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Teknik melatih pengkodean
      morbiditas dan mortalitas
               Dr. Yuslely Usman, M.Kes

         Disampaikan dlm Pelatihan Train of the Trainer
                ICD-10 (2010) secara Elektronis
Pusat Manajemen Informasi Kesehatan – Surya Insitut bekerjasama
         dengan PTIKNAS, KOMINFO, 15 – 18 Juni 2012
Bagaimana anda dapat
 melatih pengkode?
1. What? – tujuan pelatihan – nilai pembelajaran
   yang akan didapat
2. Who? – siapakah target audiens/peserta
3. How? – bagaimana cara menyampaikan materi
4. Where and When? Kapan, dimana dan fasilitas
   apa yang dibutuhkan
5. What? - struktur isi materi-jadwal
Kunci sukses

1. Merencanakan dan Mempersiapkan diri menjadi

  pelatih dengan; latihan dan menguasai materi

2. Membuat bahan presentasi

3. Memberikan presentasi yang baik

4. Menggunakan alat bantu visual

5. Banyak disarankan menggunakan Power Point
Perencanaan dan Persiapan
1. Mengetahui tempat pelatihan – besar ruangan dan
   fasilitas yang tersedia
2. Menetapkan apa sudah di ketahui peserta
3. Mengetahui tujuan pelatihan dan materi yang anda
   akan sampaikan.
4. Mempertimbangkan waktu
5. Tentukan kunci utama yang akan disampaikan.
6. Rencanakan struktur materi dan alat bantu visual
   yang akan digunakan
7. Tentukan handout – kapan akan dibagikan dan berapa
   banyak
8. BERLATIHLAH
9. Siap dengan pertanyaan-pertanyaan yang akan
   diajukan peserta
10. Persiapkan akan adanya hal-hal yang diluar dugaan
Kenali tempat pelatihan
• Pelajari/ketahuilah sebanyak mungkin informasi
  tentang tempat pelatihan

    Besar/luas ruangan

    Fasilitas yang tersedia; listrik – lampu –
     proyektor – komputer – papan
     tulis/whiteboard
• Pastikan apakah anda memerlukan asisten dalam
  mengoperasikan komputer


• Cobalah berbicara dengan keras, kemudian
  pikirkan apakah anda memerlukan pengeras
  suara.
• Ingat! Terkadang anda akan berbicara lebih
  lama tanpa break ; menyulitkan jika tidak ada
  pengeras suara
INGAT!!!!!
• Harus datang lebih awal untuk
  melihat apakah semua peralatan
  berfungsi dengan baik

Siapkan cadangan jika ada masalah
   dalam peralatan pada tempat
            pelatihan
Berlatih itu penting
   • Memberikan kepercayaan diri bagi si pelatih


   • Akan diketahui apakah penyampaian materi
     sesuai dengan waktu yang tersedia


   • Melatih menggunakan alat bantu (PowerPoint
     presentation)
Berlatih itu penting!
   • Jika presentasi atau melatih dalam suatu tim,
     perpindahan dari seorang pelatih ke pelatih yang lain
     perlu diparktekkan


   • Jika memungkinkan, praktek dilakukan pada ruangan
     sebenarnya dimana pelatihan akan dilakukan
Waktu
       • Waktu sangat penting
        • Membutuhkan pertimbangan ketersediaan waktu
          terhadap materi dan struktur pelatihan
•   Praktekkanlah waktu anda yang disediakan. Biasanya
    idealnya kira-kira 5 – 6 menit perslide, ini rata-rata
    akan tetapi terkadang dapat klebih cepat atau lebih
    lama.
•   Jangan terlalu lama pada sesi pembukaan
•   Pastikan slide dan yang dibicarakan adalah sama.
•   Periksa jika ada teknologi yang akan digunakan
    berfungsi (internet akses, dsb).
Contoh Presentasi yang baik
Presentasi yang baik



Presentasi yang buruk
TEKNIK MELATIH PENGKODEAN
MORBIDITY dan MORTALITY SECARA UMUM
Volume I – Tabular List
22 Chapters
   Roman numerals

