1. Renewable Energy Technologies and
their Potential
“……the time is running out…soon, there will be nothing left to burn on earth
but earth itself…”

2.  Renewable Energy – “any sustainable energy source that
comes from natural environment.”
 It exists perpetually and in abundant in the environment.
 Ready to be harnessed, inexhaustible.
 It is a clean alternative to fossil fuels.
 “energy that is derived from natural process that are
replenished constantly” -- defined by the RENEWABLE
ENERGY WORKING PARTY of the INTERNATIONAL
ENERGY AGENCY

3. Contribution of Renewable Energy in World
Electricity Production

4. Major Renewable Energy Sources
• Wind Energy
• Biomass and Biofuel Energy
• Solar Energy
• Hydro Energy
• Geothermal Energy
• Ocean Energy

5. Source: Ministry of New and Renewable Energy

6. Wind Energy
•Wind power is the conversion of wind energy into a
useful form of energy.
•Wind Turbines are the only present way to harvest
wind Energy.
•A wind turbine is a device that converts kinetic
energy from the wind into mechanical energy. If the
mechanical energy is used to produce electricity, the
device may be called a wind generator or wind
charger. If the mechanical energy is used to drive
machinery, such as for grinding grain or pumping
water, the device is called a windmill or wind pump

7. A wind turbine obtains its power input by
converting the force of the wind into a
torque (turning force) acting on the rotor
blades.
 PLF of Wind Farm is normally in the range of
20 % to 30% depending upon the site
conditions and WTG rating.

8. The amount of energy which the wind transfers
to the rotor depends on the density of the
air, the rotor area, and the wind speed
P =0.5ρAV3
P - Power
ρ - Air Density (kg/m3)
A - Blade Area -turbine (m2)
V - Wind velocity (m/s)

9. Types of wind turbine
Generally of two types:
1.Can rotate about horizontal axis
2.Can rotate about vertical axis
the former being both older and more common

10. Design of a Wind Turbine
1. Foundation
2. Connection to the electric
grid
3. Tower
4. Access ladder
5. Wind orientation control
6. Nacelle
7. Generator
8. Anemometer
9. Brake
10.Gearbox
11.Rotor blade
12.Blade pitch control
13.Rotor hub.

11. Status quo
Current capacity
Wind farm(Onshore) (MW)
Country
Alta (Oak Creek-Mojave) 720 USA
Buffalo Gap Wind Farm 523.3 USA
Capricorn Ridge Wind Farm 662.5 USA
Dabancheng Wind Farm 500 China
Fowler Ridge Wind Farm 599.8 USA
Horse Hollow Wind Energy Centre 735.5 USA
Meadow Lake Wind Farm 500 USA
Panther Creek Wind Farm 458 USA
Roscoe Wind Farm 781.5 USA
Sweetwater Wind Farm 585.3 USA

12. Wind farm(Offshore) Capacity(MW) Country
Walney 367 United Kingdom
Thanet 300 United Kingdom
Horns Rev II 209 Denmark
Rødsand II 207 Denmark
Lynn and Inner Dowsing 194 United Kingdom
Robin Rigg (Solway
180 United Kingdom
Firth)
Gunfleet Sands 172 United Kingdom
Nysted (Rødsand I) 166 Denmark

13. • World wind generation capacity more than quadrupled between 2000
and 2006, doubling about every three years.
Top 10 countries by nameplate wind power capacity (2010)
Country Windpower capacity (MW)
China 44,733
United States 40,180
Germany 27,215
Spain 20,676
India 13,066
Italy 5,797
France 5,660
United Kingdom 5,204
Canada 4,008
Denmark 3,734

14.  Fastest growing renewable energy source.
 Globally, it grew at the average rate of 27 % pa over the past 10 years.
 In India it grew at the average rate of 33% over the past 9 years.
 Presently, India is ranked 3rd in the world in terms of Wind Energy Installed
Capacity surpassing Germany and Spain in 2011
 Drivers of growth
• Environmental Awareness and Sustainable Development
• Growing Global Energy Demand
• Improving Competitiveness of renewable energy
• Security of Supply Concerns
• New Markets (e.g. India, China etc)
• Carbon Trading
• Fiscal Benefits by Govt. (PTC, feed in tariffs, etc)

16. Wind Energy Potential
• Globally, the long-term technical potential of wind energy is
believed to be five times total current global energy
production, or 40 times current electricity demand.
• Offshore resources experience average wind speeds of
~90% greater than that of land, so offshore resources could
contribute substantially more energy .
• Max Planck Institute in Germany concluded that 18 TW and
68 TW could be extracted.
• A new Carbon Trust study into the potential of small-scale
wind energy has found that small wind turbines could
provide up to 1.5 terawatt hours (TW·h) per year of
electricity saving 0.6 million tonnes of carbon dioxide
emission.

17.  No pollution
 Can satisfy small and large scale needs
easily.
 No non-renewable inputs.
 Noisy.
 Undesirable appearance.
 Vulnerable to thunderstorms.

