the range
specified by expression2 and expression3. True will only be returned if expression2 has a lesser value than
expression3.

In Predicate
A value is compared with a specified set of values. True will be returned if the value of expression1 is found in
the expression_list (or subquery).

Syntax:

<in_predicate> ::= <expression> [NOT] IN { <expression_list> | <subquery> }

Exists Predicate

Returns true if the subquery returns a result set that is not empty and returns false if the subquery returns an
empty result set.

Syntax:

<exists_predicate> ::= [NOT] EXISTS ( <subquery> )

LIKE Predicate
The LIKE predicate is used for string comparisons. Expression1 is tested for a pattern contained in
expression2. Wildcard characters ( % ) and ( _ ) may be used in the comparison string expression2. LIKE
returns true if the pattern specified by expression2 is found.

The percentage sign (%) matches zero or more characters and underscore (_) matches exactly one
character. To match a percent sign or underscore in the LIKE predicate, an escape character must be used.

Using the optional argument, ESCAPE expression3, you can specify the escape character that will be used
allowing the underscore (_) or percentage sign (%) to be matched.

Syntax:

<like_predicate> ::= <expression1> [NOT] LIKE <expression2> [ESCAPE <expression3>]

NULL Predicate

22 2012-05-09


When the IS NULL predicate is specified, a value can be compared with NULL. IS NULL returns true if the
expression value is NULL. If the IS NOT NULL predicate is specified, it returns true if a value is not NULL.

Syntax:

<null_predicate> ::= <expression> IS [NOT] NULL

CONTAINS Predicate

The CONTAINS predicate is used to search for text-matches to a search string in subqueries.

Syntax:

<contains_function> ::= CONTAINS '(' <contains_columns> ',' <search_string>')'
| CONTAINS '(' <contains_columns> ',' <search_string> ',' <se
arch_specifier> ')'

<contains_columns> ::= '*' | <column_name> | '(' <columnlist> ')'

<search_string> ::= <string_const>

<search_specifier> ::= <search_type> <opt_search_specifier2_list>
| <search_specifier2_list>

<opt_search_specifier2_list> ::= empty
| <search_specifier2_list>

<search_type> ::= <exact_search> | <fuzzy_search> | <linguistic_search>

<search_specifier2_list> ::= <search_specifier2>
| <search_specifier2_list> ',' <search_specifier2>

<search_specifier2> := <weights> | <language>

<exact_search> ::= EXACT

<fuzzy_search> ::= FUZZY
| FUZZY '(' <float_const> ')'
| FUZZY '(' <float_const> ',' <additional_params> ')'

<linguistic_search> ::= LINGUISTIC

<weights> ::= WEIGHT '(' <float_const_list> ')'

<language> :: LANGUAGE '(' <string_const> ')'

<additional_params> ::= <string_const>

search_string
The freestyle-search-string format is used (eg. Peter "Palo Alto" OR Berlin -"SAP LABS" )

search_specifier
If the search_specifier clause is not specified EXACT is taken as default

EXACT
EXACT returns true for those records where exact matches of the searchterms are found in the search-
attributes

FUZZY
FUZZY returns true for those records where words similar to the searchterms are found in the search-
attributes (e.g. spelling errors will be ignored to a certain extent)

float_const
If float_const is omitted, then 0.8 is the default. This default can be overridden by defining parameter
FUZZINESSTHRESHOLD supported by columnstore join-views

WEIGHT
If a weights list is specified, it must be the same size as the number of (expanded) columns in
<contains_columns>

LANGUAGE

23 2012-05-09


LANGUAGE is used during preprocessing of the search string and as a pre-search filter. Only documents which
match the search string and the language specified are returned.