Alphanumeric listing

Morphology of neoplasms

Special tabulation lists for Morbidity and Mortality
Volume I – Tabular List
22 Chapters
  Roman numerals

Daftar Alphanumeric

Morphology of neoplasms

Special tabulation lists for Morbidity and Mortality
Volume III - Alphabetical Index
    Daftar Alphabetic dari kondisi yang dikode pada
    Tabular List
    Consists of:
   Pendahuluan
   Section I Index of Diseases & Nature of Injury

    Section II External Causes of Injury

    Section III Table of Drugs and Chemicals
HAL-HAL PENTING YANG HARUS DISAMPAIKAN
      PADA PELATIHAN MORBIDITY !

Dalam mengkode harus menggunakan kedua
buku Volume I dan III secara bersama, untuk
menentukan kode yang akurat pada setiap kasus
klinis.

Pengkode tidak boleh menentukkan kode
langsung melalui penelusuran dalam buku
Tabular List.
Review
     Pedoman dasar pengkodean
 Identifikasikan type atau jenis pernyataan
 atau diagnosis yang akan dikode dan rujuklah
 bagian yang tepat pada buku alphabetical
 index (diseases/nature of injury, external
 causes, drugs & chemical, procedures)

 Tentukan lead term. Baca dan ikuti setiap
  catatan dan tanda dibawah lead term
Review
         Pedoman dasar pengkodean
      Baca setiap term termasuk
    parentheses setelah lead term, begitu juga jika
    ada essential modifiers – pastikan semua
    bagian diagnosis telah terkodekan

       Ikuti dengan seksama setiap ada cross-
    references yang ditemukan pada Index

      Rujuklah ke buku Tabular List
Review
    Pedoman dasar pengkodean

 Ikutilah jika ada catatan (note) dan
  inclusion atau exclusion terms dibawah
  kode yang terpilih, chapter, block atau
  category


        Akhirnya , tuliskan kode!
Latihan 1 - mengkode
Tentukan lead term dan the modifier
Pada diagnosis dibawah ini:

•      (perdarahan hemoroid external ) bleeding external
  haemorrhoids
•      (proplap tali pusat komplikasi persalinan) prolapsed
  umbilical cord complicating
       delivery
•      (Infeksi luka setelah operasi) post operative wound
  infection
•      meningococcal meningitis
Identify the lead term and the modifier in the following
                           diagnoses:

• bleeding external haemorrhoids

Hemorrhoids
 - external
 - - bleeding, prolapsed, strangulated or
                 ulcerated I84.4
Identify the lead term and the modifier in the following
                            diagnoses:

• prolapsed umbilical cord complicating delivery
  (1)

Delivery
 - complicated (by)
 - - prolapse
 - - - cord (umbilical) O69.0
Identify the lead term and the modifier in the following
                          diagnoses:

• prolapsed umbilical cord complicating delivery
  (2)

Prolapse
  - umbilical cord
  - - complicating delivery O69.0
Identify the lead term and the modifier in the following
                          diagnoses:

• post operative wound infection
Infection
  - postoperative wound T81.4

Infection
  - wound
  - - surgical T81.4
Identify the lead term and the modifier in the following
                        diagnoses:


• meningococcal meningitis

Meningitis
 - meningococcal A39.0 † G01*
Latihan 2:

• Cari dan tentukan kode dari penyakit dibawah ini dengan
  menggunakan buku index :

   – laryngotracheobronchitis

   – Hippel’s Disease

   – Inhaled anesthetic overdose

   – Mumps with orchitis
Latihan 2 – Jawaban
• Look up and assign the code from the Index
  for the following conditions:

  – laryngotracheobronchitis           J40

  – Hippel’s Disease           Q85.8

  – Inhaled anesthetic overdose T41.0

  – Mumps with orchitis        B26.0 † N51.1*
Latihan 3:
                                        ICD-10 Codes
                                  Index      Tabular
Patient diagnosed with:   (Volume 3)         (Volume1)



