feeding management cannot be ignored under any circumstances. This presentation depicts the tangential and burning points related to the role and significance of Vitamins and minerals for the livestock

1. Dr. Rameswar Panda
Teaching Asst.
College of Veterinary Science, Hyderabad
Advances in Vitamin & Mineral
Nutrition in Livestock

2. Mineral
s
Function Cause of deficiency
Cu Transport of Iron in the body, synthesis of
collagen, myelin sheath formation, component
of cytochrome oxidase,
superoxidase,ceruloplasmin, tyrosinase,
stability to DNA/RNA.
High Mo, Cu:Mo ratio below
3:1,
Fe Component of catalase, oXidase, peroxidase,
Myoglobin, transferrin, ferittin
Parasitic infestation, raw
cotton seed meal feeding
Zn Component of 70 enzymes like alcoholic
dehydrogenase, carbonic anhydrase, carboxy
peptidase,DNA-RNApolymerase,
spermatogenesis, helps in Vit-A utilisation,
integrity of immune system, prostaglandin
metabolism,
Over cultivation of soil.
Mn Constituent of arginase, carboxylase,
transferase, hydrolase, mucoploysaccharide
synthesis, glycoprotein synthesis, maintains
membrane integrity, regulate CL
Prolonged intake of dry
fodder, in poultry Mn
deficiency occures due to
deficiency of Ca,P.
Co Recycling of methionine, purine and pyrimidine
synthesis

3. Legumes are superior in Ca, Cu, Zn,
Fe, and Co than the grasses.
Grasses has higher content of Mn and
Mo than the legumes.
Straw and Stover contains excess tannin,
silica and oxalates.
Straws are the major roughage source for
animal feeding.
With increased soil PH, there has been
drastic decrease in Mn level.
The soil in tropical climate is deficient in P.

4. Requirement of minerals for Ruminants
Major
Minerals
(% of diet)
Young
stock
Lactating
animals
Sheep and goat Maximum
tolerable limit
Ca 0.50 0.70 0.50 2.0
P 0.31 0.48 0.27 1.0
Mg 0.16 0.20 0.15 0.50
S 0.16 0.25 0.26 0.40
Na 0.10 0.18 0.18 1.5
K 0.65 1.0 0.70 3.0

5. Trace minerals
(mg/kg DM)
Young stock Lactating animal Sheep and Goat
Co 0.10 0.10 0.10
Cu 10.0 10.0 10.0
Fe 50.0 50.0 50.0
Mn 40.0 40.0 40.0
Zn 40.0 40.0 40.0

6. Calcium
1. Forages are
good source of
Ca.
2. Ca in feed
stuff is present
in the form of
oxalate and
phytate.
3. Addition of
lactose and
casein increase
the absorption
and retention of
Ca in both
ruminants and
non ruminants.
4.The descending
order of Ca
bioavailabilty
*Ca gluconate>Mono
calciumphosphate>Dicalciu
m phosphate>Ca Chloride>
bone meal> egg shell>lime
stone>oyster shell>Ca
sulphate> Ca Carbonate

7. Phosphorous
Known as
master mineral
Naturally
occuring phytic
acid is
hydrolysed by
ruminants,
except poultry
and swine
Worldwide P is
the most
deficient
mineral.
In plants, available as Phytic acid,
which should be degraded to
Phosphoric acid by phytase to
make it available to animals.
Cereal grains
and oil seed
contain
moderate to
high amount of
P.

8. Magnesium
Most Mg occurs in bones
and muscles.
Grass tetany happens
due to deficiency of Mg in
serum and CSF caused
by feeding of lush grass
high in K and low in Ca
and Mg.
Apparent absorption of
Mg from plant is 20-45%.
Supplimentation of
readily formentable
carbohydrate increase
the Mg absorption.
Mg in sulphate form is
better absorbed.

9. Potassium
The third most
abundant mineral in
the body, the
measure cation in
the intracellular fluid
a. Forage contain K
@ 1-4%
b. Average
absorption of K from
plants is 87-94%.
c.K is excreted from
the body primiarily in
the form of urine.
d.Bioavaolability of K
in the order of
KCl>Kbicarbonate>K
sulphate/carbonate

10. Sulphur
1. Sulphur is the component of Methionine,
Cystine, Cysteine, Thiamine and Biotin.
2. Inorganic S rumen microbes Organic Sulphur
S. Amino acids synthesized from
Sulphides oxidised sulphates
K.Sulphate> Mg
sulphate>Na
Sulphate>Ca sulphate
Sorghum deficient in
S.