LINGUISTIC
LINGUISTIC returns true for those records where word-variants of the searchterms are found in the search-
attributes (e.g. searching for 'cats' will also return records which contain 'cat')

Limitations: If there are multiple CONTAINS predicates specified in the where clause of a select statement,
then only one of the predicates may consist of more than one column in the <contains_columns> list

The CONTAINS-predicate works only on column store tables (simple tables and join-views)

Examples:

Exact search

select * from T where contains(column1, 'dog OR cat') -- EXACT is implicit select
* from T where contains(column1, 'dog OR cat', EXACT)
select * from T where contains(column1, '"cats and dogs"') -- phrase search

Fuzzy search

select * from T where contains(column1, 'catz', FUZZY(0.8))

Linguistic search:

select * from T where contains(column1, 'catz', LINGUISTIC)

Freestyle search:
The freestyle-search is a search mulitple columns.

select * from T where CONTAINS( (column1,column2,column3), 'cats OR dogz', FUZZY(0.
7))
select * from T where CONTAINS( (column1,column2,column3), 'cats OR dogz', FUZZY(0.
7))

24 2012-05-09


Operators
You can perform arithmetic operations in expressions by using operators. Operators can be used for
calculation, value comparison or to assign values.

Unary and Binary Operators

Operator Operation Format Description
una ry pl us
opera tor(+)

una ry nega ti on
A una ry opera tor a ppl i es to one opera nd or a
Una ry opera tor opera nd opera tor(-)
s i ngl e va l ue expres s i on.
l ogi ca l
nega ti on(NOT)

mul ti pl i ca ti ve
opera tors ( *, / )

a ddi ti ve opera tors (
+,- )
Bi na ry A bi na ry opera tor a ppl i es to two opera nds opera nd1 opera tor
Bi na ry compa ri s on
or two va l ue expres s i ons . opera nd2
opera tors
( =,!=,<,>,<=,>=)

l ogi ca l opera tors (
AND, OR )

Table 10. Unary and binary operators

Operator Precedence

An expression can use several operators. If the number of operators is greater than one then the SAP HANA
Database will evaluate them in order of operator precedence. You can change the order of evaluation by
using parentheses, as expressions contained within parentheses are always evaluated first.

If parentheses are not used, the operators have the precedence indicated by the table below. Please note,
the SAP HANA Database will evaluate operators with equal precedence from left to right within an
expression.

Precedence Operator Operation
Hi ghes t () pa renthes es
+, - una ry pos i ti ve a nd nega ti ve opera ti on
*, / mul ti pl i ca ti on, di vi s i on
+, - a ddi ti on, s ubtra cti on
|| conca tena ti on
=, !=, <, >, <=, >=, IS NULL, LIKE, BETWEEN compa rs i on
NOT l ogi ca l nega ti on
AND conjuncti on
Lowes t OR di s juncti on
Table 11. SQL operator precedence

Arithmetic Operators
You use arithmetic operators to perform mathematical operations such as adding, subtracting, multiplying,
dividing and negation of numeric values.

25 2012-05-09


Operator Description
-<expres s i on> Nega ti on. If the expres s i on i s the NULL va l ue, the res ul t i s NULL.
<expres s i on> +
Addi ti on. If ei ther expres s i on i s the NULL va l ue, the res ul t i s NULL.
<expres s i on>
<expres s i on> -
Subtra cti on. If ei ther expres s i on i s the NULL va l ue, the res ul t i s NULL.
<expres s i on>
<expres s i on> *
Mul ti pl i ca ti on. If ei ther expres s i on i s NULL, the res ul t i s NULL.
<expres s i on>
<expres s i on> / Di vi s i on. If ei ther expres s i on i s NULL, or i f the s econd expres s i on i s 0, a n error i s
<expres s i on> returned.
Table 12. Arithmetic operators

String Operators

A concatenation operator combines two items such as strings, expressions or constants into one.

Operator Description
Stri ng conca tena ti on (two verti ca l ba rs ).
<expres s i on> || <expres s i on>
If ei ther s tri ng i s NULL, i t returns NULL.
Table 13. Concatenation operators

For VARCHAR or NVARCHAR type strings, leading or trailing spaces are kept. If either string is of data type
NVARCHAR, the result has data type NVARCHAR and is limited to 5000 characters. The maximum length for
VARCHAR concatenation is also limited to 5000 characters.