1. Aortic stenosis                --------          --------
Latihan 3– Jawaban 1:
                                        ICD-10 Codes
                                  Index      Tabular
Patient diagnosed with:   (Volume 3)        (Volume 1)



1. Aortic stenosis                I35.0             I35.0
Latihan 3
                                        ICD-10 Codes
                                  Index      Tabular
Patient diagnosed with:   (Volume 3)        (Volume1)



2. Mitral insufficiency --------                   --------
Latihan 3– jawaban 2:
                                  ICD-10 Codes
                                  IndexTabular
Patient diagnosed with:   (Volume 3)      (Volume 1)



2. Mitral insufficiency           I34.0           I34.0
Latihan 3
                                        ICD-10 Codes
                                  Index      Tabular
Patient diagnosed with:   (Volume 3)        (Volume 1)

3. Aortic stenosis      --------
      with
   Mitral insufficiency --------                    --------
Latihan 3–Jawaban3:
                                  ICD-10 Codes
                                  IndexTabular
Patient diagnosed with:   (Volume 3)      (Volume1)

3. Aortic stenosis                I35.0
  with
   Mitral insufficiency           I34.0          I08.0
Konsep utama morbiditas

   Pada akhir pelayanan di rumah sakit,
dokter yang merawat hasrus menuliskan
SEMUA kondisi yang dialami oelh pasien pada
episode perawatannya

   Diagnosis/kondisi utama harus
terdefinisikan secara uniq / tunggal
Apa yang harus dikode?

• Kondisi utama atau diagnosis utama

• +/- diagnosis lain atau kondisi sekunder

• +/- procedures, operations dan interventions
Kondisi tunggal atau multiple kondisi?
Di beberapa rumah sakit, keterbatasan sumber
  daya sehingga tidak semua penyakit dapat
  dikode
• Data yang simpel memungkinkan lebih mudah
  digunakan untuk manajemen.
• Akan kehilangan informasi jika hanya
  mengkode 1 diangonsis
• Perlu menentukan kondisi yang mana yang
  akan dikode, apa yang menjadi kondisi utama.
WHO definition of main diagnosis or
         main condition
…the diagnosis established at the end of the
 episode of care to be the condition
 primarily responsible for the patient
 receiving treatment or being investigated…
 that condition that is determined to have
 been mainly responsible for the episode of
 health care...

Read sections 4.4.1 and 4.4.2 in volume 2
Secondary diagnosis / Other condition
• a diagnosis that either co-exists with the
  main diagnosis at the time of admission, or
  which appears during the episode of care

• requires therapeutic treatment, diagnostic
  procedures, increased nursing care or
  monitoring

• complication or comorbidity
What is a comorbidity?


• A disease that accompanies the main
  diagnosis and requires treatment and
  additional care, in addition to the
  treatment provided for the condition for
  which the patient was admitted
Steps in abstracting
1. Read the front sheet of the medical record

2. Read the discharge summary, if available

3. Compare the diagnoses – if differences, check test
   results, other reports

4. Read the history and physical examination
    ?reason for admission ?comorbidities
Steps in abstracting
5. Verify diagnoses documented on front sheet are
   substantiated by other information in medical record

6. Review entire record – correspondence, progress notes,
   radiology/laboratory reports, procedure/anaesthetic
   reports

7. If uncertain, clarify with treating clinician

8. Code the main condition/diagnosis, secondary
   diagnoses/other conditions, external causes (+/-
   procedures)
What is a complication?

• A disease that appears during the episode
  of care, due to a pre-existing condition or
  arising as a result of the care received by
  the patient
Konsep utama
 mortalitas
Completed Medical Certificate of Cause of Death

 I                                                                          Duration
                                (a)…Acute    on chronic renal               between onset
 Disease or condition
                                                                            and death
 failure                                                                    …12   days…
 directly leading to            due to or as a consequence of
 death*
                                                                            …1   year
 Antecedent causes              (b)…Glomerulonephritis…..
 Morbid conditions              due to or as a consequence of
 giving rise to the above                                                   …5   years
 cause, stating the underlying (c)….Diabetic nephropathy…
 condition last                due to or as a consequence of
                                                                            …10
                                 (d)…Diabetes     Type II…                  years…
 II
 Other significant conditions    Femoral neck fracture, femoral             1 month
 contributing to the death,      fracture repair,                           …………………
                                                                            …………………
 but not related to the disease Post operative haematoma                    ……
 condition causing it           ………………………………

