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CASH FLOW STATEMENT
MEANING OF CASH FLOW AND CASH FLOW STATEMENT
Cash Flows are inflows and outflows, i.e., the movement of cash and cash
equivalents.

The Cash Flow Statement is prepared according to Revised Accounting Standard-3
on cash flow statement. The standard requires that cash flow be classified and
shown in the cash flow statement under three heads, namely:

          1. Cash Flow from Operating Activities
          2. Cash Flow from Investing Activities ; and
          3. Cash Flow from Financing Activities.

   OBJECTIVES OF CASH FLOW STATEMENT

   The objectives of cash flow statement are:

       To ascertain the sources from activities (i.e., operating/investing/financing
        activities) from which cash and cash equivalents were generated by an
        enterprise.

       To ascertain the uses by activities (i.e., operating/investing/financing
        activities) for which cash and cash equivalents were used by an enterprise.

       To ascertain the net change in cash or cash equivalents indicating the
        difference between sources and uses from or by the three activities
        between the dates of two Balance Sheets.


   IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS AS PER ACCOUNTING STANDARD-3 (REVISED)

     I.   Cash comprises of cash in hand and demand deposits with banks.

    II.   Cash Equivalents are short-term, highly liquid investments that are
          readily convertible into known amount of cash and which are subject to an
          insignificant risk of change in value.
           An investment normally qualifies as cash equivalent only when it has a
          short maturity of, say (a) treasury bills,(b) commercial paper,(c)money
          market funds and (d)investments in preference shares and redeemable
          within three months can also be taken as cash equivalents if there is no
          risk of the failure of the company.


   III.   Cash Flows are inflows and outflows of cash and cash equivalents.AS-3
          requires a cash flow statement to be prepared and presented in a manner
          that it shows cash flows from business transactions during a period
          classifying the into:
          (I)Operating Activities; (ii) Investing Activities; (III) Financing Activities.

   IV.    Operating Activities: operating activities are the principal revenue
          producing activities of the enterprise and other activities that are not
          investing or financing activities.
V.    Investing Activities: Investing activities are the acquisition and disposal
      of long-term assets and other investments not included in cash
      equivalents. These activities include transactions involving purchase and
      sale of long term productive assets like machinery, land, etc., which are
      not held for resale.

VI.   Financing Activities: Financing activities are the activities that result in
      change in the size and composition of the owner’s capital (including
      preference share capital in the case of a company) and borrowing of the
      enterprise.

                             OPERATING ACTIVITIES



CASH INFLOW                                                     CASH OUTFLOW

     Cash Sales                                       Cash purchase
     Cash received from Debtors                        Payment to creditors
     Cash received from commission                     Cash operating expenses
      and Fees                                          Payment of Wages
    Royalty.                                           Income Tax
In the case of financial companies           In the case of financial companies
    Cash received for Interest and                    Cash paid for interest
      Dividends                                         Purchase of Securities
    Sale of Securities

                          INVESTING ACTIVITIES


Cash Inflow                                                        Cash Outflow

     Sale of Fixed Assets                              Purchase of Fixed Assets
     Sale of Investments                               Purchase of Investments
     Interest received
     Dividends received

                             FINANCING ACTIVITIES



Cash Inflow                                                       Cash Outflow
  1. Issue of shares in Cash                     Payment of Loans
  2. Issue of Debentures in                      Redemption of preference shares
     Cash                                        Buy-back of Equity shares
  3. Proceeds from Long-term                     Payment of Dividend
     Borrowings                                  Payment of Interest
How the amount of Income Tax is paid determined?

If the amount of tax paid is not given, it is calculated by preparing the provision for
Tax Account:

Dr.                           PROVISION FOR TAX ACCOUNT                                 Cr.

            Particulars                   Rs.                  Particulars              Rs.


To Bank A/c (Tax Paid)                       …….. By Balance b/d                         …….
To Balance c/d                               …….. By Profit and loss A/c
                                                  (provision made during the             ……..
                                                  year)

                                        …………..                                          ..……..


NOTE:
   If only the provision for tax is given in the two Balance Sheets and no information
  about tax paid is given, the amount in the previous year’s Balance sheet is
  treated as tax paid during the current year. It involves an Outflow of cash.

      The current year’s provision for tax represents the amount of tax provided for the
      current year. It is added back to the current year’s profits to calculate net profit
      before tax and extraordinary items (under the indirect method). It is merely a
      book entry and does not involve outflow of cash.

      The provision for Tax Account provides information about the tax paid during the
      current year as well as the tax provided for the current year.

      Indirect Method of calculating the Cash Flow from Operating Activities.
      Under this method, net cash flow from operating activities is calculated by
      employing the information contained in the Profit and Loss Account and
      Balance Sheet.