Comparsion Operators

Syntax:

<comparison_operation> ::= <expression1> <comparison_operator> <expression2>

Operator Description Example
= Equa l to SELECT * FROM s tudents WHERE i d = 25;
> Grea ter tha n SELECT * FROM s tudents WHERE i d > 25;
< Les s tha n SELECT * FROM s tudents WHERE i d < 25;
>= Grea ter tha n or equa l to SELECT * FROM s tudents WHERE i d >= 25;
<= Les s tha n or equa l to SELECT * FROM s tudents WHERE i d <= 25;
SELECT * FROM s tudents WHERE i d != 25;
!=, <> Not equa l
SELECT * FROM s tudents WHERE i d <> 25;
Table 14. Comparison operators

Logical Operators
Search conditions can be combined using AND or OR operators. You can also negate them using the NOT
operator.

Operator Syntax Description
WHERE
condi ti on1 When us i ng AND, the combi ned condi ti on i s TRUE i f both condi ti ons a re TRUE,
AND
AND FALSE i f ei ther condi ti on i s FALSE, a nd UNKNOWN otherwi s e.
condi ti on2
WHERE
condi ti on1 When us i ng OR, the combi ned condi ti on i s TRUE i f ei ther condi ti on i s TRUE,
OR
OR FALSE i f both condi ti ons a re FALSE, a nd UNKNOWN otherwi s e.
condi ti on2
The NOT opera tor i s pl a ced before a condi ti on to nega te the condi ti on. The NOT
WHERE NOT
NOT condi ti on i s TRUE i f condi ti on i s FALSE, FALSE i f condi ti on i s TRUE, a nd UNKNOWN
condi ti on
i f condi ti on i s UNKNOWN.
Table 15. Logical operators

Set Operators
The operators described in this section perform set operations on the results of two or more queries.

26 2012-05-09


Operator Returned Value
UNION Combi nes the res ul ts of two or more s el ect s ta tements or query expres s i ons
UNION Combi nes the res ul ts of two or more s el ect s ta tements or query expres s i ons , i ncl udi ng a l l
ALL dupl i ca te rows .
Combi nes the res ul ts of two or more s el ect s ta tements or query expres s i ons , a nd returns a l l
INTERSECT
common rows .
EXCEPT Ta kes output from the fi rs t query a nd then removes rows s el ected by the s econd query.
Table 16. Set operators

27 2012-05-09


Expressions
An expression is a clause that can be evaluated to return values.

Syntax:

<expression> ::=
<case_expression>
| <function_expression>
| <aggregate_expression>
| (<expression> )
| ( <subquery> )
| - <expression>
| <expression> <operator> <expression>
| <variable_name>
| <constant>
| [<correlation_name>.]<column_name>

Case Expressions

A case expression allows the user to use IF ... THEN ... ELSE logic without using procedures in SQL statements.

Syntax:

<case_expression> ::=
CASE <expression>
WHEN <expression> THEN <expression>, ...
[ ELSE <expression>]
{ END | END CASE }

If the expression following the CASE statement is equal to the expression following the WHEN statement,
then the expression following the THEN statement is returned. Otherwise the expression following the ELSE
statement is returned if it exists.

Function Expressions

SQL built-in functions can be used as an expression.

Syntax:

<function_expression> ::= <function_name> ( <expression>, ... )

Aggregate Expressions

An aggregate expression uses an aggregate function to calculate a single value from the values of multiple
rows in a column.