18.  Solar power is by far the Earth's most available energy source, easily
capable of providing many times the total current energy demand.
 Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity.
 Two main commercial ways of conversion of sunlight into electricity.
• Concentrating Solar Thermal Plant (CSP)
• Photovoltaic Plants (PV)

19.  CSP and PV both have their markets. PV is very successful in
decentralized applications, whereas CSP offers advantages for
central and large-scale applications. CSP power plants are the
most cost-efficient way to generate and to store dispatch able
CO2-free electricity. However, there is no competition between
both. Rather, they have to be seen as complementary
technologies.
 PLF of CSP – In the range of 20 % to 30 %
PLF of PV – In the range of 15 % to 20 %

20.  Concentrating Solar Thermal Plant (CSP)
It contains;
• Collector Field
• Turbine
• Generator
• Cooling Tower
• Transformer
Courtsey – ESP solar

21.  Solar Photovoltaic Plants (PV)
It contains;
• Solar Arrays
• Inverter
• Transformer

22. Solar thermal energy
• It is a technology for harnessing solar energy for
thermal energy.
• Solar thermal collectors(STC) are used to serve this.
Types of STC-
1. Low-temperature collectors(LTC)
2. Medium-temperature collectors(MTC)
3. High-temperature collectors(HTC)

23. Low-temperature collectors(LTC)
• Generally installed to heat swimming pools
• Can also be used for space heating.
• Collectors can use air or water as the medium to transfer the heat to their
destination.
The two main types of solar air panels are-
1. Glazed
2. Unglazed

24. Glazed
• designed primarily for space heating.
• Recirculate building air through a solar air panel
where the air is heated and then directed back
into the building.
• Require at least two penetrations into the building
and only perform when the air in the solar
collector is warmer than the building room
temperature.

25. Unglazed
• Primarily used to pre-heat make-up ventilation air in buildings with a high
ventilation load.
• Turn building walls or sections of walls into low cost, high
performance, unglazed solar collectors

26. Medium-temperature collectors(MTC)
• Common designs are pressurized glycol, drain back, batch
systems and newer low pressure freeze tolerant systems
using polymer pipes containing water with photovoltaic
pumping.
• Operational innovations include "permanently wetted
collector" operation. This innovation reduces or even
eliminates the occurrence of no-flow high temperature
stresses called stagnation which would otherwise reduce
the life expectancy of collectors.
• Applications in Solar Drying , Cooking , Distillation.

27. High-temperature collectors(HTC)
• Solar radiation is concentrated by mirrors or lenses to
obtain higher temperatures – a technique
called Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) is used.
• CSP plant generates heat first of all, it can store the heat
before conversion to electricity. With current
technology, storage of heat is much cheaper and more
efficient than storage of electricity. In this way, the CSP plant
can produce electricity day and night.

28. Different designs of CSP
(a
)
Parabolic trough design-A
Power Tower Design-Flat mirrors
change of position of the
focus the light on the top of the
sun parallel to the receiver
tower. The white surfaces below
does not require
the receiver are used for
adjustment of the mirrors
calibrating the mirror positions

29. Dish Design-A parabolic solar Fresnel Reflectors- Wind load is
dish concentrating the sun's rays avoided by the low position of the
on the heating element of a mirrors. Light construction of
Stirling engine. tracking system due to separation
from the receiver

30. Photovoltaic Plants (PV)
• Photovoltaic (PV) is a method of generating
electrical power by converting solar
radiation into direct current electricity
using semiconductors that exhibit the photovoltaic
effect.
• Photovoltaic power generation employs solar panels
composed of a number of solar cells containing a
photovoltaic material like-
 monocrystalline silicon,
 polycrystalline silicon,
 amorphous silicon
 cadmium telluride
 copper indium gallium selenide / sulfide.

31. TECHNOLOGY
• The photovoltaic effect refers to photons of light exciting
electrons into a higher state of energy, allowing them to act
as charge carriers for an electric current.
• The term photovoltaic denotes the unbiased operating mode
of a photodiode in which current through the device is
entirely due to the transduced light energy.
• Solar cells produce direct current electricity from sun
light, which can be used to power equipment or to recharge
a battery
• Photovoltaic panels based on crystalline silicon modules are
encountering competition in the market by panels that
employ thin-film solar cells (CdTe, CIGS, amorphous
Si, microcrystalline Si), which had been rapidly evolving.
• The most efficient solar cell so far is a multi-junction
concentrator solar cell with an efficiency of 43.5%.

32. Potential of Solar technology

33.  The total installed capacity of solar
power (Both CSP and PV) as of
2008 is 2826 MW.
 In India the total installed capacity
of solar power is around 2 MW.
 In India, various government and
private players have entered into
CSP and PV markets.
 MNRE has set a target to establish
at least 50 MW of solar projects
during the 11th plan.

34.  Saves money.
 Semi-independent.
 Low maintenance.
 High Initial Cost of installation.
 Can’t work during night.
 Similarly plants can be installed only where
there is sufficient sunlight.

35. HOUSE WE NEED!

36. BIOMASS AND BIOFUEL
• It is a renewable energy source because the energy it
contains comes from the sun.
• As long as biomass is produced sustainably, with only as
much used as is grown, the battery will last indefinitely.
• As an energy source, biomass can either be used directly, or
converted into other energy products such as biofuel.