      The amount being net profit before tax is the starting point for calculation. It can
      be calculated as:

Difference between the Closing Balance and the Opening Balance of Profit and Loss A/c

Add: The Proposed Dividend for the current year

Add: The Interim Dividend paid during the year

Add: Transfer to Reserve

Add: The Provision for tax made during the year

Less: Refund for tax credited to the Profit and Loss A/c

Less: Extraordinary items, if any, credited to the Profit and Loss A/c

Net profits before tax and extraordinary items
After having computed the Net Profit before tax and extraordinary items, it is
further adjusted to arrive at the net Cash Flow from Operating Activities. These
adjustments are classified into two categories:

   1. Adjustments for Non-Cash and Non-Operating Items:
      Non-Cash and non-operating items (such as depreciation, interest on long
      term borrowings, discount on issue of shares or debentures written off,
      goodwill/patents/copyright amortized, loss on sale on assets or
      investments, premium payable on redemption of debentures or preferential
      shares, etc) are added back and non-operating incomes and gains (such as
      profit on sale on fixed assets and investments, interest, rent or dividend
      received, etc) are deducted.

   2. Adjustments for Changes in the Current Assets and Current Liabilities
      Related to Operating Activities:
      (e.g., debtors, bills receivable, stock, prepaid expenses, creditors, bills
      payable, outstanding expenses, etc)
      A decrease in current assets (excluding cash and cash equivalents) and
      increase in current liabilities (excluding bank overdraft) is added and an
      increase in current assets and a decrease in current liabilities is deducted
      from operating profit before working capital changes to arrive at cash
      generated from operation.

      After that tax paid (the net of refund of tax) is deducted from cash generated
      from operations to arrive at the cash flow from operating activities before
      extraordinary items. After that we add or subtract the proceeds of
      extraordinary item(s) to get Net cash from (used in) operating activities.


      EFFECT OF CHANGE IN CURRENT ASSETS AND CURRENT
      LIABILITIES.

      Current Assets

             1) Stock: Change in the level of stock must be considered for
                calculating the cash flow from operating activities. A decrease in
                stock will increase the cash inflow from operating activities
                whereas an increase in stock will decrease the cash inflow from
                operating activities.

             2) Debtors and Bills Receivable: A decrease in debtors or bills will
                receivable will increase the cash inflow from operating activities,
                whereas an increase in debtors or bills receivable will decrease the
                cash inflow from operating activities.

             3) Prepaid Expenses: A decrease in the prepaid expenses will
                increase the cash inflow from operating activities. Conversely, an
                increase in the prepaid expenses will decrease the cash inflow
                from operating activities.
Current Liabilities

   1) Creditors and Bills Payable: A decrease in creditors and bills payable
      will reduce cash. Conversely, an increase in creditors/bills payable will
      effectively increase the cash available to the enterprise.

   2) Outstanding Expenses: A decrease in outstanding expenses will reduce
      cash. Similarly, an increase in outstanding expenses will increase the
      cash available to the enterprise.


The general rules that develop from the above discussion are:

   1.   An increase in current assets leads to decrease in cash.
   2.   A decrease in current assets leads to an increase in cash.
   3.   An increase in current liabilities leads to an increase in cash.
   4.   A decrease in current liabilities leads to a decrease in cash.


                      Preparation of Fixed Assets Account


   1. Fixed Asset Account (on Original Cost Basis): If the Balance
        Sheet contains an item of provision for depreciation or accumulated
        depreciation, it means that the fixed assets are shown in the balance
        sheet at their original cost. In such cases, fixed assets fixed assets and
        provision for depreciation account should be prepared.
        Fixed asset account will disclose the purchase and sale of the fixes asset
        during the year and by preparing provision for depreciation account the
        amount of depreciation charged during the year will be found out.


   2. Fixed Asset Account (on the Written Down Value Basis):
        When the Balance sheet does not contain the item of provision for
        depreciation or accumulated depreciation for both the years, it means
        that the fixed assets are shown in the Balance sheet at their written
        down value (after depreciation) and hence the fixed asset account will be
        prepared on the written down value basis.
        In this case the amount of current year’s depreciation should be
        credited to the Asset Account.


        Treatment of Depreciation

        At the time of calculating profit/loss, depreciation is debited to profit
        and loss account. It does not involve cash but is a book entry. Therefore,
        depreciation is to be added back to net profit before tax for
        calculating cash flow.
Treatment of profit or loss on sale of Fixed Assets

      For calculating net profit/loss, loss on sale of fixed assets is debited to
      profit and loss account. Similarly, profit on sale of fixes assets is
      credited to profit and loss account. It does not involve cash. Rather cash
      is involved on sale of fixed assets. Profit or loss is a result of sale.
      Therefore, loss on sale of fixed assets is added back and profit on
      sale of fixed assets is deducted from net profit before tax for
      arriving at the cash flow from operating activities.


Sale proceeds of fixed assets will, of course, result in a cash inflow but this inflow
will be shown in the cash flow statement under cash flow from investing activities.




            CASH FLOW FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES


Investing activities of an enterprise are acquisition and disposal of
the long term assets and other investments not included in cash
equivalents. Accordingly, the cash inflow and outflow relating to the
fixed assets, shares and debt instruments of other enterprises,
interests in joint ventures, advances and loans to third parties and
also their repayments are shown under investing activities in the
cash flow statement.

Cash flow from investing activities is ascertained by analyzing the
changes in fixed assets and long term investments in the beginning
and at the end of the year.

For getting the missing figure regarding purchase/sale of fixed assets
and depreciation, fixed assets account and provision for depreciation
account is prepared.

Ascertaining Missing Amounts regarding Fixed Assets or
Depreciation.

CASE 1: When the Fixed Asset is shown at the Written down Value.