 *This does not mean the mode of dying e.g. heart failure, respiratory
 failure. It means the disease, injury or complication that caused death.
Concept of underlying cause of death
• where there is only one cause of death,
  that cause is recorded on line 1a of the
  death certificate
• if two or more conditions directly
  contribute to the death, these should be
  documented in sequence in Part I of the
  certificate with the underlying cause on the
  lowest used line
• for tabulation and reporting purposes,
  select the underlying cause of death for
  coding
UNDERLYING CAUSE OF DEATH
      (WHO definition)


the disease or injury which initiated the
train of morbid events leading directly to
death; or

the circumstances of the accident or
violence which produced the fatal injury
More about the UCOD
• The underlying cause is the start of a
  sequence of events that leads to the death

• It is the condition that occurs earliest in time
  in the sequence of events

• If the underlying cause did not occur, the
  patient would not have died
Example

• Dies of heart failure from carcinomatosis
  from carcinoma colon

  – Carcinoma of colon = UCOD
•Lanjutkan dengan
 mortalitas

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Yuslely teknik melatih pengkodean morbiditas dan mortalitas 99

  • 1. Teknik melatih pengkodean morbiditas dan mortalitas Dr. Yuslely Usman, M.Kes Disampaikan dlm Pelatihan Train of the Trainer ICD-10 (2010) secara Elektronis Pusat Manajemen Informasi Kesehatan – Surya Insitut bekerjasama dengan PTIKNAS, KOMINFO, 15 – 18 Juni 2012
  • 2. Bagaimana anda dapat melatih pengkode?
  • 3. 1. What? – tujuan pelatihan – nilai pembelajaran yang akan didapat 2. Who? – siapakah target audiens/peserta 3. How? – bagaimana cara menyampaikan materi 4. Where and When? Kapan, dimana dan fasilitas apa yang dibutuhkan 5. What? - struktur isi materi-jadwal
  • 4. Kunci sukses 1. Merencanakan dan Mempersiapkan diri menjadi pelatih dengan; latihan dan menguasai materi 2. Membuat bahan presentasi 3. Memberikan presentasi yang baik 4. Menggunakan alat bantu visual 5. Banyak disarankan menggunakan Power Point
  • 5. Perencanaan dan Persiapan 1. Mengetahui tempat pelatihan – besar ruangan dan fasilitas yang tersedia 2. Menetapkan apa sudah di ketahui peserta 3. Mengetahui tujuan pelatihan dan materi yang anda akan sampaikan. 4. Mempertimbangkan waktu 5. Tentukan kunci utama yang akan disampaikan. 6. Rencanakan struktur materi dan alat bantu visual yang akan digunakan 7. Tentukan handout – kapan akan dibagikan dan berapa banyak 8. BERLATIHLAH 9. Siap dengan pertanyaan-pertanyaan yang akan diajukan peserta 10. Persiapkan akan adanya hal-hal yang diluar dugaan
  • 6. Kenali tempat pelatihan • Pelajari/ketahuilah sebanyak mungkin informasi tentang tempat pelatihan  Besar/luas ruangan  Fasilitas yang tersedia; listrik – lampu – proyektor – komputer – papan tulis/whiteboard
  • 7. • Pastikan apakah anda memerlukan asisten dalam mengoperasikan komputer • Cobalah berbicara dengan keras, kemudian pikirkan apakah anda memerlukan pengeras suara. • Ingat! Terkadang anda akan berbicara lebih lama tanpa break ; menyulitkan jika tidak ada pengeras suara
  • 8. INGAT!!!!! • Harus datang lebih awal untuk melihat apakah semua peralatan berfungsi dengan baik Siapkan cadangan jika ada masalah dalam peralatan pada tempat pelatihan
  • 9. Berlatih itu penting • Memberikan kepercayaan diri bagi si pelatih • Akan diketahui apakah penyampaian materi sesuai dengan waktu yang tersedia • Melatih menggunakan alat bantu (PowerPoint presentation)
