Scientific Measurements, Precision, And Accuracy Of...

Scientific Measurements, Precision, And Accuracy Of...
Scientific Measurements, Precision, and Accuracy of Laboratory Glassware When conducting
experiments, scientists must understand the significance of accurate and precise measurements while
utilizing the correct volumetric containers that are used to quantify data. That way, all information
that is collected can be trusted and accurately reflects the facts of the investigation. When measuring
the volume of aqueous solutions, it is imperative to acknowledge the accuracy, precision, and
percent error of the measurements. Accuracy is how close the results are to the actual accepted
measurement, also known as the "true" value. Precision is how close two or more measurements are
relative to each other, only found by measuring a solution multiple times. Percent error is the
difference between an an accepted value and a measured value, and is used to determine the
accuracy of measurements.Understanding the importance of the aforementioned terms will lead to
more valid experiments.
State Problem/ Purpose:
The purpose of this experiment is to learn the differences between the accuracy/ precision of three
pieces of laboratory glassware, as well as to understand when to make an approximated
measurement or an exact one. Using a volumetric pipet, graduated cylinder, and a beaker will yield
different accuracies, due to the nature of the glassware. Thus, as mentioned before, it is important to
understand when to know that one's data is reliable or not. The formula "density = mass/volume"
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Scientists Use of Significant Figures for Measurements
Scientists use significant figures to show exactly how much information an measurement contains.
To give fewer digits that one knows would be withholding information about the accuracy of a
measurement, and to give too many would be exaggerating the reliability of the measurement. When
measuring, it is important to report all digits that one is certain of, along with one more estimated
digit. The final digit of any measurement is estimated. The unreliability of a measurement, therefore,
is plus or minus one unit of the rightmost number. Accordingly, the most precise measurements have
more significant figures, and the least precise measurements have fewer significant figures.
When doing calculations, it is important to not round too early. While the book recommends one or
two extra figures kept for calculations, the course notebook recommends at minimum two extra
figures. Additionally, the book rounds all intermediate steps in calculations to show proper
significant figures throughout the problem, leading to some inaccuracies in the final digits of
answers, while the course notebook recommends returning to the more precise, unrounded numbers
for use in further calculations. To round, underestimate the final numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4, so that if
a digit is smaller than 5 it does not affect the remaining number. If a digit is larger than five (5, 6, 7,
8, 9), during rounding that number is dropped and one is added to the remaining number.
So which figures are significant?

Measurement Lab Report
Experiment: Measurement
Jay Ross
Lab Partner: Nick Jacobson
Abstract:
In this experiment, we experimented finding the fundamental quantities of length, mass, and time
using many laboratory tools. We used a Vernier caliper, stopwatch, rulerm meter stick, wooden
block, metal block, Dial–o–gram, different masses, and circular objects. We took into consideration
the uncertainties of many different tools and objects into our experiment. The inherent uncertainties
of different measurements and ways to propagate those uncertainties were learned during this
experiment.
Results Preparation:
Part A– Estimation of Physical Quantities
Quantity Theoretical Value Experimental Value % Error
Time 30s / 60s 27:57s / 59:27s 8.1% ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
when circumference=3.1cm and diameter=.935cm,
Pi=3.1cm/.935cm=3.3
Discussion of results:
In the first part of the experiment, the fundamental quantities–length, mass and time were estimated
simply by guessing. Even though it can be helpful sometimes to test a hypothesis, huge percentage
errors in the measurements showed that human errors can be significant and therefore, we need
more sophisticated techniques for more accurate measurement. For instance, using Vernier calipers
is more precise than guessing the length or more accurate than the ruler.
Furthermore, the measurements from a wooden block and a metal object were taken to calculate
their volume and density. In this case, the calculations were more precise but due to other sources of
errors, which may be systematic, random or personal, the data was not 100% accurate. There are
always certain uncertainties associated with any type of measurement and it is important to know
that no measurement will be one hundred percent correct.
Proper use of
Lab Manual Questions
1. Why is it important for you to have a "feel" for mass, length and time (or more specifically,
kilograms, meters, and

INET Lab Report 1 Measurement Essay
BioLab3 Lab Report 1
Measurement
Student Name:
I. Length Measurement
EXERCISE 1 – Measuring length using the meter
A dime and a meter stick have been used to determine the following:
How thick is one dime? 1 mm How thick would a stack of ten dimes be?
10
mm
How thick would a stack of one hundred dimes be?
100
mm
How thick would a stack of one thousand dimes be?
1,000
mm
Determine the height of each of the following stacks of dimes in metric units.
10 dimes =
10
millimeters (mm)
10 dimes =
1
centimeters (cm)
10 dimes = .1 decimeters (dm)
10 dimes = .01 meters (m)
EXERCISE 2 – Measuring length
Measure the length of the following objects using the most appropriate ... Show more content on
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Celsius

Fahrenheit
Kelvin
Room Temperature
24°C
75.2 ˚F
297 K
Ice Water
3°C
37.4 ˚F
276 K
Boiling Water
100°C
212 ˚F
373 K
Body Temperature
37°C
98.6 ˚F
310 K
Summary Questions
1. How has the global economy and the metric system influenced United States manufacturing?
The United States has to reconfigure the measurement of goods due to not using the metric system.
2. Name the basic unit of metric measurement of each of the following:
Length
Meters
Volume
Liters
Mass
Kilograms
Temperature
Celsius
3. Explain how the metric units for length, volume and mass are related.
1 cubic centimeter equals 1 ml equals 1 g of h2O
4. What is the approximate mass of 400 ml of water?
400 g
5. Which metric units of length would most conveniently measure the following:
Paper clip centimeters Laboratory table meters Hair width millimeters Dallas to Chicago
Kilometers
6. If an object is 4.5 cm long, what would its length be in mm?
45 mm

7. Determine the mass of 30 ml of water.
30 g
8. What metric unit of volume is used in Europe to measure gasoline? Liters
If the price of this volume of gasoline is $1.19, are you receiving a bargain compared to U.S. prices?
(One quart equals 0.95 liters.)
Cost of gas per gallon
4.52
9. Your friend's temperature is 39.5°C. Does this indicate a problem?
Yes. 103.1 °F
10. Convert 40°C to °F.
104 °F
11. The air temperature is 45°C. How will you dress

The Concept Of Reliability Within Measurement
The concept of reliability within measurement is often debated amongst health professionals, as it is
crucial to the recording of physiological improvements in active and passive range of motion
(ROM). In particular, different techniques such as observation, goniometry and inclinometry are
utilised in clinical settings to determine the ROM for elbow extension. It is noted that, reliable
methods are fundamental for providing quantitative relationships and an understanding of
musculoskeletal impairments.
Often overlooked, reliability is essential for the recognition and consequently the diagnosis of
abnormal elbow extension within physiotherapy. In particular, the diagnosis of impairments and
diseases such as septic arthritis, ulnar nerve entrapment, (Philippou, Maridaki & Bogdanis, 2003)
osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis (Bucala, 2011) affect a patient's elbow extension. Thus,
measurement methods during diagnosis must be accurate and reliable. In regards to patient progress,
the effectiveness of treatments can be recorded quantitatively with measurement. Thus, it follows
that a lack in reliability would dramatically compromise the integrity of elbow extension
measurements. It is argued that all measurements must be reliable to ensure accuracy and the best
possible care for patients.
Considered a worldwide detriment, particularly in the elderly, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis
are some of the most common reasons for seeking treatment with a musculoskeletal