Under this case, depreciation is charged to the Asset Account and the
balance of the Asset Account shows the written down value of the
asset, which is also called the book value.
Dr.            FIXED ASSETS ACCOUNT (AT WRITTEN DOWN VALUE)                      Cr.


Particulars                       Rs.       Particulars                         Rs.

To Balance b/d                              By Bank A/c (sale of Fixed Asset)   ……
To Bank A/c (purchases)                     By Profit & loss A/c                ……
To Profit & loss A/c                         (Loss on sale of Fixed Asset)

(Profit on sale of Fixed Asset)             By Depreciation A/c
                                                                                ……
                                            By Balance c/d




NOTES:
  1) Generally, the purchase of fixed assets is a balancing amount on the debit
     side of the account and depreciation or the sale of fixed assets on the
     credit side of the account.
  2) Information regarding depreciation is generally given in the question.
     Students are required find out only the sale or purchase of asset.
  3) If the sale and depreciation are not given, then assume it is either sale or
     depreciation and give your assumptions.
     In case of land, it should be assumed sale as depreciation is not charged
     on land. In case of patents/goodwill/trade marks, it should be assumed
     that the amount is written off.


CASE 2: When the fixed assets are shown at their original cost and
accumulated depreciation (provision for depreciation) is separately
maintained.
Under this case, (in contrast to the above case), depreciation is not directly
charged to the Asset Account. The depreciation for the period is debited to the
depreciation account (transferred to P&L A/c) and credited to Accumulated
Depreciation Account.
In the Balance Sheet, asset appears at its original cost and the accumulated
depreciation is shown either by deducting from Fixed Asset Account or on the
liability side of Balance sheet. In such cases, we prepare separate accounts for
fixed assets and accumulated depreciation. Depreciation for the year can be
ascertained from provision for depreciation account.
Dr.                    FIXED ASSET ACCOUNT (AT COST)                                   Cr.

 Particulars                         Rs.    Particulars                                Rs.

 To Balance b/d                      ….     By Bank A/c (Sale of Fixed Asset)          ….
 To Profit & loss A/c                ….     By Accumulated Dep. A/c                    ….
 (Profit on sale of Fixed asset)            (Accumulated Dep. On fixed asset sold)
 To Bank A/c                         …..    By Profit & loss A/c                       …..
 (Purchase of Fixed Asset)                  (loss on sale of Fixed Asset)
                                            By Balance c/d                             …..



NOTE: Normally, the purchase of fixed asset is a balancing amount on the debit
side of the account and the sale of fixed asset on the credit side of the account.


Dr.                  ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION ACCOUNT                                 Cr.

Particulars                          Rs.     Particulars                             Rs.

To Fixed Asset A/c                   ……       By Balance b/d                         …..
(Acc. Dep. on Fixed Asset Sold)               By Profit & loss A/c
                                     …….                                             ……
To Balance c/d                                (Dep. Charged for current year)




NOTE: Accumulated depreciation on the fixed asset sold or depreciation charged
 for the current accounting year may not be given, which shall be the balancing
                                   amount.

               CASH FLOW FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Financing Activities of an enterprise are those activities that result in change in
the size and composition of owner’s capital and borrowing of the enterprise. It
includes proceeds from issue of shares or other similar instruments, issue of
debentures, loans, bonds, other short-term loans or long term borrowings and
repayments of amounts borrowed. Accordingly, receipts and payments on
account of the above are disclosed in the cash flow statement as the cash flow
from financing activities.
Dividends paid (in all enterprises) and interest paid (in case of non-financing
enterprise) is also included in Financing Activities.
It is important to note that an increase in share capital due to bonus issue will not
be shown in the cash flow statement, since it is a capitalization of reserves.
When shares are issued at a premium, the cash flow statement reflects the total
      cash generated by the issue (i.e., Face Value of shares + Premium).
      The cash flow from financing activities is ascertained by analyzing the change in
      Equity and Preference share capital, Debentures and other borrowings.

       Special Items Treatment thereof in Cash Flow Statement


                                          Enterprises


       Financial Enterprises                                          Other Enterprises




             Cash Flows Arising From                               Cash Flows Arising From




Interest           Dividends       Dividends          Interest           Interest      Dividends
Paid and           Received        Paid               Paid               Paid and      Paid
Received                                                                 Dividends
                                                                         Received


 Operating                         Financing          Financing         Investing      Financing
 Activities                        Activities         Activities        Activities     Activities




