2. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning Concepts (1 of 2) Ethics: Criteria for evaluating right and wrong behavior by individuals and groups Morality: Principles about the behavioral norms that should govern interactions Civil society: A community that creates institutions to protect civil liberties and promote peaceful methods of conflict resolution Sanctions: Punitive actions (short of military force) by one global actor against another to retaliate for its previous objectionable behavior 2
3. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning Concepts (2 of 2) Human rights: Political rights and civil liberties recognized as inalienable for all people Liberalism and human rights Realism and human rights Feminist theory and human rights 3
4. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning The Human Condition Global south: 53% people live on $2 or less per day Life expectancy less than 60 years Many lack basic sanitation Many lack safe drinking water Many lack adequate housing Many undernourished 4
5. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning Projecting Trends in the Proportion of People Below the Poverty Line, 1990–2015 5
6. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning Measuring Human Development Human needs: Basic physical, social, and political requirements needed for survival and security Human development index (HDI) Combines life expectancy, literacy, income, and years of education Better measure than per capita GNP Ranges from 0 to 1 6
9. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning Preconditions of Human Development Political freedom Democracy Civil liberties and civil rights National economic growth “The richer the country, the freer” Human development highest in global north Purchasing power parity (PPP): an index that calculates the true rate of exchange among currencies when parity (when what can be purchased is the same) is achieved. The index determines what can be bought with a unit of each currency 9
10. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning Status of Women (1 of 2) Gender inequalities: women Lower living standards Lower pay Lower-level jobs 15% of parliamentary seats Less access to health care; Girls die more often Most egregious in global south Exacerbated by religion and culture 10
11. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning Status of Women (2 of 2) Gender Empowerment Measure: Women’s relative economic income, high-paying positions, access to professional and parliamentary positions UN conferences have increasingly dealt with gender issues 11
12. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning The Global Refugee Crisis (1 of 2) Refugees: People who flee for safety to another country because of a well-founded fear of persecution; Average 21 million people Internally displaced people:People involuntarily uprooted from their homes, but still in their own countries 12
13. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning The Global Refugee Crisis (2 of 2) Failed states Brain drain: The exodus of the most educated people from their homeland to a more prosperous foreign country where the opportunities for high incomes are better Deprives their homeland of their ability to contribute to its economic development 13
15. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning Threats to Human Security Ethnocentrism Xenophobia Ethnonationalism Ethnic cleansing Irredentism “Clash of civilizations” 15
16. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning The Fourth World Fourth world: Native national groups (indigenous peoples) seeking greater rights, autonomy or independence from governing states Often persecuted: lands taken, livelihoods and cultures threatened 130 million slaughtered between 1900 and 1987 by state-sponsored genocide 16
17. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning Ethnic Cleansing Definition: Attempted extermination of a minority group by a state Nazi Germany and Jews and gypsies United States and Native Americans Turkey and Armenians Yugoslavia and Moslems Rwanda and Tutsi and Hutus Saddam Hussein and Kurds 17
18. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning Protecting Human Rights (1 of 2) UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Five basic categories of rights Rights of the person Rights associated with the rule of law Political rights Economic and social rights. Rights of communities. 18
19. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning Protecting Human Rights (2 of 2) Noncombatant immunity International regimes with enforcement powers Revising international law Prosecution of war criminals: Milosevic Humanitarian intervention 19
Editor's Notes
The Human Development Index (HDI) was developed by social scientist Mahbud ul Haq for the United Nations Development Programme.
Countries may rank somewhat differently when using gross domestic product per capita (GDP) and human development index measures (life expectancy, literacy, average education, income).
Areas where gender inequality is particularly apparent are Southern Asia, the Middle East and Sub-Saharan Africa.
Fourth World Conference on Women (Beijing, 1995); Women 2000: Gender Equality, Development and Peace for the 21st Century (Beijing +5, 2000); Review and Appraisal of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action (Beijing +10, 2005).
The ongoing conflict in Darfur, Sudan, is considered genocide. Charges against Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir were filed by the International Criminal Court in 2008. The court’s decision is opposed by the African Union, League of Arab States and the governments of Russia and China.