Syntax:

<aggregate_expression> ::= COUNT(*) | <agg_name> ( [ ALL | DISTINCT ] <expression>
)
<agg_name> ::= COUNT | MIN | MAX | SUM | AVG | STDDEV | VAR

Aggregate
Description
name
Counts the number of rows returned by a query. COUNT(*) returns the number of rows , rega rdl es s
COUNT of the va l ue of thos e rows a nd i ncl udi ng dupl i ca te va l ues . COUNT(<expres s i on>) returns the
number of non-NULL va l ues for tha t expres s i on returned by the query.
MIN Returns the mi ni mum va l ue of expres s i on.
MAX Returns the ma xi mum va l ue of expres s i on.
SUM Returns the s um of expres s i on.
AVG Returns the a ri thmeti ca l mea n of expres s i on.
STDDEV Returns the s ta nda rd devi a ti on of gi ven expres s i on a s the s qua re root of VARIANCE functi on.
VAR Returns the va ri a nce of expres s i on a s the s qua re of s ta nda rd devi a ti on.

Subqueries in Expressions

28 2012-05-09


A subquery is a SELECT statement enclosed in parentheses. The SELECT statement can contain one and only
one select list item. When used as an expression a scalar subquery is allowed to return only zero or one value.

Syntax:

<scalar_subquery_expression> ::= (<subquery>)

Within the SELECT list of the top level SELECT, or in the SET clause of an UPDATE statement, you can use a
scalar subquery anywhere that you can use a column name. However, scalar_subquery cannot be used inside
GROUP BY clause.

Example:

For example, the following statement returns the number of employees in each department, grouped by
department name:

SELECT DepartmentName, COUNT(*), 'out of',
(SELECT COUNT(*) FROM Employees)
FROM Departments AS D, Employees AS E
WHERE D.DepartmentID = E.DepartmentID
GROUP BY DepartmentName;

29 2012-05-09


SQL Functions
Introduction
This chapter describes SQL Functions that are provided by SAP HANA Database.

Data Type Conversion Functions
DateTime Functions
Number Functions
String Functions
Miscellaneous Functions

Data Type Conversion Functions

Data type conversion functions are used to convert arguments from one data type to another, or to test
whether a conversion is possible.

CAST

Syntax

CAST (expression AS data_type)

Syntax Elements

expression - The expression to be converted. data type - The target data type. TINYINT | SMALLINT |
INTEGER | BIGINT | DECIMAL | SMALLDECIMAL | REAL | DOUBLE | ALPHANUM | VARCHAR | NVARCHAR |
DAYDATE | DATE | TIME | SECONDDATE | TIMESTAMP

Description

Returns the value of an expression converted to a supplied data type.

Example

SELECT CAST (7 AS VARCHAR) "cast" FROM DUMMY;

cast
7

TO_ALPHANUM

Syntax

TO_ALPHANUM (value)

Description

Converts a given value to an ALPHANUM data type.

Example

SELECT TO_ALPHANUM ('10') "to alphanum" FROM DUMMY;

to alphanum
10

TO_BIGINT

Syntax

TO_BIGINT (value)

Description

Converts a value to a BIGINT data type.

30 2012-05-09


Example

SELECT TO_BIGINT ('10') "to bigint" FROM DUMMY;

to bigint
10

TO_BINARY

Syntax

TO_BINARY (value)

Description

Converts a value to a BINARY data type.

Example

SELECT TO_BINARY ('abc') "to binary" FROM DUMMY;

to binary
616263

TO_BLOB

Syntax

TO_BLOB (value)

Description

Converts a value to a BLOB data type. The argument value must be a binary string.

Example

SELECT TO_BLOB (TO_BINARY('abcde')) "to blob" FROM DUMMY;

to blob
abcde

TO_CHAR

Syntax

TO_CHAR (value [, format])

Description

Converts a given value to a CHAR character data type. If the format specifier is omitted, the conversion is
performed using the date format model as explained in Date Formats

Example

SELECT TO_CHAR (TO_DATE('2009-12-31'), 'YYYY/MM/DD') "to char" FROM DUMMY;

to char
2009/12/31

TO_CLOB

Syntax

TO_CLOB (value)

Description

31 2012-05-09


Converts a value to a CLOB data type.