        I.   Interest and Dividends: The treatment of interest and dividends received
             as well as paid depends on the nature of the business of the enterprise,
             i.e., whether the business is of financial or non-financial nature.
       II. Proposed dividend:
             1. The proposed dividend is proposed by the Board of Directors and
                 approved by the shareholders in the Annual General Meeting before it
                 becomes due for payment. Till the time it is approved at the Annual
                 General Meeting, it is not a liability.
             2. The proposed dividend for the current year becomes due and is also
                 paid in next year. It is an outflow of cash and cash equivalents in the
                 next year.
          3. The proposed dividend of the previous year becomes due and is also paid
             in the current year. It is an outflow of cash and cash equivalents in the
             current year.
4. The accounting treatment of the proposed dividend is:
           a) Proposed Dividend (current year): Add back to the current year’s
              profits to find out cash from operating activities.
           b) Proposed Dividend (Previous year): Net dividend paid (proposed
              dividend – dividend still payable) is cash used in financing activities.
III. Interim Dividend:
           1. The Interim Dividend is a dividend that is declared by the Board of
              Directors in between the financial year provided it is allowed by the
              company’s Articles of Association.
           2. Declaration of the Interim Dividend does not require the approval at
              the General Meeting.
           3. Therefore, it becomes due and is paid during the year itself.
           4. The accounting treatment of the Interim Dividend shall be as:
                  a) Add Back to the current year’s profits to find out cash from
                     operating activities.
                  b) Show as cash used in Financing Activities in the cash flow
                     statement.
IV. Extraordinary items:
       Extraordinary items are incomes or expenses that arise from transactions
       that are distinct from ordinary activities of the business which are material
       and are not expected to recur frequently or regularly. Extraordinary items
       are classified under appropriate activity, i.e., operating, investing and
       financing activities and disclosed separately in the cash flow statement.
       Examples of extraordinary items are any claim against loss of stocks from
       an insurance company (for operating activities), a claim for the destruction
       of building from an insurance company (for investing activities), buy-back
       of shares (for financing activities).
 V. Discount on Issue of Shares and Debentures:
       Discount on the issue of shares and debentures may be written off
       through the profit & loss account. It is also possible that discount allowed
       is increased due to the new issue during the year. Discount on issue of
       shares/debentures account shall appear as:

        DISCOUNT ON ISSUE OF SHARES/DEBENTURES ACCOUNT

Particulars        Dr.            Rs.    Particulars             Cr.      Rs.

To Balance b/d                    …..    By Profit & loss A/c            …….
                                         (Written off)
                                  …….
To Share capital/debentures              By Balance c/d                  …….
Accounting Treatment
            a) Amount of Discount Written Off: Add Back to the current year’s
               profits for ascertaining cash from operating activities.
            b) Amount of Discount Allowed During the year: Show the net proceeds
               of shares/debentures as cash from Financing Activities.



                                         INDIRECT METHOD
                                FORMAT OF CASH FLOW STATEMENT
                                        For the year ended….
                                As per Accounting Standard-3 (Revised)

Particulars                                                                          Rs.

I.   Cash Flow from Operating Activities
     Net profit as per profit & loss A/c or Difference between Closing balance and
     Opening Balance of profit & loss A/c
     Add: Transfer to reserve
          Proposed dividend for current year
           Interim dividend paid during the year
           Provision for tax made during the current year
           Extraordinary item, if any, debited to the profit & loss A/c
     Less: Extraordinary item, if any, credited to the profit & loss A/c
            Refund of tax credited to profit & loss A/c
     (A) Net profit before Taxation and Extraordinary items
        Adjustment for Non-cash and Non-operating items
     (B) Add: Items to be added
               Depreciation
               Preliminary expenses/Discount on issue of Shares & Debentures
                  Written off
                 Goodwill/patents/Trade marks Amortized
                 Interest on borrowings & debentures
                 Loss on sale of Fixed Assets
     (C) Less: Items to be deducted
               Interest Income                                           ……
               Dividend Income                                           ……
               Rental Income                                             ……..        ........
               Profit on sale of Fixed Assets

     (D) Operating Profit before Working Capital changes (A+B-C)
(E) Add: Decrease in Current Assets and
                Increase in Current Liabilities
                     Decrease in Stock/Inventories
                     Decrease in Debtors/Bills Receivables
                     Decrease in Accrued Incomes
                     Decrease in prepaid expenses
                     Increase in creditors/Bills payables
                     Increase in outstanding expenses
                     Increase in Advance incomes
                     Increase in Provision for Doubtful Debts
      (F) Less: Increase in Current Assets and
                 Decrease in Current Liabilities
                   Increase in Stocks/Inventories
                   Increase in Debtors/Bills Receivables
                   Increase in Accrued Incomes
                   Increase in Prepaid expenses
                   Decrease in creditors/Bills payables
                   Decrease in outstanding expenses
                   Decrease in Advance Incomes
                   Decrease in Provision for Doubtful Debts
      (G) Cash Generated from Operations (D+E-F)
      (H) Less: Income Tax paid (Net of Tax Refund received)
      (I) Cash Flow before Extraordinary items
           Extraordinary items (+/-)
      (J) Net cash from Operating Activities

II. Cash Flow from Investing Activities
          Add: Proceeds from Sale of Fixed Assets
          Add: Proceeds from Sale of Investments
          Add: Proceeds from Sale of Intangible Assets
          Add: Interest and Dividend Received
            (For non-financial companies only)
          Add: Rent Income
          Less: Purchase of Fixed Asset
          Less: Purchase of Investment
          Less: Purchase of Intangible Assets like Goodwill
                  Extraordinary items (+/-)
      Net Cash from Investing Activities
III. Cash Flow from Financing Activities
          Add: Proceeds from issue of shares and Debentures
           Add: Proceeds from Other Long term Borrowings
           Less: Final Dividend Paid
           Less: Interim Dividend Paid
           Less: Interest on Debentures and Loans paid
           Less: Repayment of Loans
           Less: Redemption of Debentures/Preference shares
                  Extraordinary items (+/-)
      Net Cash from Financing Activities

IV. Net Increase/Decrease in Cash and Cash Equivalents (I+II+III)

V. Add: Cash and Cash Equivalents in the beginning of the year.
         Cash in Hand
         Cash at Bank (Less: Bank Overdraft)
         Short-term Deposits
         Marketable Securities.