Performance Measurement And Management System Design...
INTRODUCTION
A lot of businesses are facing challenges to succeed in a global competitive market. Demands from
customers is constantly and rapidly changing in terms of the sophistication of the products and
services they require and because of this, interest on performance measurement and management
(PMM) has notably increased in the last 20 to 30 years. This report discusses the problems and
difficulties of performance measurement and management system design interventions of
management accounting fields in today's business environment. It also gives a literature review,
critical analysis and findings on this topic.
PROBLEMATIC ASPECTS
All through history, many organisations have used performance tools to assess the success of the
organisation. Assessment of performance has predominantly been based on financial criteria since
the Middle Ages. (Burns, 1998). Performance measurement tools are used to monitor what
management is doing with factors such as share price, return on investment, profit percentage, sales
volume etc.
There was a growing development in the 1980s that traditional performance measures were no
longer adequate enough to manage organisations competing in modern environments. It has been
put to the attention of many authors on this topic that financial information is historical and gives
insufficient indication of the company's performance. It lacks strategic focus and often inhibits
innovations. However, it encourages short term goals. It usually focusses

Vibration Test of Composite Materials on the Basis of...
Vibration test of composite materials on the basis of measurement of dynamic properti
INTRODUCTION
On the basis of measurement of viscoelastic and dynamic properties, there are four important
parameter such as damping, relaxation, creep, and strain rate, which describes evidence of
viscoelastic behavior and can be calculated with the help of an experiment, but this paper describes
the method of test for the measurement of damping. In addition, the notation of complex modulus
describes conventionally for damping and dynamic stiffness of linear viscoelastic materials, where
the methods of vibration test are considered for measurement of complex moduli of composites.
With the help of this test of plates and beams to find dynamic elastic moduli also get evaluated.
In vibration test, notation for complex modulus is suitable for portrayal of dynamic behavior of
linear viscoelastic composites. The damping and stiffness which are the constituent part of the
complex modulus are belongs to the dynamic mechanical properties, which may be measured with
the help of experiments with vibration and wave propagation experiments ,and the measurement of
the same is considered for dynamic mechanical analysis.
However, there are many traps with respect to the different kind of techniques which must get
avoided. In example, there was a development of commercial dynamic mechanical analyzers for the
testing of small specimen of unreinforced low modulus polymers, and stiffness is generally

Measurement And Measurement Of Calibration
Calibration is a comparison of two measurements, between a known measurement (the standard)
and the measurement another using your instrument.. In order to make sure your instrument is
accurate, reliable and consistent, calibrations needs to be performed on a regular basis (monthly,
quarterly, annually...). But if you purchased a quality instrument, why would it not be accurate,
reliable and consistent? It's a known fact that all instruments drift. The age of the instrument,
temperature changes, humidity and usage can all impact drift or cause the instruments functionality
to degrade overtime. If periodic calibrations are not performed, there is a greater risk for the
instrument to drift out of specifications and not operate properly. The impact of not having regular
calibrations performed on your instrumentation can be defined in quality, efficiencies and dollars or
people, processes and product. Typically, the accuracy of the standard should be ten times the
accuracy of the measuring device being tested. However, accuracy ratio of 3:1 is acceptable by most
standards organizations. Calibrating your measuring instruments has two objectives. It checks the
accuracy of the instrument and it determines the traceability of the measurement. The act of
calibration can also include the repair of the device if it is found to be out of tolerance. People.
Calibrations can impact the safety of employees, customers and consumers depending on your
industry. If instruments are

The Measurement Of Hr Professionals
As the HR world changes, so too does the needs of understanding the complexity of our HR
measurements and analytical systems. Consequently the more that I researched articles on the
viewpoints of HR professionals strategic measurements, the more awareness was created on how
much the traditional measurement models are not significantly related to HR's strategic roles,
though they do relate to an organization 's strategic activities. The future framework of measurable
strategies will need to be logical, reliable, consistent and flexible. There are no perfect models
however the research journey provided me with lessons, organizational highlights of significant
accomplishments, and each article offered recommendations for improvements which ... Show more
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The main parts of the readiness assessment includes examination of the organizations demands for
the design, building a results based system, reviewing existing structures for assessing performance
and the organization 's capacity requirements. Sharing information as well as involving the key
stakeholders, including each employee helps to bring everyone on gaining consensus of the key
performance indicators that should be measured. Every key indicator has a cost and work
implications therefore each stakeholder needs to reformulate the key concerns identified into a
positive desirable outcome in order to gain agreement. In order to better understand the application
of a global organization 's implementation of key indicators I have chosen to analyze Intel
Corporation in 2003 as they had a workforce of 84,000 employees in over 84 nations. One research
report obtained from Intel's Company Profile, "Using a Matrix Approach to Implement HR Indicator
Reviews" as referenced in (The Conference Board Research Report R–1365–04–RR, p 14) helps us
understand the principles of aligning HR deliverables to Intel's overall strategic objectives. Intel's
objectives were extending silicon leadership, delivering innovation and pursuing worldwide
opportunities. Intel chose to have a

Performance Measurement
Performance Measurement
Linda Tate
MGT/437
April 21, 2014
Michael Koma
Performance Measurement Performance measurement is an essential part of the company; it
provides a stage for managers and supervisors, as well as, the performance of its employees. It helps
them determine whether or not employees are meeting the company's expectations. Performance
measurement methods differ according to the work surroundings, such as, the company, and the
occupation of the employee. It can determine an employee's employment status, and his or her
compensation, as well as, their opportunity for advancement. Because of this performance
management should consist of methods that use fair and correct assessments of the employee's
performance. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For instance at a photo printing shop, the printer's accuracy is measured in the size of defects to the
total pictures printed. This measurement is an important measure of performance; it symbolizes how
well the product the project produced works. The project team can produce a product on time and
budget, however, if it is not accurate it will not meet the performance constraint (voices yahoo,
2007). Volume The third performance measurement is volume, which is measured by the total
number quality product that is dispensed to the client. For instance, a photo printing shop is
expected to produce a volume of 125 photos in three hours, the printer could break down slowing
production. The manager could decide to go into overtime to make sure that the numbers of photos
are delivered, and the measure of speed would not be expected, but the volume measure would be
successfully met. The three performance measures speed, accuracy, and volume are important signs
of a projects performance. They show just how successful the project is, thus, making them similar,
irrespective of time and budget. They allow benchmarks to be set, which stands for the performance
level that project managers depend on for the project team to produce. These three measurements
are measurable, specific, and assignable, they are exact indicators that can be estimated and anyone
can be