11. Chromium
a.Glucose Tolerance
Factor
b. 0.02-1mg/kg Cr
stressed animals
Produce meat
animals with less
fat and more fat
Cobalt
3-13% of Co is
converted to
VitB12

12. Copper
Cu is available
more from
concentrate diets.
The requirement
is increased by
both S and Mo.
React to
thiomolybdeates
to form insolube
complex.
S cu sulphide
Cu
Storage-liver
Excretion-bile
Well absorbed
form- Cu
Sulphate &Cupric
carbonate

13. T3
T4
Iodine
Thyroxine
Energy metabolism
Goiterogenic substances
Thiocyanate
glucosinolates
Example-
Soyabean meal &
cotton seed meal
Brassica
Thiouracil goitrogen
Iodination of Tyrosine molecules

14. Fe
Oxygen Transport
>50% Iron (HB)
Deficiency is secondary
Cereal grains (30-60mg/kg)
Oil seeds (100-200mg/kg)
Meat and fish meal (400-500mg/kg)
Forage (70-500mg/kg)
Milk deficient
Animal protein high in Fe
Iron variation in forage is due to soil
contamination
Ca/P Fe

15. Manganese
Component of
Arginase,
carboxylase ,
Superoxide
dismutase
Cereal grains-
5-40mg/kg
Forage-30-
50mg/kg
Animal protein-
5-15mg/kg

16. Molybdenum
Component of Xanthine oxidase
Deficiency not common in cattle
Sulphate and Molybdenum have common
transport system
The conditions favouring Mo uptake in forages are
a. High moisture
b. Alkaline/neutral PH
c. High organic content

17. SELENIUM
Glutathione peroxidase-
1st selenium
metalloenzyme
G.Peroxidase reduces
hydrogen peroxide,
prevents oxidative
damage to the body
Iodothyronine 5’-
deiodinase- deiodination
of thyroxine to
triiodothyronine
(metabolically active)
Selenium toxicity
1. Blind staggers
2. Alkali disease/degnala
Vit-E and Se are
intercorrelated.

18. Zn
A. strong role in immune system
B. Every phase of growth requires Zn.
C. a role in steroid genesis, vit-A metabolism
D. Zn & Vit-A have synergestic action.
A. Role in reproductive status of the females.
B. Relative bioavailability of Zn is 60-70%.

19. Curtailing of menace of
Mineral deficiency
A.Enrichment of
soil
B. Mineral
biofortification
of plants
C.Direct
method of
mineral
supplimentation
D.
Supplimentation
of area specific
mineral mixture

20. NEWER TRACE ELEMENTS
Boran increase Ca & Mg
retention
Li-> effective in recovery of
bovine spastic paresis
Si- helps in
glycosamine
and collagen
synthesis.
Supplimentation of Vanadium
at 0.1ppm increase growth
rate, RBC and hameoglobin
level and helped in bone
formation in jaw defect.

21. Present in plants in the
form of carotenes and
carotenoids.
Deficiency associated
with vision, bone
development, epithelial
structure and
maintenance.
Supplementation of Zn
reduces the deficiency
of Vit A
10 times dietary level of
Vit A depress Vit E
utilisation.
Vitamin A

22. Vitamin D
Comprised of antirachitic
compounds
Two forms
a. Ergocalciferol(D2), derived
from ergosterol
b. Cholecalciferol(D3),derived
from 7-dehydrocholesterol, found
in animals
a. absorbed in intestine
along with lipid and bile
salts.
b. Requirement in cattle-
250IU/kg DM
Deficiency vit D- Rickets (young)-
>failure to utilise Ca,P
Osteomalacia (adults)-> Bone
weaken,fracture

23. Vitamin E
Occures in feed as ὰ-tocopherol,stored in liver Adipose tissue
Vit-E requirement in calf is 60IU/kg DM.
Vit-E deficiency can be precipitated by the intake of unsaturated fats.
Muscular dystrophy, white muscle disease
Prevents mastitis during periparturient
period

24. Vitamin K
Vit K
Antihaemorrhagic
Phylloquinone(K1)-
>plants
Menaquinone(K2)-
>fbacterial flora
Sweet clover disease
Antagonist to dicumarol
Ruminants-
>VitK2
Vit K1->
abundant

25. Water soluble vitamins (Vit B)
 Abundant in milk.
 Synthesized by rumen organisms.

26. Vitamin B12
4.5%Co
Metabolism of nucleic acid,
protein, carbohydrate,fat
Adenosylcobalamine
Methylcobalamine
Propionate metabolism

27. B1
Cocarboxylase
Role in TCA
cycle
Glucose
metabolism
Nervous disorder
Glucose
supply to
the brain
Synthesis by
rumen organisms

28. Liver detoxification
of blood NH3 to
urea and liver
metabolism of
ketone in ketosis
Coenzyme of NAD &
NADP
a. Dietary niacin
b. Tryptophan to
niacin
c. Ruminal
synthensis
Scaly dermatitis
Young animals
Microcytic anemia

29. Choline
 Essential for maintaining cell structure and
formation of acetyl choline.
 All naturally occurring fats contain choline.
 Calves fed a synthetic milk diet containing 15%
caesin exhibited signs of choline deficiency.
 It is recommended to add 0.26% choline in milk
replacers.