  • 10. Berlatih itu penting! • Jika presentasi atau melatih dalam suatu tim, perpindahan dari seorang pelatih ke pelatih yang lain perlu diparktekkan • Jika memungkinkan, praktek dilakukan pada ruangan sebenarnya dimana pelatihan akan dilakukan
  • 11. Waktu • Waktu sangat penting • Membutuhkan pertimbangan ketersediaan waktu terhadap materi dan struktur pelatihan • Praktekkanlah waktu anda yang disediakan. Biasanya idealnya kira-kira 5 – 6 menit perslide, ini rata-rata akan tetapi terkadang dapat klebih cepat atau lebih lama. • Jangan terlalu lama pada sesi pembukaan • Pastikan slide dan yang dibicarakan adalah sama. • Periksa jika ada teknologi yang akan digunakan berfungsi (internet akses, dsb).
  • 12. Contoh Presentasi yang baik Presentasi yang baik Presentasi yang buruk
  • 13. TEKNIK MELATIH PENGKODEAN MORBIDITY dan MORTALITY SECARA UMUM
  • 14. Volume I – Tabular List 22 Chapters Roman numerals Alphanumeric listing Morphology of neoplasms Special tabulation lists for Morbidity and Mortality
  • 15. Volume I – Tabular List 22 Chapters Roman numerals Daftar Alphanumeric Morphology of neoplasms Special tabulation lists for Morbidity and Mortality
  • 16. Volume III - Alphabetical Index Daftar Alphabetic dari kondisi yang dikode pada Tabular List Consists of:  Pendahuluan  Section I Index of Diseases & Nature of Injury  Section II External Causes of Injury  Section III Table of Drugs and Chemicals
  • 17. HAL-HAL PENTING YANG HARUS DISAMPAIKAN PADA PELATIHAN MORBIDITY ! Dalam mengkode harus menggunakan kedua buku Volume I dan III secara bersama, untuk menentukan kode yang akurat pada setiap kasus klinis. Pengkode tidak boleh menentukkan kode langsung melalui penelusuran dalam buku Tabular List.
  • 18. Review Pedoman dasar pengkodean  Identifikasikan type atau jenis pernyataan atau diagnosis yang akan dikode dan rujuklah bagian yang tepat pada buku alphabetical index (diseases/nature of injury, external causes, drugs & chemical, procedures)  Tentukan lead term. Baca dan ikuti setiap catatan dan tanda dibawah lead term
  • 19. Review Pedoman dasar pengkodean  Baca setiap term termasuk parentheses setelah lead term, begitu juga jika ada essential modifiers – pastikan semua bagian diagnosis telah terkodekan  Ikuti dengan seksama setiap ada cross- references yang ditemukan pada Index  Rujuklah ke buku Tabular List
  • 20. Review Pedoman dasar pengkodean  Ikutilah jika ada catatan (note) dan inclusion atau exclusion terms dibawah kode yang terpilih, chapter, block atau category Akhirnya , tuliskan kode!
  • 21. Latihan 1 - mengkode Tentukan lead term dan the modifier Pada diagnosis dibawah ini: • (perdarahan hemoroid external ) bleeding external haemorrhoids • (proplap tali pusat komplikasi persalinan) prolapsed umbilical cord complicating delivery • (Infeksi luka setelah operasi) post operative wound infection • meningococcal meningitis
  • 22. Identify the lead term and the modifier in the following diagnoses: • bleeding external haemorrhoids Hemorrhoids - external - - bleeding, prolapsed, strangulated or ulcerated I84.4
  • 23. Identify the lead term and the modifier in the following diagnoses: • prolapsed umbilical cord complicating delivery (1) Delivery - complicated (by) - - prolapse - - - cord (umbilical) O69.0
  • 24. Identify the lead term and the modifier in the following diagnoses: • prolapsed umbilical cord complicating delivery (2) Prolapse - umbilical cord - - complicating delivery O69.0
  • 25. Identify the lead term and the modifier in the following diagnoses: • post operative wound infection Infection - postoperative wound T81.4 Infection - wound - - surgical T81.4