The Impact Of Traditional Performance Measurement On The...
The world is changing, so is the business world. For companies, it is inevitable to confront with the
transforming economics. There have been increasing companies find that the traditional
performance measurement approaches seems to be obsolete to reflect their performance, missions
and strategy objectives all rounded. For adapting to the new market and better understanding the
management process, improved performance measurement tool has arisen to keep pace with the
changing economic world. (Dumitrescu and Fuciu, 2009) – The Balanced Scorecard (BSC), which
is described as one of the most innovative business frameworks in the contemporary history of
management accounting. (Busco and Quattrone, 2015) The essay will firstly illustrate the origins of
and the rise to prominence of the BSC, then demonstrate the approach to performance measurement
and the advantages it offers, finally explain the limitations of the BSC.
The first thing to explain is the origins of the BSC. The system is generally known invented by
Robert Kaplan and David Norton in 1992. However, in 1930s management pioneers and
practitioners, including accountants in France have contributed substantially in building a similar
system. (Niven, 2014) In early 1990, Nolan Norton Institute, the research branch of KPMG,
organised a programme 'Measuring performance in the organisation of the future'. The programme is
led by David Norton, who is the Chief Executive Officer in Nolan Norton and Robert Kaplan, a
visionary

The Controversy Between Theory To Measurement And...
The role of measurement
How does the mechanism proceed from theory to measurement and to policy–making?
Once the phenomenon is examined within a conceptual framework; I intend to go further with a
methodological understanding and questioning of the mechanism in which immigration is modelled,
measured, and intervened with the policies. In order to inquire this, the first emphasis goes on the
link between theory and measurement; and then to the way the scientific process is translated into
real world via policy–making. Thinking how numbers' dependency on the subject matter
(individuals) can easily turn to the dependency of individuals to the numbers just because policy
matters for people; a proper understanding and measuring people and their environment as a whole
appears to be essential. It can ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These indices on the other hand, can be seen as the way authorities (states or group of states, i.e.
European Union) define and identify immigrants since they play role in policy–making. So, the
extent these indices recognize identity can be symbolized as the extent states and policies recognize
immigrants as they have identities (heterogeneous mixture), in interaction with others, and do
change.
Following the discussion on the problems in the economic theory; the validity of the indices would
then depend on how adequately they take the individuals, their change and interaction into account.
If what matters in immigration is not only an ultimate goal set in one point of time or its
consequences in performance in an isolated work place; but the goals, as individuals do, evolve
within interaction of identities of all entities (people, groups, institutions, lands) maybe in different
frequencies or different ways; then indices as the way authorities understand individuals should well
take this into account.
b. Institutional

Four General Types of Measurement
There are four general types of measurement scales: sorting, ranking, rating, and categorizing
(Cooper & Schindler, 2006). The data collected by the survey team at Insuratel used a rating
scale. The surveys where used to measure employee job satisfaction across departments. The Likert
Scale was used to collect the data for all the questions in the survey. The questions asked in the
survey studied the attitudes of the employees and their satisfaction. The surveys provided valuable
feedback and determined that most of the employees are satisfied with their jobs at Insuratel. The
study also suggests that employees don't have a strong opinion about support from upper level
management. Nominal and ordinal measurement scales are used to ... Show more content on
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References Cooper, D. R. & Schindler, P. S. (2006). Business research methods (9th ed.).
Boston: McGraw–Hill/Irwin. Lind, D., Marchal, W., & Wathen, S. (2008). Statistical
techniques in business and economics (13th ed.). Boston: McGraw–Hill/Irwin. Maliakal, L. (2010).
Absenteeism in the workplace, Retrieved on July 25, 2010 from http://www.Buzzle.com Reeves,
T.C.(2000). Alternative assessment approaches for online learning environments in higher
education, Journal of

The Roots Of Six Sigma Measurement
The roots of Six Sigma as a tool of standard measurement can be traced back to the time of Carl
Friedrich, who lived between 1777 to 1855. Friedrich introduced the concept that is today called the
normal curve. The origination of the Six Sigma measurement standard came way during the time of
Friedrich, but it took the Six Sigma format in the 1920s as a genesis of Walter Shewhart who
demonstrated that Sigma as from the mean is the location where a particular process is in need of
correction. There were other standards of measurement during this time like Cpk and Zero Defects
but the coining of the term "Six Sigma" is advocated to a Motorola engineer called Bill Smith
(Goldsby & Martichenko, 2005). Way the mid 1980s, when the chair of Motorola was Bob Galvin,
the Motorola engineers made a decision that the initial quality levels, which involved measurement
of defects within a thousand opportunities, had not provided enough granularities. Therefore, these
engineers wanted to make measurements of the defects for every million opportunities. It was
during this helm that Motorola decided to develop this new standard, creating its methodology
together with other cultural changes associated with it. With the use of this new tool of
measurement, now called Six Sigma, Motorola was able to achieve powerful threshold results
within the organization. For instance, the company was able to document more than $16 billion in
savings simply because of the use of Six Sigma. It was at this

Labpaq Lab Techniques and Measurements Essay
Title: Observations of Chemical Changes
Purpose: To learn about the international system of units (SI), to become familiar with common lab
equipment and techniques, to gain proficiency in determining volume, mass, length, and temperature
of a variety of items using common laboratory measurement devices, to learn to combine units to
determine density and concentration, and to use laboratory equipment to create serial dilutions and
determine the density and concentration of each dilution.
Procedure: Measure the volume, mass, length and temperature of a variety of items. Create dilution
of sugar water.
Data Tables and Observation: Fill out the data sheet (below) for the experiment and submit with this
form. Recording data carefully ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Measure the mass and calculate the density of the magnet using the correct significant figures and
units. Show work for full credit. (2 points)
2x0.8x0.8=1.28 mL=cubic centimeters
4.3 g/1.28 mL= 3.36 g/mL
(0.5 point)
Data Table 6: Displacement Method
Object:
Mass (g)
Initial volume in the graduated cylinder (mL)
Final volume in the graduated cylinder (mL)
Object Volume (mL)
Density (g/mL)
Magnet
4.3 g
7.0 mL
8.0 mL
1.0 mL
4.3 g/mL
Metal Bolt
8.0 g
7.0 mL

8.0 mL
1.0 mL
8.0 g/mL
Determine the volume of the magnet and metal bolt to +/– 0.1 mL using units and sig figs carefully.
Measure the mass and calculate the density of the magnet and metal bolt using the correct
significant figures and units. Show work for full credit. (2 points)
8.0–7.0=1.0
because each of the objects displaced the water by 1 mL, their mass over that mL is their density.
Magnet= 4.3 g/mL
Bolt= 8.0 g/mL
(0.5 point)
Data Table 7: Archimedes Method
Object:
Mass (g)
Mass of displaced water (g)
Volume of displaced water (mL)
Density (g/mL)
Magnet
123.0 g
124.0 g
7.5 mL
Metal