Example

SELECT TO_CLOB ('TO_CLOB converts the value to a CLOB data type') "to clob" FROM DU
MMY;

to clob
TO_CLOB converts the value to a CLOB data type

TO_DATE

Syntax

TO_DATE (d [, format])

Description

Converts a date string d into a DATE data type. If the format specifier is omitted, the conversion is performed
using the date format model as explained in Date Formats.

Example

SELECT TO_DATE('2010-01-12', 'YYYY-MM-DD') "to date" FROM DUMMY;

to date
2010-01-12

TO_DATS

Syntax

TO_DATS (d)

Description

Converts a date string d into an ABAP DATE string with format 'YYYYMMDD'.

Example

SELECT TO_DATS ('2010-01-12') "abap date" FROM DUMMY;

abap date
20100112

TO_DECIMAL

Syntax

TO_DECIMAL (value [, precision, scale])

Description

Converts the value to a DECIMAL data type.

The precision is the total number of significant digits and can range from 1 to 34.

The scale is the number of digits from the decimal point to the least significant digit and can range from -
6,111 to 6,176. This means that the scale specifies the range of the exponent in the decimal number from 10-
6111 to 106176. If the scale is not specified, it defaults to 0. Scale is positive when the number has significant
digits to the right of the decimal point, and negative when the number has significant digits to the left of the
decimal point.

When precision and scale are not specified, DECIMAL becomes a floating-point decimal number. In this case,
precision and scale can vary within the range described above, 1~34 for precision and -6,111~6,176 for scale
depending on the stored value.

32 2012-05-09


Example

SELECT TO_DECIMAL(7654321.888888, 10, 3) "to decimal" FROM DUMMY

to decimal
7654321.889

TO_DOUBLE

Syntax

TO_DOUBLE (value)

Description

Converts a value to a DOUBLE (double precision) data type.

Example

SELECT 3*TO_DOUBLE ('15.12') "to double" FROM DUMMY;

to double
45.36

TO_INT

Syntax

TO_INT (value)

Description

Converts the value to an INTEGER data type.

Example

SELECT TO_INT('10') "to int" FROM DUMMY;

to int
10

TO_INTEGER

Syntax

TO_INTEGER (value)

Description

Converts the value to an INTEGER data type.

Example

SELECT TO_INTEGER ('10') "to int" FROM DUMMY;

to int
10

TO_NCHAR

Syntax

TO_NCHAR (value [, format])

Description

Converts the value to a NCHAR unicode character data type. If the format specifier is omitted, the conversion

33 2012-05-09


is performed using the date format model as explained in Date Formats.

Example

SELECT TO_NCHAR (TO_DATE('2009-12-31'), 'YYYY/MM/DD') "to nchar" FROM DUMMY;

to nchar
2009/12/31

TO_NCLOB

Syntax

TO_NCLOB (value)

Description

Converts a value to a NCLOB data type.

Example

SELECT TO_NCLOB ('TO_NCLOB converts the value to a NCLOB data type') "to nclob" FRO
M DUMMY;

to nclob
TO_NCLOB converts the value to a NCLOB data type

TO_NVARCHAR

Syntax

TO_NVARCHAR (value [,format])

Description

Converts the value to a NVARCHAR unicode character data type. If the format specifier is omitted, the
conversion is performed using the date format model as explained in Date Formats.

Example

SELECT TO_NVARCHAR(TO_DATE('2009/12/31'), 'YY-MM-DD') "to nchar" FROM DUMMY;

to nchar
09-12-31

TO_REAL

Syntax

TO_REAL (value)

Description

Converts a value to a REAL (single precision) data type.

Example

SELECT 3*TO_REAL ('15.12') "to real" FROM DUMMY;

to real
45.36000061035156

TO_SECONDDATE

Syntax

TO_SECONDDATE (d [, format])

34 2012-05-09


Description

Converts a date string d into a SECONDDATE data type. If the format specifier is omitted, the conversion is
performed using the date format model as explained in Date Formats.

