1. Chapter 6: Nonstate Actors and the Challenge of Global Governance

2. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. IGOs and NGOs IGOs: Intergovernmental organizations; members are states; have authority from state governments to make decisions regarding particular problems 246 in 2007 34 universal membership NGOs: Nongovernmental organizations; members are private individuals or groups who focus on specific aspects of the global agenda 2

3. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. Trends in the Number of IGOs and States Since 1900 3

4. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. The United Nations Founded in 1945; successor to League of Nations 192 members Maintain international peace and security Promote peaceful relations between states Promote cooperation for solving international problems Encourage human rights and freedoms Collective security—paralyzed during the Cold War 4

5. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. The Changing Membership of the United Nations 5

6. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. UN’s Agenda Six fundamental values Freedom Equality Solidarity Tolerance Respect for nature Sense of shared responsibility Expansive issues, from security to desertification 6

7. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. Organization of the UN The General Assembly (GA) 192 members, all with an equal vote Resolutions not considered law Power over the small UN budget The Secretariat 8,900 employees Secretary General The UN Security Council 15 members, “permanent five” have veto powers 7

8. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. The UN’s Headquarters and Global Network 8

9. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. Aspects of the United Nations General Assembly dominated by the Global South Controversy over size and nature of UN budget Dominance of U.S. Collaborate with NGOs Budget problems North–South differences over perceived priorities Controversy over dues amounts Controversy over inefficiency of UN bureaucracies 9

10. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. The United Nations Great Powers Great Britain, China, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States One State/One Vote scheme in the General Assembly 10

11. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. Important Functions of the UN Deterring and Countering Aggression Peacekeeping 11

12. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. The Specialized Agencies Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) The International Court of Justice (ICJ) 12

13. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. Four Views of the UN UN as world government The UN as irrelevant The UN as a tool for states The UN as a source of norms 13

14. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. World Trade Organization Successor to GATT (1947) Promotes stable international economic order and smooth international trade Formal decision-making powers over trade disputes Decreases state sovereignty Dominated by major powers 14

15. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. World Bank Created at 1944 Bretton Woods conference International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) Private and governmental loans to developing countries Upholds international economic system Promotes economic/political development and environmental sustainability 15

16. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. International Monetary Fund 1944 Bretton Woods; now a UN agency Stabilizes international monetary exchange rates Lender of last resort; balance of payments problems Dominated by wealthier states: weighted voting Conditionality Tension with Global South 16

17. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. European Union 27 members Neoliberal theory: promote peace and prosperity through IGOs 1951 European Coal and Steel Community Single economy with a common currency Most western European states; most east European states also Third Way 17

18. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. The Expansion of the European Union, 1951–2009 18

19. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. Functionalism Remove the rationale for war through political integration Peace by pieces Use IGOs, shared sovereignty Collaborate to solve technical transnational problems Cooperation in one area would spill over into other areas Cooperation based on self-interest 19

20. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. Neofunctionalism IGOs created to manage common problems provide benefits that exert pressures for further political integration, creation of new IGOs, and increased interdependence Leads to regional integration Spillover—momentum builds European Union 20

21. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. European Union Components Council of Ministers Final authority over decisions European Commission Propose laws, execute Council decisions European Parliament Elected in member states, increasing power Court of Justice Interprets EU law 21

22. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. The European Union’s Governmental Structure 22

23. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. Accomplishments of the EU Common foreign and security policy The single currency The European Constitution 23

24. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. EU Decision-Making Challenges Two decision-making procedures: consultation and cooperation How far and how fast should a process of pooled sovereignty proceed? How much should the EU’s membership expand? 24

25. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. Other Regional IGOs NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization APEC: Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation ASEAN: Association of Southeast Asian Nations CARICOM: Caribbean Community and Common Market CAEU: Council of Arab Economic Unity OIC: Organization of the Islamic Conference 25

26. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. Nongovernmental Organizations Private interest groups Allow individuals to participate in global affairs About 30,000 total Often work with IGOs such as the UN Challenge state sovereignty 26

27. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. Trends in the Number of NGOs Since 1956 27

28. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. Indigenous Ethnic Groups Nonstate nations in the Fourth World Ethnopolitical groups: Common nationality, language, cultural tradition, kinship ties Form cultural domains that can cross national borders Kurds in Turkey, Iraq, Syria Clash of civilizations? 28

29. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. The Indigenous Cultures of the World 29

30. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. The World’s Major Civilizations: Will Their Clash Create Global Disorder? 30

31. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. Religious Movements (1 of 2) Politically active organization based on strong religious convictions Theocracy Extreme militant religious movements They view existing government authority as corrupt and illegitimate because it is secular They attack the inability of government to address the domestic ills of the society They believe that government and all its domestic and foreign activities must be in the hands of believers They are universalists They are exclusionists They are militant 31

32. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. Major Religions of the World 32

33. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. Religious Movements (2 of 2) Militant religious movements tend to stimulate five specific types of international activities: Irredentism Secession or separative revolts Migration Diasporas International terrorism 33

34. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. Transnational Terrorist Groups Terrorism today very different from the past More lethal Waged by civilians Technology Postmodern terrorism War in Lebanon and Hezbollah Difficulty in defining terrorism 34

35. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. Multinational Corporations Primary agents of globalization of production Foreign direct investment Transnational banks Reduce political borders Distributed wealth unevenly Impact domestic politics Globally integrated enterprise Strategic corporate alliances 35

36. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. Transnational Advocacy Networks (TANs) Lobbying governments Setting agendas Providing services 36

37. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. Issue-Advocacy and Global Civil Society: Can NGOs Transform World Politics? NGOs as a democratic force Networks of NGOs have contributed to the emergence of global civil society Low politics Single issue NGOs more influential NGOs compete with one another to influence decision makers 37