The Socio Cultural Measurements Of Environment
The socio–cultural measurements of environment cover traditions, ways of life, and qualities that
characters the public in which the firm works or to say macro environment. Demography is one of
numerous variables that plays significant role to impact capacity of organization to run business to
function within society along maintaining socio–cultural factor. Demography is the investigation of
human populaces in terms of size, density, location, age, gender, race, occupation and different
measurements. Changes in the world demographic environment have major implication for
business. The total population rate is developing at an unstable rate that will soon surpass
nourishment supply and capacity to enough administration. Variation in demographics has numerous
potential outcomes for business in sugar industry. As population changes, the interest for items and
administrations likewise changes. For instance, decrease in populace comes about decrement of
demand and utilization of item and henceforth ultimately decreases the business.
From above chart and bar graph, we can observe the simultaneous relationship between population
and sugar production. The more population increased, the more production of sugarcane level is also
high and vice versa. Also, it is further affected by the sub components of demographic factors which
is shown in following chart.
Age, Gender, education, Health and Ethnicity, these all factors cover equal concern for demand and
consumption of material and

The Performance Measurement Questionnaire
The Performance Measurement Questionnaire (PMQ)
The Performance Measurement Questionnaire (PMQ) proposed by Dixon (1991) serves as a
straightforward, decision–making tool for managers. It is structured in a form of questionnaire that
addresses the suitability of a firm's performance measures in relative to its improvement aims and
objectives. This tool also used to evaluate the consistency between the firm's strategy, corrective
actions and measures. The PMQ is divided into four parts. As the first step, it must gather general
data to identify and classify the respondents.
Figure 3 – Performance Measurement Questionnaire (PMQ)
Source: Dixon, 1990
The second part of the questionnaire addresses the organization's business priorities and current ...
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Determinants Leading Indicators, on the other hand, focus on non–financial indicators including
quality of service, flexibility resource utilization and innovation. According, to Fitzgerald (1991)
comprehensive approach to performance tracking outlined in the results and determinants
framework is suitable for application in manufacturing and service industries.
The Cambridge Performance Measurement Design Process
The Cambridge Performance Measurement Design Process proposed by Neely (1996), serves as tool
to improve the design of performance measurement systems. This model aims to develop a coherent
and balanced system that utilizes financial and non–financial indicators and considers both, internal
and external measures. Balancing performance measurements depends on to the huge extent on the
successful identification of conflicting or counter–productive performance measures and their
elimination. Figure 4 – The Cambridge Performance Measurement Design Process
Source: Neely 1996, 2000, Bourne 1998,

Four Types of Measurement Scales
Introduction There are four measurement scales, or types of data, nominal, ordinal interval and ratio.
These four measurements are simple ways to categorize different types of variables. This paper will
discuss the usage of each scale.
Nominal
Nominal scales are the most commonly used in marketing research. Nominal scales are used for
labeling variables, without any quantitative value. In fact, Nominal scales could be called "labels".
Nominal are categories with numbers assigned to them to facilitate analysis. "A nominal scale
partitions data into categories that are mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive, implying that
every bit of data will fit into one and only one category and that all data will fit somewhere on the ...
Examples: RULER: inches or centimeters YEARS of work experience INCOME: money earned last
year NUMBER of children
Conclusion It's important to recognize that there is a hierarchy implied in the level of measurement
idea. At lower levels of measurement, assumptions tend to be less restrictive and data analyses tend
to be less sensitive. At each level up the hierarchy, the current level includes all of the qualities of
the one below it and adds something new. In general, it is desirable to have a higher level of
measurement (e.g., interval or ratio) rather than a lower one (nominal or

Essay about Lab 1-Measurement, Length, Mass, Volume,...
GS104
Lab Report
Experiment # 1
Measurement, Length, Mass, Volume,
Density & Time
David Case:
January 17, 2015
Experiment #1
Measurement, Length, Mass, Volume, Density, & Time
Objectives:
To make basic distance, mass, density, and time measurements.
To make calculations of volume and density, using proper units, and to practice using graphing
software while graphing the relationship between the circumference of a circle and its diameter.
Materials: stopwatch meter tape 3 rectangular objects metric ruler pencils metal bolt 500‐G scale
graduated cylinder five circular objects
Lab Notes: 1. Estimation of Various ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By having the length, width, and height measurements off by a little, the volume would be off by a
huge amount. A small error in the hand measurements would grow by leaps and bounds in
measuring volume. 3. Graphing data and the determination of π In this experiment, I measured 5
round objects of varying sizes. The objects I selected are a cup, a bowl, a soda can, a babies rattle, a
CD.
Object
Diameter (cm)
Circumference (cm)
Cup
7
22
Bowl
14
48
Can

6
21
Rattle
5
18
CD
12
38
Question: What is the slope of "C vs d" line? What does it represent? The slope of the "C vs d" line,
according to the above graph, is 3.2548. This represents a ratio between the circumference and the
diameter of a round object. Being that I used imprecise measuring devices my measurements are a
little off. Although my ratio seems consistent in my graph. With a more accurate measuring device
my measurement would be closer to π.
G. Percentage error formula: Percentage error = π = 3.14 Estimate = 3.2548 3.14–3.2548/3.14 = ‐
0.0365 x ‐1 = 0.0365 x 100% = 3.65% My percent of error is 3.65%. 4 Density Measurements:
determine the density of a metal bolt by water‐displacement method:
A, B & C: For this experiment first I weighed a metal bolt using a digital scale, getting a weight of
7.8 g. Then I filled the graduated cylinder with water to 10–mL. Next I placed the metal bolt into the
cylinder and recorded the new volume. This reading was 12–mL.

Essay on Laboratory Techniques and Measurements Lab 1...
Laboratory Techniques and Measurements Lab 1
The purpose of this lab was for the student to get involved with his or hers new lab kit as well as
being able to know, identify and use each other tools provided in the kit. Another key learning
aspect of this lab is to teach the student how to measure properly the many units in the SI system. I
will be using laboratory dilutions, measurements, and weights to then calculate using algebraic
formula.
Throughout lab one we were introduced to many different forms of measurement, whether its using
a ruler too measure length, a digital scale to measure weight, and also many different sized and
shaped flasks to measure different volumes. Another key measurement of this lab was to teach the ...
This lab is all about measurements and recording them properly. The lab first introduces to use the
measurement of centimeters, millimeters, and meters to measure different household objects in our
everyday life. We were given the task to use the provided ruler and measure a CD, key, spoon, and a
fork in centimeters and then convert our findings to give us the appropriate units of millimeters and
meters for each object required in the exercise.
Data Table 1: Length measurements. | Object | Length (cm) | Length (mm) | Length (m) | CD or
DVD | 12cm | 120mm | . .12m | Key | 5.5cm | 55mm | 0.055m | Spoon | 15cm | 150mm | .15m | Fork |
18cm | 180mm | .18m |
Lab 1 also teaches us the importance of molecular weight of a substance and how to use that to find
the amount of moles of that substance in a solution. For example; in exercise 3 we were asked to
weigh 8 grams of sugar and then calculate how many moles of sugar it really was. Using the
molecular weight of sugar (C = 12.01 grams/mol, H = 1.008 grams/mole, O = 15.00 grams/mole).
We were then able to use this molecular mass of the sugar that we then had to use to calculate and
determine the molarity of the sugar