VI. Cash and Cash Equivalents at the end of the year
         Cash in Hand
         Cash at Bank ( Less: Bank Overdraft)
         Short-term Deposits
         Marketable Securities




      Notes:
      1. Amounts in brackets indicate negative amounts, i.e., amounts that are to be
         deducted.
      2. Increase/Decrease in unpaid Interest on Debentures/Loans affects the Cash
         Flow from Financing Activities and not Operating Activities.
      3. Increase/Decrease in Unclaimed Dividend affects the Cash Flow from
         Financing Activities and not Operating Activities.
      4. Increase/Decrease in Accrued Interest on Investment affects the Cash Flow
         from Investing Activities and not Operating Activities.

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Cash flow statement pdf

  • 1. CASH FLOW STATEMENT MEANING OF CASH FLOW AND CASH FLOW STATEMENT Cash Flows are inflows and outflows, i.e., the movement of cash and cash equivalents. The Cash Flow Statement is prepared according to Revised Accounting Standard-3 on cash flow statement. The standard requires that cash flow be classified and shown in the cash flow statement under three heads, namely: 1. Cash Flow from Operating Activities 2. Cash Flow from Investing Activities ; and 3. Cash Flow from Financing Activities. OBJECTIVES OF CASH FLOW STATEMENT The objectives of cash flow statement are:  To ascertain the sources from activities (i.e., operating/investing/financing activities) from which cash and cash equivalents were generated by an enterprise.  To ascertain the uses by activities (i.e., operating/investing/financing activities) for which cash and cash equivalents were used by an enterprise.  To ascertain the net change in cash or cash equivalents indicating the difference between sources and uses from or by the three activities between the dates of two Balance Sheets. IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS AS PER ACCOUNTING STANDARD-3 (REVISED) I. Cash comprises of cash in hand and demand deposits with banks. II. Cash Equivalents are short-term, highly liquid investments that are readily convertible into known amount of cash and which are subject to an insignificant risk of change in value. An investment normally qualifies as cash equivalent only when it has a short maturity of, say (a) treasury bills,(b) commercial paper,(c)money market funds and (d)investments in preference shares and redeemable within three months can also be taken as cash equivalents if there is no risk of the failure of the company. III. Cash Flows are inflows and outflows of cash and cash equivalents.AS-3 requires a cash flow statement to be prepared and presented in a manner that it shows cash flows from business transactions during a period classifying the into: (I)Operating Activities; (ii) Investing Activities; (III) Financing Activities. IV. Operating Activities: operating activities are the principal revenue producing activities of the enterprise and other activities that are not investing or financing activities.
  • 2. V. Investing Activities: Investing activities are the acquisition and disposal of long-term assets and other investments not included in cash equivalents. These activities include transactions involving purchase and sale of long term productive assets like machinery, land, etc., which are not held for resale. VI. Financing Activities: Financing activities are the activities that result in change in the size and composition of the owner’s capital (including preference share capital in the case of a company) and borrowing of the enterprise. OPERATING ACTIVITIES CASH INFLOW CASH OUTFLOW  Cash Sales Cash purchase  Cash received from Debtors Payment to creditors  Cash received from commission Cash operating expenses and Fees Payment of Wages  Royalty. Income Tax In the case of financial companies In the case of financial companies  Cash received for Interest and Cash paid for interest Dividends Purchase of Securities  Sale of Securities INVESTING ACTIVITIES Cash Inflow Cash Outflow  Sale of Fixed Assets Purchase of Fixed Assets  Sale of Investments Purchase of Investments  Interest received  Dividends received FINANCING ACTIVITIES Cash Inflow Cash Outflow 1. Issue of shares in Cash Payment of Loans 2. Issue of Debentures in Redemption of preference shares Cash Buy-back of Equity shares 3. Proceeds from Long-term Payment of Dividend Borrowings Payment of Interest
  • 3. How the amount of Income Tax is paid determined? If the amount of tax paid is not given, it is calculated by preparing the provision for Tax Account: Dr. PROVISION FOR TAX ACCOUNT Cr. Particulars Rs. Particulars Rs. To Bank A/c (Tax Paid) …….. By Balance b/d ……. To Balance c/d …….. By Profit and loss A/c (provision made during the …….. year) ………….. ..…….. NOTE: If only the provision for tax is given in the two Balance Sheets and no information about tax paid is given, the amount in the previous year’s Balance sheet is treated as tax paid during the current year. It involves an Outflow of cash. The current year’s provision for tax represents the amount of tax provided for the current year. It is added back to the current year’s profits to calculate net profit before tax and extraordinary items (under the indirect method). It is merely a book entry and does not involve outflow of cash. The provision for Tax Account provides information about the tax paid during the current year as well as the tax provided for the current year. Indirect Method of calculating the Cash Flow from Operating Activities. Under this method, net cash flow from operating activities is calculated by employing the information contained in the Profit and Loss Account and Balance Sheet. The amount being net profit before tax is the starting point for calculation. It can be calculated as: Difference between the Closing Balance and the Opening Balance of Profit and Loss A/c Add: The Proposed Dividend for the current year Add: The Interim Dividend paid during the year Add: Transfer to Reserve Add: The Provision for tax made during the year Less: Refund for tax credited to the Profit and Loss A/c Less: Extraordinary items, if any, credited to the Profit and Loss A/c Net profits before tax and extraordinary items
