Micro-Scholarship, What it is, How can it help me.pdf
Internal Combustion Engine Part - 1
1. I C Engines E C Engines
ReciprocatingRotaryReciprocatingRotary
Stirling engineGasoline
Engine
Wankel
Engine
Open
Cycle
Gas
Turbine
Diesel
Engine
Steam Engine Steam
Turbine
Engine
Closed cycle Gas
Turbine
Heat Engines
1
2. Most widely used heat engines
INTERNAL
COMBUSTION
engine
GAS TURBINE
STEAM TURBINE
2
3. ADVANTAGES OF I C ENGINE
OVER THE OTHER ENGINES
Considerable mechanical
simplicity and improved power
plant efficiency
High working fluid temperatures
can be employed resulting in
higher thermal efficiency
weight to power ratio is less than
that of the steam turbine
Small power output with
reasonable thermal efficiency
and cost
3
13. Nomenclature
Cylinder Bore (d) – inner diameter of the working
cylinder (mm)
Piston Area (A) – cross section area of bore (cm2)
Stroke (L) – distance through which a working piston
moves between two successive reversals of its
direction of motion (mm)
Stroke to Bore Ratio (L/d)
d<L - under-square Engine
d = L - Square Engine
d>L - Over Square Engine
Dead center – Position of working piston at the
moment when the direction of the piston is reversed
at the ether end of the stroke
13
14. Nomenclature Continued
Top Dead Center – Dead Center when piston is
farthest from crank shaft
Bottom Dead Center - Dead Center when piston is
nearest from crank shaft
Displacement or Swept Volume (VS)– Volume swept
by the piston when travelling from one dead center to
the other (cc)
Cubic Capacity or Engine Capacity – Displacement
volume ×No. of cylinders
Clearance Volume (VC) – Volume of combustion
chamber above piston when it is at top dead center
Compression ratio (r) -
𝑉 𝑇
𝑉 𝐶
=
𝑉 𝐶+𝑉 𝑆
𝑉 𝐶
14
15. Working Principle of Engines
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4W_NRHxek
aY
http://www.animatedengines.com/otto.html
http://www.animatedengines.com/diesel.html
15
20. Comparison of SI and CI
Engine
Description SI Engine CI Engine
Working
Cycle
Otto Cycle or Constant
Volume heat addition
cycle
Diesel Cycle or Constant
Pressure heat addition
Fuel Used Gasoline(Volatile), Self
Ignition high
Diesel oil (non-volatile), Self
Ignition is low
Introduction
of Fuel
Mixture of fuel,
Carburetor and Ignition
System
Fuel is injected at high
pressure, Fuel Pump and
Injector
Load Control Control quantity of Air-
Fuel mixture
Control quantity of fuel, Air
quantity not controlled
20
21. Comparison of SI and CI
Engine Continued
Description SI Engine CI Engine
Ignition Ignition System with
Spark Plug, Primary
voltage given by
Magneto or a battery
Self Ignition due to high
temperature of air as a
result of high compression
Compression
ratio
6 to 10, Upper limit is
fixed by antiknock
quality of the fuel
16 to 20, Upper limit is
limited by weight
increase of Engine
Speed High speed (Light weight
and homogeneous
combustion)
Low speed (Heavy
weight and
heterogeneous
combustion)
Thermal
Efficiency
Lower (Lower CR) Higher (Higher CR)
Weight Lighter (Low Peak
Pressure)
Heavier (Higher Peak
Pressure)
21
22. Two Stroke Engine
http://www.animatedengines.com/twostroke.html
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xV9jnWVeSB
4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LuCUmQ9Fx
MU
22
24. Comparison of Four Stroke
and Two Stroke Engine
Four Stroke Engine Two Stoke Engine
Four Stokes, two revolution of
crankshaft, One power stoke
in two revolution of CS
Two strokes, one revolution of crank
shaft, one power stoke in each
revolution of crank shaft
Heavier Flywheel Lighter Flywheel
Weight of engine per hp is
high
Weight of engine per hp is
comparatively low
There are inlet and exhaust
valves in the engine
There are inlet and exhaust ports
instead of valves
Thermal efficiency is high Thermal efficiency is comparatively
low
24
25. Comparison of Four Stroke
and Two Stroke Engine conti’d
Four Stoke Engine Two Stoke Engine
Lesser cooling and lubrication,
Lower rate of wear and tear
Greater cooling and lubrication,
Higher rate of wear and tear
Initial cost of engine is more Initial cost is less
Volumetric Efficiency is higher Volumetric Efficiency is lower
Used where efficiency is
important (Buses, trucks, tractors,
aero planes etc.)
Used where Low cost.
Compactness and light weight
are important (mopeds, scooters,
motorcycle, hand sprayers etc.)