Measurement Is A Significant Area Of Maths
Measurement Essay Sam Nicholson 30114222
Measurement is a significant area in the curriculum, as it can "make or break a child's confidence in
mathematics" (Kefaloukos & Bobis, 2011, p. 19). Therefore teachers play a crucial role in teaching
this area of maths. Firstly, it is important to consider what skills children have with regard to
measurement when they start school. This guides teachers with an appropriate level to begin.
Secondly, teachers need to know some engaging ways to teach measurement. Teachers also need to
know how to adjust their teaching when necessary to cater for a varied range of abilities.
What is 'measurement'?
In 2000, the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics provided a definition of 'Measurement' as
being a process by which a number is assigned to an attribute of an object or event (McDonald,
2013).
This understanding that objects and events can be evaluated in areas such as weight and length
begins well before children start school (McDonald, 2013). Three year old children begin to
understand how long events may last. They also start to understand weight but don't know how to
measure it (McDonald, 2013).
Four year olds begin to learn the vocabulary associated with measurement and start using informal
measurement tools, such as hands and pencils. Most students starting school understand that more
formal measuring tools exist and how these tools are used. These

The Height Of Labor During The Interval Level Of...
Exercise 11
What demographic variables were measured at least at the interval level of measurement? (Grove
79)
Age, income, length of labour, return to work, and number of hours per working week were the
demographic variables measured at the least interval f measurement.
What statistics were used to describe the length of labor in this study? Were these appropriate?
(Grove 79)
Mean and standard deviation were used to describe the length of labor in the study. These were
appropriate because mean (M) is used to calculate interval (and ratio) data, thus, the length of labor
in interval data.
What other statistic could have been used to describe the length of labor? Provide a rationale for
your answer. (Grove 79)
Sample variance could have also been used to describe the length of labor because it is the sample
standard deviation squared.
Were the distributions of scores similar for the experimental and control groups for the length of
labor? Provide a rationale for your answer. (Grove 79)
The standard deviation scores did not possess any significant difference because the standard
deviation for the experimental group was 7.78 and 7.2 for the control group, so the difference was
only 0.58. However, the difference in the mean for both groups were significant in that the mean for
the experimental group was 14.63 and 12.79 for the control, which is a difference of 1.84. But based
on the narrative from the study, the groups were not significantly different for any of the

Purpose And Indirect Measurement Of M & M 's Lab
MaryAnn Marichal
Ms. Wilson
Physics/ FLVS
July 20, 2015
1.18– M&M 's Lab
Purpose: To practice direct and indirect measurement
Introduction: Do you think you could measure the average thickness of a sample of M&Ms without
directly measuring selected M&Ms? The answer is "yes," and in this activity you will make direct
and indirect measurements of the thickness of M&Ms. You will compare the results and evaluate the
reliability of each method of measurement. Be sure to view the tutorial on the proper use of the
vernier caliper. Please re–visit the information on when to cite sources.
Since a graduated cylinder is usually used for liquid measurement, students think they need to put
water in the cylinder. This is not true for this activity. The graduated cylinder will be kept clean and
dryfor this activity. It is also important to remember that in the metric system, one mL is the same
volume as one cubic centimeter (1 ml = 1 cm3).
Materials: none
Pictures will be provided of the experiment. Materials used in obtaining the pictures are a bag of
regular (NOT peanut) M&Ms (about 8 oz), plastic vernier caliper, and 100 ml plastic graduated
cylinder.
Procedure:
Start with a clean and dry 100 ml plastic graduated cylinder. Add M&Ms until the graduated
cylinder is about 3/4 full. Gently tap the graduated cylinder to "settle" the M&Ms. Read the volume
of M&Ms in cm3 and record the value in Data Table 1.
"Pour" the M&Ms onto a clean, dry table or other flat surface. Use your hands to

The Importance Of The International System Of Measurement
12 inches equal 1 foot. 3 feet equal 1 yard. 1,760 yards equal 1 mile. At a young age we are forced
to memorize these countless conversions making school a real struggle, but what if there is an easier
way. If you asked anyone else in the world about measurements, 10 cm equals 1 decameter. 10
decimeter equals 1 meter. 1,000 meters equals 1 kilometer. As a math student in the US, using the
traditional system seems absolutely ridiculous; when compared to SI, none of the measurements are
consistent or make sense. Take a look at the world, the International System of Measurements (SI) is
used by every country around the world except for three. Liberia, Burma, and of course the US. In
order to "Make America Great Again" the United States needs ... Show more content on
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There are about 300 non–SI units! Converting to SI would not only be beneficial to our teachers,
making their jobs easier because they don't have to waste time on teaching two systems or teaching
conversions, it's also making the lives of students a lot more simplistic. No longer would they have
to worry about if they made their conversion correctly, or what system they should be using. In the
long run converting will have an immense impact. Now, it's no surprise that Americans are lazy and
arrogant. When looking at the reasons why SI is not in effect in the US is because we are lazy and
want to prove a point. "Whenever the discussion of switching unit systems arose in Congress, the
passage of a bill favoring the metric system was thwarted by big businesses and American citizens
who didn't want to go through the time–consuming and expensive hassle of changing the country's
entire infrastructure. Many also believed that the United States should keep its particular system,
setting it apart from other countries and symbolizing its status as a leader rather than a follower."
(Hogeback) Isn't that an American thing to say "leader rather than a follower." No matter what it
comes to the US has to make a statement and be the different one. Americans decided that they do
not want to convert just due to the fact that it will take time and money and change their "status".
However, when

A Research Study On Performance Measurement
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
This section of the study concentrates on reviewing of some previous related research about the
topic under study. Our theoretical background foremost consists of former research in the area of
performance measurement in the manufacturing industries.The central concept of performance
measurement are described. In the end of this chapter we will gather relevant parts of the presented
theory and put it together in a theoretical framework, which we will use when we collect and
analyse our empirical material. 2.3 Empirical Literature
Many studies have been done over the period on performance measurement in many countries.
However a few of the topics are worth mentioning and reviewed.
For example Hayes & Abernathy (1980) criticized the use of traditional short–term financial
measures, Kaplan (1984) argued that measurement systems were lagging behind their time, new
kind of competition and demand for internal information required system renovation and Hiromoto
(1988) presented the more advanced management accounting techniques of Japanese companies.
Eccles (1991, p. 131) even stated that within the next five years, every company will have to
redesign how it measures its business performance. Neely (1999) suggests that reasons for this were
the changing nature of work and organizational roles, increasing competition, new improvement
initiatives and changing external demands.
The beginning of 1990s created a boom in performance measurement