37. Biomass sources
Biomass energy is derived from five distinct energy sources:
 Garbage
 Wood
 waste
 landfill gases
 alcohol fuels

38. • The largest source of energy from wood is pulping
liquor or “black liquor,” a waste product from processes
of the pulp, paper and paperboard industry.
• Biomass alcohol fuel, or ethanol, is derived primarily
from sugarcane and corn. It can be used directly as a
fuel or as an additive to gasoline.
• Rotting garbage, and agricultural and human
waste, release methane gas—also called "landfill gas" or
"biogas”.
• Biomass to liquids (BTLs) and cellulosic ethanol are still
under research.

39. TECHNOLOGIES FOR BIOMASS CONVERSION TO USEFUL
ENERGY
Thermal conversion-
These are processes in which heat is the dominant
mechanism to convert the biomass into another chemical
form.
• hydrothermal upgrading(HTU) - converts a large
variety of biomass feedstock into a liquid fuel that can
be upgraded to a high quality diesel fuel.
• Hydro processing
• combined heat and power (CHP) - use of a heat
engine or a power station to simultaneously generate
both electricity and useful heat.
• co-firing - combustion of two different types of
materials at the same time

40. Chemical conversion-
A range of chemical processes may be used to
convert biomass into other forms.
A microbial electrolysis cell can be used to directly make hydrogen gas from plant

41. • Biochemical conversion makes use of the enzymes of
bacteria and other micro-organisms to break down
biomass.
In most cases micro-organisms are used to perform
the conversion process : anaerobic
digestion, fermentation and composting.
• Another way of breaking down biomass is by breaking
down the carbohydrates and simple sugars to make
alcohol. However, this process has not been perfected yet.
Scientists are still researching the effects of converting
biomass.

43. Biomass Energy Overview
• Agricultural Crops and Residues
• Oil Bearing Plants
Bio Mass • Woody Biomass
Resources • Industrial and Municipal Waste
• Harvesting
• Collection
Supply • Handling
System • Storage
• Thermo chemical
• Physical/Chemical
Conversion
• Heat Electricity
• Transport Fuels
End • Solid Fuels
Products

44. BIOENERGY POTENTIAL
 20 GW of power may be generated from 300 MT of agro waste (currently
produced)
 50% currently burnt in the open
 Less than 3% potential realized
 Can revolutionize pace of rural electrification
 Better technologies
 Dual usage of cattle dung (fuel + manure)

45. • High initial cost despite subsidy
• Space requirement & slurry handling difficulties
• High water requirement
• Lack of proper maintenance infrastructure

46.  Recent developments
• Compact biogas plants
• Alternative feedstock
 Need of Technical Work for
• Increasing efficiency of cattle dung based plants
• Low cost, user-friendly, optimal plant designs
 Development of training & service infrastructure

48. HYDROPOWER
• Conversion of kinetic
energy of flowing water
into useful energy.
• Water from the reservoir
flows due to gravity to
drive the turbine.
• Turbine is connected to
a generator.
• Power generated is
transmitted over power
lines.

49. Technology
Hydropower
Technology
Pumped
Impoundment Diversion
Storage

50. Impoundment facility

51.  THEORETICAL- The maximum potential that exists.
 TECHNICAL- It takes into account the cost involved in
exploiting a source (including the environmental and
engineering restrictions)
 ECONOMIC- Calculated after detailed
environmental, geological, and other economic constraints.

52. REGION THEORETICAL TECHNICAL
POTENTIAL (TWh) POTENTIAL (TWh)
AFRICA 10118 3140
N. AMERICA 6150 3120
LATIN AMERICA 5670 3780
ASIA 20486 7530
OCEANIA 1500 390
EUROPE 4360 1430
WORLD 44280 19390

53. COUNTRY POWER INSTALLED
CAPACITY CAPACITY
(GWh) (GW)
TAJIKISTAN 527000 4000
CANADA 341312 66954
USA 319484 79511
BRAZIL 285603 57517
CHINA 204300 65000
RUSSIA 160500 44000
NORWAY 121824 27528
JAPAN 84500 27229
INDIA 82237 22083
FRANCE 77500 77500

54.  Theoretical potential is about 40,500 TWh per year.
 The technical potential is about 14,300 TWh per year.
 The economic potential is about 8100 TWh per year.
 The world installed hydro capacity currently stands at 694 GW.
 In the 1980s the percentage of contribution by hydroelectric
power was about 8 to 9%.
 The total power generation in 2000 was 2675 Billion KWh or
close to 20% of the total energy generation.
 Most of the undeveloped potential lies in the erstwhile USSR
and the developing countries.
 Worldwide about 125 GW of power is under construction.
 The largest project under construction is the Three Gorges at
the Yangtze river in China. Proposed potential is 18.2 GW and
the proposed power output is 85 TWh per year

55.  Flexible.
 Long Economic lives.
 Suitable for industrial applications.
 Failure risk.
 Methane Emission.
 High initial and maintenance cost.
 Loss of Land.