Example

SELECT TO_SECONDDATE ('2010-01-11 13:30:00', 'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS') "to seconddat
e" FROM DUMMY;

to seconddate
2010-01-11 13:30:00.0

TO_SMALLDECIMAL

Syntax

TO_SMALLDECIMAL (value)

Description

Converts the value to a SMALLDECIMAL data type.

Example

SELECT TO_SMALLDECIMAL(7654321.89) "to smalldecimal" FROM DUMMY;

to smalldecimal
7654321.89

TO_SMALLINT

Syntax

TO_SMALLINT (value)

Description

Converts the value to a SMALLINT data type.

Example

SELECT TO_SMALLINT ('10') "to smallint" FROM DUMMY;

to smallint
10

TO_TIME

Syntax

TO_TIME (t [, format])

Description

Converts a time string t into the TIME data type. If the format specifier is omitted, the conversion is
performed using the time format model as explained in Time Formats.

Example

SELECT TO_TIME ('08:30 AM', 'HH:MI AM') "to time" FROM DUMMY;

to time
08:30:00

TO_TIMESTAMP

35 2012-05-09


Syntax

TO_TIMESTAMP (d [, format])

Description

Converts a date string d into the TIMESTAMP data type. If the format specifier is omitted, the conversion is

Example

SELECT TO_TIMESTAMP ('2010-01-11 13:30:00', 'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS') "to timestamp"
FROM DUMMY;

to timestamp
2010-01-11 13:30:00.0

TO_TINYINT

Syntax

TO_TINYINT (value)

Description

Converts the value to a TINYINT data type.

Example

SELECT TO_TINYINT ('10') "to tinyint" FROM DUMMY;

to tinyint
10

TO_VARCHAR

Syntax

TO_VARCHAR (value [, format])

Description

Converts a given value to a VARCHAR character data type. If the format specifier is omitted, the conversion is

Example

SELECT TO_VARCHAR (TO_DATE('2009-12-31'), 'YYYY/MM/DD') "to char" FROM DUMMY;

to char
2009/12/31

DateTime Functions

ADD_DAYS

Syntax

ADD_DAYS (d, n)

Description

Computes the date d plus n days.

Example

36 2012-05-09


SELECT ADD_DAYS (TO_DATE ('2009-12-05', 'YYYY-MM-DD'), 30) "add days" FROM DUMMY;

add days
2010-01-04

ADD_MONTHS

Syntax

ADD_MONTHS (d, n)

Description

Computes the date d plus n months.

Example

SELECT ADD_MONTHS (TO_DATE ('2009-12-05', 'YYYY-MM-DD'), 1) "add months" FROM DUMMY
;

add months
2010-01-05

ADD_SECONDS

Syntax

ADD_SECONDS (t, n)

Description

Computes the time t plus n seconds.

Example

SELECT ADD_SECONDS (TO_TIMESTAMP ('2012-01-01 23:30:45'), 60*30) "add seconds" FROM
DUMMY;

add seconds
2012-01-02 00:00:45.0

ADD_YEARS

Syntax

ADD_YEARS (d, n)

Description

Computes the date d plus n years.

Example

SELECT ADD_YEARS (TO_DATE ('2009-12-05', 'YYYY-MM-DD'), 1) "add years" FROM DUMMY;

add years
2010-12-05

CURRENT_DATE

Syntax

CURRENT_DATE

Description

Returns the current local system date.

37 2012-05-09


Example

SELECT CURRENT_DATE "current date" FROM DUMMY;

current date
2010-01-11

CURRENT_TIME

Syntax

CURRENT_TIME

Description

Returns the current local system time.

Example

SELECT CURRENT_TIME "current time" FROM DUMMY;

current time
17:37:37

CURRENT_TIMESTAMP

Syntax

CURRENT_TIMESTAMP

Description

Returns the current local system timestamp information.

Example

SELECT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP "current timestamp" FROM DUMMY;

current timestamp
2010-01-11 17:38:48.802

CURRENT_UTCDATE

Syntax

CURRENT_UTCDATE

Description

Returns the current UTC date. The UTC stands for Coordinated Universal Time, also known as Greenwich
Mean Time (GMT).