Measurement Scales Paper
Measurement Scales Paper
Marketers use scales to measure the assignment of numbers to objects or persons to represent
quantities to their attributes (Aaker, 2007). This includes the measurement of agreements or
disagreements that relates to attitudes or objects. For example, the measurement is in two parts, the
item part, and the evaluative part. It is important to understand the level of characteristics of scales
such as nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio because scales differ with respect to the scaling
characteristics. Nominal scales label the objects. Ordinal scales rank the order and size difference of
the respondents or their responses. Interval scales represent the equal distance between the
descriptor. Finally, the ratio scales ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Then if the individual were a female, she would answer the gender question with number one, which
corresponds to female. When questionnaires are completed the numerical scales are the number and
percentage of objects, such as 53 females (51.5 %) and 50 males (48.5%) (McDaniel, 2006).
Ordinal
Ordinal scales use labeling characteristics similar to nominal scales but in this case, it uses the
numbers for the ability to order the data. This scale is a higher level of measurement and is used
mostly to show the rank order of the items to be reviewed. The operations determine which is
greater or lesser than another in the same list. For example, if there were a questionnaire about a
person's preference of restaurants, the questionnaire would give the respondent a few choices to
review. If the example has five choices, the respondent would choose one to five with the number
five as most desired. Then the individual will rank the most desired restaurant by placing the number
five next to the name of the restaurant he or she prefers the most. This helps the questionnaire
determine which restaurant is preferred greater than others. Then the measure of central tendency is
the median, and the percentile would be used for measuring dispersion (McDaniel, 2006).
Interval
Interval scales have characteristics of nominal and ordinal scales but also have equal intervals
between the points on the scale (McDaniel, 2006). This type of scale is the preferred measure of

Methods Of Observation A Surface Measurements
II. Methods of observation
A. Surface Measurements
Rain gauge observations dating back to 1986 have been used to estimate precipitation rates. Figure 1
shows the distribution of rain gauges around the globe. Precipitation is measured in terms of the
total depth of a flat surface area, assuming no water vapor is lost by melting or evaporation.
Precipitation depth is measured in inches in the United States and in millimeters for research
purposes and most other countries. Frozen precipitation is melted and added to the total amount of
rainfall (i.e. liquid water equivalent). Precipitation measurements may utilize either touched
(mechanical gauges) instruments, such as standard rain gauges and tipping buckets, or untouched
instruments (remote sensing gauges). Untouched measurements may use disdrometer or remote
sensing by radar.
A standard rain gauge consists of four components: a large outer container, a measuring tube, a
collector funnel, and a measuring stick. Disdrometers measure the drop size distribution and the
resulting velocity of falling hydrometeors, which in combination can be used to estimate the
precipitation rate. The size distribution can be used to measure radar reflectivity.
Surface measurements may contain several errors due to potential losses of evaporation/runoff and
the melting of frozen precipitation. Surface contamination may occur as wind, soil, and vegetation
must be accounted for. Other factors may include the diameter or height of the gauge

Purchasing Performance Measurement At Ibm Essay
PURCHASING PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT AT IBM
6.1 Purchasing Performance Measurement
Purchasing is defined as the management of a company's external resources in such a way that the
supply of all goods, services, capabilities and knowledge which are necessary for running,
maintaining and managing the company's primary and support activities are secured under the most
favourable conditions. (Van Weele, 2014).
Purchasing is vital to primary and support activities in business, where direct purchasing refers to
spend targeted at acquiring materials and services to manufacture end products and support
purchasing to cover the running of the back office (Van Weele, 2014). Purchasing is an integral part
of day to day operations. Based on this observation, spending on materials and services represents a
major chunk of a firm's overall cost. It becomes imperative to view purchasing as a key strategy for
improving bottom line and increasing profits.
Global competition, leading to pressure to reduce cost and increase outsourcing contributes to the
growing strategic importance of purchasing (Carter, 2005).
Purchasing performance will be judged based on the responsibilities and expectation of the
purchasing department at each unique organization. In other words there is no one size fits all
criteria or set of indicators to measure purchasing performance across board.
The way an organization views purchasing will determine the criteria it uses to measure its
performance. Using the Van Weele

Difference Between Order Measurement And Interval Level Of...
Interval level of measure classifies and order measurement, but also determine the distance between
each interval on a scale that labels low to the high interval. An example is an emergency room nurse
may ask her patient to tell her on a scale 1–10, which number would represent the pain they are
encountering. Also, a temperature can be used as an interval level of measure in determining the
distance between 94 and 96 Celsius degree is the same distance as the temperature of 100 Celsius to
102 Celsius(Statistic Solution, 2016). Therefore, due to it, characteristic this level of data has an
equal value for the second in time when using interval measurement. However, the different from
ratio level of measure is that interval does not have a true

Context Measurements
My research this week focuses on the importance of context measurements, (Spitzer, 2007).
Measurements are a part of our daily life, we use measurements to establish goals, create motivation
and track our progress, (Spitzer, 2007). Without measurements, we have nothing to base our
direction, define our path or develop milestones in our progression, (Spitzer, 2007). Measurements
our critical to advancing our position and being competitive not only in athletic endeavors but in our
developing organizations. Measurements are critical to remain competitive, establish baselines and
create new levels of productivity, (Spitzer, 2007). According to the author, measurements are usually
viewed in a negative light, (Spitzer, 2007). Our perception ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Taking the wrong measurements can have a negative impact on the outcome due to inaccuracy or
wrong direction. Organizations are renowned for measuring every aspect of the company by
acquiring copious amounts of useless data that many cannot explain. Sometimes, the data collected
can be misleading and clouds our vision causing misdirection in productive outcomes. According to
the author, there are two types of measurements, the first being motivational and the second is
informational, (Spitzer, 2007). Motivational is geared towards rewards, which can be measured by
productivity and or performance, (Spitzer, 2007). Rewards are a part of life, every employee strives
to be awarded for good work, (Spitzer, 2007). Unfortunately, this drive to earn awards can be too
strong thus shadowing things that are important. Awards can also affect change; an employee will
not embrace change even in the best interest of the organization if it deters from receiving awards,
(Spitzer, 2007). Awards can easily be the demise of many organizations when not measured
correctly, (Spitzer, 2007). An example of this would be to give monetary awards for exceeding
established production levels per piece versus set