25
31. CLASSFICATION OF IC ENGNES
1. Cycle of Operation
(i) Two Stroke engines
(ii) Four Stroke engines
2. According to cycle of Combustion
(i) Otto cycle engine (Combustion at
constant volume)
(ii) Diesel Engine (Combustion at constant
Pressure)
(iii) Dual-combustion or Semi- Diesel cycle
engine(Combustion partly at constant
volume and partly at constant
pressure)
31
33. CLASSFICATION OF IC ENGNES
4. According to their uses
i. Stationary Engine
ii. Portable Engine
iii. Marine Engine
iv. Automobile Engine
v. Aero Engine
33
34. CLASSFICATION OF IC ENGNES
5. According to the speed of engine
i. Low Speed
ii. Medium Speed
iii. High Speed
6. According to the method of Ignition
i. Spark-Ignition
ii. Compression-Ignition
7. According Method of cooling the Cylinder
i. Air-cooled
ii. Water-cooled
34
35. CLASSFICATION OF IC ENGNES
8. According to method of governing
i. Hit and Miss governed
ii. Quality governed
iii. Quantity governed
9. According to valve arrangement
i. Over Head Valve
ii. L-head type
iii. T-head type
iv. F-head type
35
37. CLASSFICATION OF IC ENGNES
10.According to number of Cylinders
i. Single Cylinder
ii. Multi Cylinder
11.According Air intake process
I. Naturally aspirated
II. Supercharged
III. Turbo charged
37
38. CLASSFICATION OF IC ENGNES
12. According to fuel employed
i. Oil Engine (Fuel Oil)
ii. Petrol Engine
iii. Gas engine (coal gas, producer gas, biogas, landfill gas)
iv. Kerosene Engine
v. LPG engine
vi. Alcohol-ethyl, methyl engine
vii. Duel fuel engine
viii. Gasohol
38
39. CLASSFICATION OF IC ENGNES
13.Method of Fuel Input
i. Carbureted
ii. Multi point port fuel injection
iii. Throttle body fuel injection
39
43. Performance Parameters
Volumetric Efficiency
ηv =
𝑚 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒
𝑚 𝑡𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙
It is affected by
I. Density of fresh charge at intake
II. Pressure and temperature of outgoing
burnt gas
III. Design and exhaust of manifolds
IV. Timing of opening and closing of intake
and exhaust valve
43
44. Performance Parameters
Relative Efficiency or Efficiency Ratio – Thermal
efficiency of an actual cycle to that of ideal
cycle
ηrel =
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
𝐴𝑖𝑟−𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
Mean Effective Pressure – Average pressure inside
the cylinder of an internal combustion engine
based on the calculated or measured output
i. Indicated mean effective pressure (imep)
pim =
60000×𝑖𝑝
𝐿𝐴𝑛𝐾
ii. Break mean effective pressure (bmep)
pbm =
60000×𝑏𝑝
𝐿𝐴𝑛𝐾
44
45. Performance Parameters
Mean Piston Speed
sp = 2LN
Specific Power Output – Power output
per unit piston area
Ps = bp/A
= constant ×Pbm ×sp
Specific Fuel Consumption
sfc =
𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
45
46. Performance Parameters
Inlet – Valve Mach Index
Z =
𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔 𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑒 (𝑢)
𝐼𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑐 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 (α)
u =
𝐴 𝑝
𝑆 𝑝
𝐶𝑖
𝐴𝑖
Ap - Piston area
Sp - Mean piston speed
Ci - inlet valve average flow co-efficient
Ai - intake valve opening area
46
48. Performance Parameters
Fuel – Air Ratio(F/A) or Air Fuel Ratio (A/F)
i. Stoichiometric fuel-air ratio or chemically
correct – a mixture that contains just enough air
for complete combustion of all the fuel in the
mixture is called a chemically correct or
stoichiometric fuel-air ratio
ii. Equivalence Ratio
Ф =
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙−𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜
𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙−𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜
Ф = 1 chemically correct
Ф > 1 Rich mixture
Ф< 1 Lean mixture
48
49. Performance Parameters
Calorific Value or Heating Value or Heat of
Combustion – Thermal Energy released per unit
quantity of the fuel when the fuel is burned
completely and the product of combustion are
cooled back to the initial temperature of the
combustible mixture
i. Higher Calorific Value – when the products are
cooled to 25 0C, practically all the water vapor
resulting from combustion process is condensed.
The heating value so obtained is called higher
calorific value or gross calorific value
ii. Lower Calorific Value or net Calorific Value – Heat
released when water vapor in the products of
combustion is not condensed and remains the
vapor form
49
56. Questions
Mean Effective Pressure
Pumping Losses
C-tane number
Ignition lag
Difference between diesel cycle and Otto cycle
Variation of specific heats
Battery ignition system and magneto ignition system
Effect of dissociation during combustion
Stratified charge engine
Expression for Thermal efficiency of Diesel Engine
Prove eff of otto is more than diesel cycle for same compression ratio
Qualities of fuel
Ignition timing
Variable compression engine
Chemical equilibrium
Effect of cut off
Effect of volatility
HUCR
Diff between four and two
Diff between SI and CI
Brake, Mechanical, Indicated, Volumetric Efficiency
Compression Ratio, Cut off Ratio, Expansion Ratio
56