Example

SELECT CURRENT_UTCDATE "Coordinated Universal Date" FROM DUMMY;

Coordinated Universal Time
2010-01-11

CURRENT_UTCTIME

Syntax

CURRENT_UTCTIME

Description

38 2012-05-09


Returns the current UTC time.

Example

SELECT CURRENT_UTCTIME "Coordinated Universal Time" FROM DUMMY;

Coordinated Universal Time
08:41:19


Syntax


Description

Returns the current UTC timestamp.

Example

SELECT CURRENT_UTCTIMESTAMP "Coordinated Universal Timestamp" FROM DUMMY;

Coordinated Universal Timestamp
2010-01-11 08:41:42.484

DAYNAME

Syntax

DAYNAME (d)

Description

Returns the weekday in English for date d.

Example

SELECT DAYNAME ('2011-05-30') "dayname" FROM DUMMY;

dayname
MONDAY

DAYOFMONTH

Syntax

DAYOFMONTH (d)

Description

Returns an integer the day of the month for date d.

Example

SELECT DAYOFMONTH ('2011-05-30') "dayofmonth" FROM DUMMY;

dayofmonth
30

DAYOFYEAR

Syntax

DAYOFYEAR (d)

39 2012-05-09


Description

Returns an integer representation of the day of the year for date d.

Example

SELECT DAYOFYEAR ('2011-05-30') "dayofyear" FROM DUMMY;

dayofyear
150

DAYS_BETWEEN

Syntax

DAYS_BETWEEN (d1, d2)

Description

Computes the number of days between d1 and d2.

Example

SELECT DAYS_BETWEEN (TO_DATE ('2009-12-05', 'YYYY-MM-DD'), TO_DATE('2010-01-05', 'Y
YYY-MM-DD')) "days between" FROM DUMMY;

days between
31

EXTRACT

Syntax

EXTRACT ({YEAR | MONTH | DAY | HOUR | MINUTE | SECOND} FROM d)

Description

Finds and returns the value of a specified datetime field from date d.

Example

SELECT EXTRACT (YEAR FROM TO_DATE ('2010-01-04', 'YYYY-MM-DD')) "extract" FROM DUM
MY;

extract
2010

HOUR

Syntax

HOUR (t)

Description

Returns an integer representation of the hour for time t.

Example

SELECT HOUR ('12:34:56') "hour" FROM DUMMY;

hour
12

ISOWEEK

Syntax

40 2012-05-09


ISOWEEK (d)

Description

Returns the ISO year and week numbers of date d. The week number is prefixed by the letter W.

Please also see WEEK

Example

SELECT ISOWEEK (TO_DATE('2011-05-30', 'YYYY-MM-DD')) "isoweek" FROM DUMMY;

isoweek
2011-W22

LAST_DAY

Syntax

LAST_DAY (d)

Description

Returns the date of the last day of the month that contains the date d.

Example

SELECT LAST_DAY (TO_DATE('2010-01-04', 'YYYY-MM-DD')) "last day" FROM DUMMY;

last day
2010-01-31

LOCALTOUTC

Syntax

LOCALTOUTC (t, timezone)

Description

Convert the local time t from a timezone to the UTC(GMT) time

Example

SELECT LOCALTOUTC (TO_TIMESTAMP('2012-01-01 01:00:00', 'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS'), '
EST') "localtoutc" FROM DUMMY;

localtoutc
2012-01-01 06:00:00.0

MINUTE

Syntax

MINUTE (t)

Description

Returns an integer representation of the minute for time t.

Example

SELECT MINUTE ('12:34:56') "minute" FROM DUMMY;

minute
34

41 2012-05-09


MONTH

Syntax

MONTH(d)

Description

Returns the number of the month from date d.

Example

SELECT MONTH ('2011-05-30') "month" FROM DUMMY;

month
5

MONTHNAME

Syntax

MONTHNAME(d)

Description

Returns the name of the month in English for date d.