Performance Measurement ( Kpis )
Performance Measurement (KPIs) is a critical part of the global supply chain management.
Advantages include expertise and specialization. Therefore, developing effective methods to layout
the operations of better supplier performance measurement (KPIs) can significantly reduce supply
costs, improve quality, and optimize service levels so that a business can run their logistics
operations more efficiently. The disadvantage to this is the risk of streamlining the business when
there is an unexpected problem such as, when a supplier has a technical problem and the buyer may
have to negotiate on short notice with a replacement supplier.
I. Introduction
Overview
Delivery performance, quality performance and cost ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A contract manufacturing method is feasible to add capacity and flexibility without investing in new
facilities. For instance, Mercedes appointed AM General, to produce 12,000 of their R–class
vehicles destined for export to China. The purpose of this outsourcing is clear: "Mercedes will
manage the logistics and supply chain, while keeping their supplier network in place. All parts of the
R–class vehicles will be assembled and painted on AM General's production line in Mishawaka,
Indiana" (The missing link in automotive contract manufacturing, n.d.).
Despite the strong ties that still exist between the auto company and its suppliers, recently, the
relationship has been changing in response to the need for more globalized supply chains. For
instance, Nissan has already taken many steps to remove itself from the traditional keiretsu style
supply chain after aligning with its parent company, Renault in France. Honda has also been
changing its supply chain and is working with suppliers including foreign suppliers outside of their
keiretsu supply chain.
So, what is key to maintaining quality performance of suppliers outside of their keiretsu in order to
continue to be successful?
These Japanese automobile companies use supplier evaluation scorecards to improve supply chain
performance. The three supplier performance categories that

Lab Report On : Dowel Measurement, Probability, And,...
Department of Civil Engineering
Auburn University
Laboratory Report
On
Dowel Measurement,
Probability, and
Usability of a Specimen
Submitted to
Joseph Broderick
Submitted by
Aaron M. Roy
Group Members
David Allain
Augustin Arguello
Hayden Yendle
September 2, 2016
Abstract The lab uses the measurements of a wooden dowel in length and diameter to collect data in
order to interpret data in report form. The data is used to produce statistical data and how to
correctly present it. A ruler and micrometer were used to measure the dimensions. Spreadsheets are
then constructed in order to generate standard deviation, mean, median, mode, frequency, as well as
variation of length, diameter, volume, and cross sectional area of the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Theoretically from the recorded data the calculated mean, median, and mode will be the most
accurate representation of the real world value. The difference between the highest recorded value
and lowest recorded value is the range in the set of data. Standard deviation (s) is a quantity
calculated to indicate an extend of deviation for a group of data as a whole (Marshall). This is
calculated using: s=√((∑_(i=1)^n▒〖(x–¯x)〗^2 )/(n–1)) (Equation 2)
The coefficient of variation (CV) represents a percentage of standard deviation to the mean and can
be calculated by dividing the standard deviation calculated using Equation 2 by the expected value.

The equation can be calculated by:
CV= s/¯x*100 (Equation 3)
The mean area (A) can be calculated by using the following Equation 4, where d is average diameter
of the measured dowel. The volume of the dowel is then calculated by multiplying the area by the
length.
A=(πd^2)/4 (Equation 4)
V=A*L (Equation 5)
The standard deviation of the mean area 〖(S〗_A) and standard deviation of the volume (S_v) are
determined using the following equations

Measurement And Measurement Of Measurement
Measurement Measurement is a number that shows the size or amount of something and usually the
number is reference to a standard measurement, such as kilogram. There are many things that can be
measured, including; length, area, volume, weight, mass, altitude, temperature and time. Charles
(2005) featured measurement is his big idea number 8 which states that "measurements can be
approximated using known referents as the unit in the measurement process". This idea of
estimation means that a large number of objects can be approximated by calculating a sub–section
and multiplying this by the number of subsections. This is demonstrated in my Topic 6 Thinking
Time Problem called the 'joined hands problem' where I had to calculate the length covered if all the
people in the unit, university, Australia and the world stood with their arms linked (appendix 6). To
answer this I took the average person 's arm span and multiplied it by the number of people; rather
than actually measuring all the people which would be extremely impractical. Thus, I approximated
the measurement using a known referent. I showcased my knowledge of the measurement
mathematics area when answering question 5 of the Year 9 NAPLAN 2012 Numeracy Test for
assessment 2 (appendix 14). This question involved writing out the scale used in the diagram as a
ratio, simplifying it and then converting it into a written statement. At first I could not remember the
method involved when converting scale and I could not

Metric Measurement Lab Report
During the metric measurement lab, the objective, also known as the problem statement, was to take
measurements of the length, volume, mass, temperature, and circumference of different substances.
In addition, we were to convert these measurements using the factor label method and complete
calculations based on the measurements we took at the six different stations of the lab. Furthermore,
we were directed to compare and contrast our calculations with other groups in the classroom.
For station one, we were directed to calculate the dimensions of two rectangular boxes. In order to
do this, the materials we needed were a ruler and the two boxes. First, we measured the length,
width, and height of the first block using the metric side of the ... Show more content on
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For example, our group obtained a mass of 45.52 grams or 45,520 milligrams for the ball in station
six. However, another group obtained a mass of 43.50 grams or 43,500 milligrams. This difference
most likely occurred due to the fact that students did not fully wait to see if the two lines on the
triple beam balance were exactly matched up. Through our eyes, it may seem like they are lined up
perfectly, but in reality, there could be the slightest difference that we do not notice. While we
measured the width of the table at station three, we noticed a difference in the measurement. The
difference in the measurement was 0.1 centimeters, one millimeter, or 0.001 meters. A factor that
could account for this difference is that when we measured using the metric ruler, we had to
constantly move the ruler down the table in order to obtain the full measurement. During the process
of doing that, it is very possible, that a millimeter or two could have been added or cut off while we
were continuously moving the ruler. In station two, the directions stated not to splash any water out
of the graduated cylinder when we put the rock in because it would alter the results for the
measurement. For example, if a few milliliters of water spilled out while placing the rock in, the
calculation for the measurement of the rock would also be a few millimeters less; therefore, it would
decrease the accuracy of the measurement of the volume of the rock. In station five, the
measurement of the circumference of the ball for our group was 20.00 centimeters, 200.0
millimeters, or 0.2000 meters. However, for another group in the classroom, the measurements and
calculations were 22.00 centimeters, 220.0 millimeters, or 0.2200 meters. The difference in the
measurement was most likely caused by the difference in the point from where the string was
wrapped around since there was no