  • 4. After having computed the Net Profit before tax and extraordinary items, it is further adjusted to arrive at the net Cash Flow from Operating Activities. These adjustments are classified into two categories: 1. Adjustments for Non-Cash and Non-Operating Items: Non-Cash and non-operating items (such as depreciation, interest on long term borrowings, discount on issue of shares or debentures written off, goodwill/patents/copyright amortized, loss on sale on assets or investments, premium payable on redemption of debentures or preferential shares, etc) are added back and non-operating incomes and gains (such as profit on sale on fixed assets and investments, interest, rent or dividend received, etc) are deducted. 2. Adjustments for Changes in the Current Assets and Current Liabilities Related to Operating Activities: (e.g., debtors, bills receivable, stock, prepaid expenses, creditors, bills payable, outstanding expenses, etc) A decrease in current assets (excluding cash and cash equivalents) and increase in current liabilities (excluding bank overdraft) is added and an increase in current assets and a decrease in current liabilities is deducted from operating profit before working capital changes to arrive at cash generated from operation. After that tax paid (the net of refund of tax) is deducted from cash generated from operations to arrive at the cash flow from operating activities before extraordinary items. After that we add or subtract the proceeds of extraordinary item(s) to get Net cash from (used in) operating activities. EFFECT OF CHANGE IN CURRENT ASSETS AND CURRENT LIABILITIES. Current Assets 1) Stock: Change in the level of stock must be considered for calculating the cash flow from operating activities. A decrease in stock will increase the cash inflow from operating activities whereas an increase in stock will decrease the cash inflow from operating activities. 2) Debtors and Bills Receivable: A decrease in debtors or bills will receivable will increase the cash inflow from operating activities, whereas an increase in debtors or bills receivable will decrease the cash inflow from operating activities. 3) Prepaid Expenses: A decrease in the prepaid expenses will increase the cash inflow from operating activities. Conversely, an increase in the prepaid expenses will decrease the cash inflow from operating activities.
  • 5. Current Liabilities 1) Creditors and Bills Payable: A decrease in creditors and bills payable will reduce cash. Conversely, an increase in creditors/bills payable will effectively increase the cash available to the enterprise. 2) Outstanding Expenses: A decrease in outstanding expenses will reduce cash. Similarly, an increase in outstanding expenses will increase the cash available to the enterprise. The general rules that develop from the above discussion are: 1. An increase in current assets leads to decrease in cash. 2. A decrease in current assets leads to an increase in cash. 3. An increase in current liabilities leads to an increase in cash. 4. A decrease in current liabilities leads to a decrease in cash. Preparation of Fixed Assets Account 1. Fixed Asset Account (on Original Cost Basis): If the Balance Sheet contains an item of provision for depreciation or accumulated depreciation, it means that the fixed assets are shown in the balance sheet at their original cost. In such cases, fixed assets fixed assets and provision for depreciation account should be prepared. Fixed asset account will disclose the purchase and sale of the fixes asset during the year and by preparing provision for depreciation account the amount of depreciation charged during the year will be found out. 2. Fixed Asset Account (on the Written Down Value Basis): When the Balance sheet does not contain the item of provision for depreciation or accumulated depreciation for both the years, it means that the fixed assets are shown in the Balance sheet at their written down value (after depreciation) and hence the fixed asset account will be prepared on the written down value basis. In this case the amount of current year’s depreciation should be credited to the Asset Account. Treatment of Depreciation At the time of calculating profit/loss, depreciation is debited to profit and loss account. It does not involve cash but is a book entry. Therefore, depreciation is to be added back to net profit before tax for calculating cash flow.
  • 6. Treatment of profit or loss on sale of Fixed Assets For calculating net profit/loss, loss on sale of fixed assets is debited to profit and loss account. Similarly, profit on sale of fixes assets is credited to profit and loss account. It does not involve cash. Rather cash is involved on sale of fixed assets. Profit or loss is a result of sale. Therefore, loss on sale of fixed assets is added back and profit on sale of fixed assets is deducted from net profit before tax for arriving at the cash flow from operating activities. Sale proceeds of fixed assets will, of course, result in a cash inflow but this inflow will be shown in the cash flow statement under cash flow from investing activities. CASH FLOW FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES Investing activities of an enterprise are acquisition and disposal of the long term assets and other investments not included in cash equivalents. Accordingly, the cash inflow and outflow relating to the fixed assets, shares and debt instruments of other enterprises, interests in joint ventures, advances and loans to third parties and also their repayments are shown under investing activities in the cash flow statement. Cash flow from investing activities is ascertained by analyzing the changes in fixed assets and long term investments in the beginning and at the end of the year. For getting the missing figure regarding purchase/sale of fixed assets and depreciation, fixed assets account and provision for depreciation account is prepared. Ascertaining Missing Amounts regarding Fixed Assets or Depreciation. CASE 1: When the Fixed Asset is shown at the Written down Value. Under this case, depreciation is charged to the Asset Account and the balance of the Asset Account shows the written down value of the asset, which is also called the book value.