Example

SELECT MONTHNAME ('2011-05-30') "monthname" FROM DUMMY;

monthname
MAY

NEXT_DAY

Syntax

NEXT_DAY (d)

Description

Returns the date of the next day after date d.

Example

SELECT NEXT_DAY (TO_DATE ('2009-12-31', 'YYYY-MM-DD')) "next day" FROM DUMMY;

next day
2010-01-01

NOW

Syntax

NOW ()

Description

Returns the current timestamp.

Example

SELECT NOW () "now" FROM DUMMY;

now

42 2012-05-09


2010-01-01 16:34:19.894

QUARTER

Syntax

QUARTER (d, [, start_month ])

Description

Returns the numerical year quarter of date d. The first quarter starts in the month specified by start_month.
If start_month is not specified the first quarter is assumed to begin in January.

Example

SELECT QUARTER (TO_DATE('2012-01-01', 'YYYY-MM-DD'), 2) "quarter" FROM DUMMY;

quarter
2011-Q4

SECOND

Syntax

SECOND (t)

Description

Returns an integer representation of the second for time t.

Example

SELECT SECOND ('12:34:56') "second" FROM DUMMY;

second
56

SECONDS_BETWEEN

Syntax

SECONDS_BETWEEN (d1, d2)

Description

Computes the number of seconds between date arguments d1 and d2, which is semantically equal to d2 - d1.

Example

SELECT SECONDS_BETWEEN ('2009-12-05', '2010-01-05') "seconds between" FROM DUMMY;

Seconds between
2678400

UTCTOLOCAL

Syntax

UTCTOLOCAL (t, timezone)

Description

Convert the UTC(GMT) time t to the local time in a timezone

Example

43 2012-05-09


SELECT UTCTOLOCAL (TO_TIMESTAMP('2012-01-01 01:00:00', 'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS'), '
EST') "utctolocal" FROM DUMMY;

utctolocal
2011-12-31 20:00:00.0

WEEK

Syntax

WEEK (d)

Description

Returns the week number of date d.

Please also see ISOWEEK

Example

SELECT WEEK (TO_DATE('2011-05-30', 'YYYY-MM-DD')) "week" FROM DUMMY;

week
23

WEEKDAY

Syntax

WEEKDAY (d)

Description

Returns an integer representation of the day of the week for date d. The return value ranges from 0 to 6,
representing Monday(0) through to Sunday(6).

Example

SELECT WEEKDAY (TO_DATE ('2010-12-31', 'YYYY-MM-DD')) "week day" FROM DUMMY;

week day
4

YEAR

Syntax

YEAR (d)

Description

Returns the year number of date d.

Example

SELECT YEAR (TO_DATE ('2011-05-30', 'YYYY-MM-DD')) "year" FROM DUMMY;

year
2011

Number Functions

Number functions take numeric values, or strings with numeric characters, as inputs and return numeric
values. When strings with numeric characters are provided as inputs implicit conversion from a string to a
number is performed automatically before results are computed.

ABS

44 2012-05-09


Syntax

ABS (n)

Description

Returns the absolute value of the numeric argument n.

Example

SELECT ABS (-1) "absolute" FROM DUMMY;

absolute
1

ACOS

Syntax

ACOS (n)

Description

Returns the arc-cosine, in radians, of the numeric argument n between -1 and 1.

Example

SELECT ACOS (0.5) "acos" FROM DUMMY;

acos
1.0471975511965979

ASIN

Syntax

ASIN (n)

Description

Returns the arc-sine, in radians, of the numeric argument n between -1 and 1.

Example

SELECT ASIN (0.5) "asin" FROM DUMMY;

asin
0.5235987755982989

ATAN

Syntax

ATAN (n)

Description

Returns the arc-tangent, in radians, of the numeric argument n. The range of n is unlimited.

Example

SELECT ATAN (0.5) "atan" FROM DUMMY;

atan
0.4636476090008061

45 2012-05-09

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