Essay On Performance Measurement
From the results of interviews with specialist doctors in general government hospital Medan city,
performance measurement has been done with the online system. The process and the result of
performance measurement can be seen by superiors and specialist doctors themselves. This result is
different from Lubis and Nasution's (2016; 2017) study. From they're research in private general
hospitals around Medan City, performance measurement has'nt been done with the online system.
They still use paper stuffed manually.
The purpose of performance measurement of specialist doctors in general government hospital
Medan city is to determine the remuneration / medical service (Pay for Performance / P2) which is
directly sent to each specialist ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This result is different from Lubis and Nasution's (2016; 2017) study. From they're research time
measurement is done once every 4 months, once every 6 months or 1 year.
There are four components of a specialist's performance measurement of specialist doctors in
general government hospital Medan city, namely the quantity of work (target number of patients
treated), the quality of work, behavior and additional activities of the presence. These four
components are arranged using ratings of graphic rating scale or behavioral checklists. There is
weighting in every rank. In the opinion of Aamodt (2016), these four components fall into the Goal–
focused and Trait–focused performance dimension.
The quantity of work made by the specialist doctors himself and see whether at the end of the month
has reached the target or not, the quality of work, behavior and additional activities of the presence,
measured by the medical committee as supervisor of the performance of specialist doctors in the
hospital. This is in accordance with the opinion of Aamodt (2016) that who can be an appraiser is a
superior and specialist doctors himself. This result is different from Lubis and Nasution's (2016;
2017) study. From they're research the appraiser is who is appointed by the medical committee that
is the superior or co–worker of the measured doctors.
From the results of deep interviews with specialist doctors in general government hospital Medan
city, the doctor can't refuse the performance

Phasor Measurement Unit Essay
Large–scale smart grid initiatives require fast and accurate monitoring of power system network.
Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) is one of the major components which are increasingly deployed
in the power system network to provide the necessary infrastructure to cater smart grid
requirements. PMUs provide time synchronized measurement of voltage and current phasors
(Phadke and Thorp 2008) from different nodes of the power system network, which is used for
monitoring and control. NASPI (March 2015) and NERC (September 2016) suggest use of phasor
data from the PMUs to perform verification of dynamic models as well as validating parameters of
power plant models. A parameter identification toolbox for power system models developed using
the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The mismatch in PMU measurements and dynamic simulators lead to anomalous result for
application such as event location, oscillation detection, islanding detection, and dynamic line rating
as indicated in (Zhao et al. 2015). While PMUs can measure and time synchronize the output phasor
with great accuracy, the internal signal processing may utilize several cycles of the input signal
measurements to calculate each phasor values. Thus, even if the PMU report phasor each cycle, the
measurements is not representative of the current cycle but of a number of the preceding and
following cycles depending on the sliding window of data used for the phasor estimation. This
typically smooths out/filters faster changes that may be present in the simulation output, rendering
PMU output not comparable to simulated response for the same disturbance when fast changing
responses are present (applicable for a very small time constant parameters in the model of the
physical system). Phasor estimation can be performed in electromagnetic simulators in which point
of wave signal is available. Phasor estimation of a point of wave signal is applied in electromagnetic
simulator using enhanced DFT based algorithm in (Romano, Pignati, and Paolone 2015). A
mechanism for streaming simulated phasors from TSAT in C37.118 format is proposed in (Zheng,
Howell, and Wang 2015). However, these phasors do not reflect the PMU characteristics as

Investigating Precision And Accuracy Of Experimental...
Comparing and Contrasting Liquid Volumes to Determine Precision and Accuracy of Experimental
Measurement
Introduction The purpose of this experiment is to compare and contrast liquid volume reading values
of different measuring devices, determining the precision and accuracy of experimental
measurement. This was done through use of a graduated cylinder, a serological pipette, and a
variable volume pipette.
In laboratories, many kinds of containers and devices are available for measuring liquid volume. For
example, graduated cylinders are used to approximate measurements, Serological Pipettes are used
to more precisely measure volumes, and variable volume pipettes measure liquids even more
accurately. [1] These containers are labeled with marks or values, normally along the sides, which
indicate the volume they may contain. The manufacturers place the labels through a method of
calibration. Since these containers and devices are all calibrated differently they all have distinct
tolerances for measurement accuracy.
Materials and Methods: The measuring devices used in this experiment are as follows: A Fisher
Scientific 25 mL graduated cylinder, a Greiner Bio–one 10 mL serological pipette, a VWR
International 100–1000 mL variable volume pipette, a 20 mL scintillation vial, and a AWS–600
weight scale. This experiment consists of four methods, of measuring and weighing room
temperature water using the different devices, each method repeated five times. Method one is to

Intra Cranial Pressure ( Icp ) Measurements Are Taken Via...
Intra cranial pressure (ICP) measurements are taken via invasive procedures in clinical settings.
These procedures require sensors to penetrate the skull or are performed by a lumbar puncture. All
invasive procedures come with a risk of infection, bleeding, damage and structural herniation of
brain tissue(2).Therefore the development of a proven non–invasive method of measuring ICP is
highly desired. At the University of California in San Diego (UCSD) lab researches have begun tests
using a non–invasive technique to measure ICP through the use of a cerebral and cochlear fluid
pressure (CCFP) analyser (the MMS–12 developed by Marchbanks measurement systems). The
CCFP can measure ICP via calculating fluctuations of the perilymphatic fluid ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Non–invasive procedures currently under review to measure ICP in space are measuring with the
CCFP analyser through the tympanic membrane displacement technique, measure changes of ICP
via the eye, as well as MRI and Doppler images of the brain blood vessels(5).
Non–invasive devices to measure ICP would be of benefit to both space and earth applications of
the device, on earth they would be advantageous for the continuous monitoring of patients suffering
from hydrocephalus and Idiopathic intracranial hypertension(5), and can also used for those that are
susceptible to bleeds and infections.
For our study we plan on testing the device's feasibility for measuring ICP non–invasively. Seven
healthy male volunteers have been recruited to have their ICP measured with the CCFP. The theory
is that under exertion (weight lifting) ICP levels tend to increase due to an increase of intrathoracic
pressure when lifting weights (6, 7). Exercise also activates the sympathetic nervous system(6, 7),
which would cause constriction of the vessels leading to an increased ICP. The increase of ICP is
transient and decreases within 30 seconds of rest(7). This study hopes that an increase of ICP will be
detected by the CCFP during the weight lifting exercises.
Methods
The CCFP utilizes the tympanic membrane displacement (TMD) technique to measure ICP. The
CCFP's function depends on the patency of the cochlear aqueduct,

Research Study On Measurement Worksheet
I. MEASUREMENT WORKSHEET
Answer each question with respect to your team's specific choices for the research study (this means
the study as your team has decided to analyze the data, which will not necessarily be the same as the
originally designed study). If you don't recall the statistical information from your prerequisite
statistics class, you may need to read ahead to information in Week 5 to answer the statistical
questions. See the related Muddy Concept presentations as well. (12 points total)
1. Independent Variable:
a. What is the independent variable (IV) you have chosen for your study?
Sensory Modes
b. What is the scale of measurement for your IV? Nominal scale
c. What is the operational definition for your IV?
Levels of numerical sequence recall:
1. Auditory
2. Visual
2. Dependent Variable:
a. What is the dependent variable you have chosen for your study (DV)? Numerical Memory
b. What is the scale of measurement for your DV?
Ratio Scale
c. What is the operational definition for your DV?
Using an APA Online Psychology Lab study, Numerical Memory. The order of task presentation is
randomized for each participant. The numerical information is measured by presenting a sequence

of numbers in random order for each participant. The length of the sequence starts with one digit at
the first level and adds one digit after each level

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