  • 7. Dr. FIXED ASSETS ACCOUNT (AT WRITTEN DOWN VALUE) Cr. Particulars Rs. Particulars Rs. To Balance b/d By Bank A/c (sale of Fixed Asset) …… To Bank A/c (purchases) By Profit & loss A/c …… To Profit & loss A/c (Loss on sale of Fixed Asset) (Profit on sale of Fixed Asset) By Depreciation A/c …… By Balance c/d NOTES: 1) Generally, the purchase of fixed assets is a balancing amount on the debit side of the account and depreciation or the sale of fixed assets on the credit side of the account. 2) Information regarding depreciation is generally given in the question. Students are required find out only the sale or purchase of asset. 3) If the sale and depreciation are not given, then assume it is either sale or depreciation and give your assumptions. In case of land, it should be assumed sale as depreciation is not charged on land. In case of patents/goodwill/trade marks, it should be assumed that the amount is written off. CASE 2: When the fixed assets are shown at their original cost and accumulated depreciation (provision for depreciation) is separately maintained. Under this case, (in contrast to the above case), depreciation is not directly charged to the Asset Account. The depreciation for the period is debited to the depreciation account (transferred to P&L A/c) and credited to Accumulated Depreciation Account. In the Balance Sheet, asset appears at its original cost and the accumulated depreciation is shown either by deducting from Fixed Asset Account or on the liability side of Balance sheet. In such cases, we prepare separate accounts for fixed assets and accumulated depreciation. Depreciation for the year can be ascertained from provision for depreciation account.
  • 8. Dr. FIXED ASSET ACCOUNT (AT COST) Cr. Particulars Rs. Particulars Rs. To Balance b/d …. By Bank A/c (Sale of Fixed Asset) …. To Profit & loss A/c …. By Accumulated Dep. A/c …. (Profit on sale of Fixed asset) (Accumulated Dep. On fixed asset sold) To Bank A/c ….. By Profit & loss A/c ….. (Purchase of Fixed Asset) (loss on sale of Fixed Asset) By Balance c/d ….. NOTE: Normally, the purchase of fixed asset is a balancing amount on the debit side of the account and the sale of fixed asset on the credit side of the account. Dr. ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION ACCOUNT Cr. Particulars Rs. Particulars Rs. To Fixed Asset A/c …… By Balance b/d ….. (Acc. Dep. on Fixed Asset Sold) By Profit & loss A/c ……. …… To Balance c/d (Dep. Charged for current year) NOTE: Accumulated depreciation on the fixed asset sold or depreciation charged for the current accounting year may not be given, which shall be the balancing amount. CASH FLOW FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES Financing Activities of an enterprise are those activities that result in change in the size and composition of owner’s capital and borrowing of the enterprise. It includes proceeds from issue of shares or other similar instruments, issue of debentures, loans, bonds, other short-term loans or long term borrowings and repayments of amounts borrowed. Accordingly, receipts and payments on account of the above are disclosed in the cash flow statement as the cash flow from financing activities. Dividends paid (in all enterprises) and interest paid (in case of non-financing enterprise) is also included in Financing Activities. It is important to note that an increase in share capital due to bonus issue will not be shown in the cash flow statement, since it is a capitalization of reserves.
  • 9. When shares are issued at a premium, the cash flow statement reflects the total cash generated by the issue (i.e., Face Value of shares + Premium). The cash flow from financing activities is ascertained by analyzing the change in Equity and Preference share capital, Debentures and other borrowings. Special Items Treatment thereof in Cash Flow Statement Enterprises Financial Enterprises Other Enterprises Cash Flows Arising From Cash Flows Arising From Interest Dividends Dividends Interest Interest Dividends Paid and Received Paid Paid Paid and Paid Received Dividends Received Operating Financing Financing Investing Financing Activities Activities Activities Activities Activities I. Interest and Dividends: The treatment of interest and dividends received as well as paid depends on the nature of the business of the enterprise, i.e., whether the business is of financial or non-financial nature. II. Proposed dividend: 1. The proposed dividend is proposed by the Board of Directors and approved by the shareholders in the Annual General Meeting before it becomes due for payment. Till the time it is approved at the Annual General Meeting, it is not a liability. 2. The proposed dividend for the current year becomes due and is also paid in next year. It is an outflow of cash and cash equivalents in the next year. 3. The proposed dividend of the previous year becomes due and is also paid in the current year. It is an outflow of cash and cash equivalents in the current year.
  • 10. 4. The accounting treatment of the proposed dividend is: a) Proposed Dividend (current year): Add back to the current year’s profits to find out cash from operating activities. b) Proposed Dividend (Previous year): Net dividend paid (proposed dividend – dividend still payable) is cash used in financing activities. III. Interim Dividend: 1. The Interim Dividend is a dividend that is declared by the Board of Directors in between the financial year provided it is allowed by the company’s Articles of Association. 2. Declaration of the Interim Dividend does not require the approval at the General Meeting. 3. Therefore, it becomes due and is paid during the year itself. 4. The accounting treatment of the Interim Dividend shall be as: a) Add Back to the current year’s profits to find out cash from operating activities. b) Show as cash used in Financing Activities in the cash flow statement. IV. Extraordinary items: Extraordinary items are incomes or expenses that arise from transactions that are distinct from ordinary activities of the business which are material and are not expected to recur frequently or regularly. Extraordinary items are classified under appropriate activity, i.e., operating, investing and financing activities and disclosed separately in the cash flow statement. Examples of extraordinary items are any claim against loss of stocks from an insurance company (for operating activities), a claim for the destruction of building from an insurance company (for investing activities), buy-back of shares (for financing activities). V. Discount on Issue of Shares and Debentures: Discount on the issue of shares and debentures may be written off through the profit & loss account. It is also possible that discount allowed is increased due to the new issue during the year. Discount on issue of shares/debentures account shall appear as: DISCOUNT ON ISSUE OF SHARES/DEBENTURES ACCOUNT Particulars Dr. Rs. Particulars Cr. Rs. To Balance b/d ….. By Profit & loss A/c ……. (Written off) ……. To Share capital/debentures By Balance c/d …….
  • 11. Accounting Treatment a) Amount of Discount Written Off: Add Back to the current year’s profits for ascertaining cash from operating activities. b) Amount of Discount Allowed During the year: Show the net proceeds of shares/debentures as cash from Financing Activities. INDIRECT METHOD FORMAT OF CASH FLOW STATEMENT For the year ended…. As per Accounting Standard-3 (Revised) Particulars Rs. I. Cash Flow from Operating Activities Net profit as per profit & loss A/c or Difference between Closing balance and Opening Balance of profit & loss A/c Add: Transfer to reserve Proposed dividend for current year Interim dividend paid during the year Provision for tax made during the current year Extraordinary item, if any, debited to the profit & loss A/c Less: Extraordinary item, if any, credited to the profit & loss A/c Refund of tax credited to profit & loss A/c (A) Net profit before Taxation and Extraordinary items Adjustment for Non-cash and Non-operating items (B) Add: Items to be added  Depreciation  Preliminary expenses/Discount on issue of Shares & Debentures Written off  Goodwill/patents/Trade marks Amortized  Interest on borrowings & debentures  Loss on sale of Fixed Assets (C) Less: Items to be deducted  Interest Income ……  Dividend Income ……  Rental Income …….. ........  Profit on sale of Fixed Assets (D) Operating Profit before Working Capital changes (A+B-C)
  • 12. (E) Add: Decrease in Current Assets and Increase in Current Liabilities  Decrease in Stock/Inventories  Decrease in Debtors/Bills Receivables  Decrease in Accrued Incomes  Decrease in prepaid expenses  Increase in creditors/Bills payables  Increase in outstanding expenses  Increase in Advance incomes  Increase in Provision for Doubtful Debts (F) Less: Increase in Current Assets and Decrease in Current Liabilities  Increase in Stocks/Inventories  Increase in Debtors/Bills Receivables  Increase in Accrued Incomes  Increase in Prepaid expenses  Decrease in creditors/Bills payables  Decrease in outstanding expenses  Decrease in Advance Incomes  Decrease in Provision for Doubtful Debts (G) Cash Generated from Operations (D+E-F) (H) Less: Income Tax paid (Net of Tax Refund received) (I) Cash Flow before Extraordinary items Extraordinary items (+/-) (J) Net cash from Operating Activities II. Cash Flow from Investing Activities  Add: Proceeds from Sale of Fixed Assets  Add: Proceeds from Sale of Investments  Add: Proceeds from Sale of Intangible Assets  Add: Interest and Dividend Received (For non-financial companies only)  Add: Rent Income  Less: Purchase of Fixed Asset  Less: Purchase of Investment  Less: Purchase of Intangible Assets like Goodwill Extraordinary items (+/-) Net Cash from Investing Activities
  • 13. III. Cash Flow from Financing Activities  Add: Proceeds from issue of shares and Debentures  Add: Proceeds from Other Long term Borrowings  Less: Final Dividend Paid  Less: Interim Dividend Paid  Less: Interest on Debentures and Loans paid  Less: Repayment of Loans  Less: Redemption of Debentures/Preference shares Extraordinary items (+/-) Net Cash from Financing Activities IV. Net Increase/Decrease in Cash and Cash Equivalents (I+II+III) V. Add: Cash and Cash Equivalents in the beginning of the year.  Cash in Hand  Cash at Bank (Less: Bank Overdraft)  Short-term Deposits  Marketable Securities. VI. Cash and Cash Equivalents at the end of the year  Cash in Hand  Cash at Bank ( Less: Bank Overdraft)  Short-term Deposits  Marketable Securities Notes: 1. Amounts in brackets indicate negative amounts, i.e., amounts that are to be deducted. 2. Increase/Decrease in unpaid Interest on Debentures/Loans affects the Cash Flow from Financing Activities and not Operating Activities. 3. Increase/Decrease in Unclaimed Dividend affects the Cash Flow from Financing Activities and not Operating Activities. 4. Increase/Decrease in Accrued Interest on Investment affects the Cash Flow from Investing Activities and not Operating Activities.