  • 26. Identify the lead term and the modifier in the following diagnoses: • meningococcal meningitis Meningitis - meningococcal A39.0 † G01*
  • 27. Latihan 2: • Cari dan tentukan kode dari penyakit dibawah ini dengan menggunakan buku index : – laryngotracheobronchitis – Hippel’s Disease – Inhaled anesthetic overdose – Mumps with orchitis
  • 28. Latihan 2 – Jawaban • Look up and assign the code from the Index for the following conditions: – laryngotracheobronchitis J40 – Hippel’s Disease Q85.8 – Inhaled anesthetic overdose T41.0 – Mumps with orchitis B26.0 † N51.1*
  • 29. Latihan 3: ICD-10 Codes Index Tabular Patient diagnosed with: (Volume 3) (Volume1) 1. Aortic stenosis -------- --------
  • 30. Latihan 3– Jawaban 1: ICD-10 Codes Index Tabular Patient diagnosed with: (Volume 3) (Volume 1) 1. Aortic stenosis I35.0 I35.0
  • 31. Latihan 3 ICD-10 Codes Index Tabular Patient diagnosed with: (Volume 3) (Volume1) 2. Mitral insufficiency -------- --------
  • 32. Latihan 3– jawaban 2: ICD-10 Codes IndexTabular Patient diagnosed with: (Volume 3) (Volume 1) 2. Mitral insufficiency I34.0 I34.0
  • 33. Latihan 3 ICD-10 Codes Index Tabular Patient diagnosed with: (Volume 3) (Volume 1) 3. Aortic stenosis -------- with Mitral insufficiency -------- --------
  • 34. Latihan 3–Jawaban3: ICD-10 Codes IndexTabular Patient diagnosed with: (Volume 3) (Volume1) 3. Aortic stenosis I35.0 with Mitral insufficiency I34.0 I08.0
  • 35. Konsep utama morbiditas Pada akhir pelayanan di rumah sakit, dokter yang merawat hasrus menuliskan SEMUA kondisi yang dialami oelh pasien pada episode perawatannya Diagnosis/kondisi utama harus terdefinisikan secara uniq / tunggal
  • 36. Apa yang harus dikode? • Kondisi utama atau diagnosis utama • +/- diagnosis lain atau kondisi sekunder • +/- procedures, operations dan interventions
  • 37. Kondisi tunggal atau multiple kondisi? Di beberapa rumah sakit, keterbatasan sumber daya sehingga tidak semua penyakit dapat dikode • Data yang simpel memungkinkan lebih mudah digunakan untuk manajemen. • Akan kehilangan informasi jika hanya mengkode 1 diangonsis • Perlu menentukan kondisi yang mana yang akan dikode, apa yang menjadi kondisi utama.
  • 38. WHO definition of main diagnosis or main condition …the diagnosis established at the end of the episode of care to be the condition primarily responsible for the patient receiving treatment or being investigated… that condition that is determined to have been mainly responsible for the episode of health care... Read sections 4.4.1 and 4.4.2 in volume 2
  • 39. Secondary diagnosis / Other condition • a diagnosis that either co-exists with the main diagnosis at the time of admission, or which appears during the episode of care • requires therapeutic treatment, diagnostic procedures, increased nursing care or monitoring • complication or comorbidity
  • 40. What is a comorbidity? • A disease that accompanies the main diagnosis and requires treatment and additional care, in addition to the treatment provided for the condition for which the patient was admitted
  • 41. Steps in abstracting 1. Read the front sheet of the medical record 2. Read the discharge summary, if available 3. Compare the diagnoses – if differences, check test results, other reports 4. Read the history and physical examination  ?reason for admission ?comorbidities
  • 42. Steps in abstracting 5. Verify diagnoses documented on front sheet are substantiated by other information in medical record 6. Review entire record – correspondence, progress notes, radiology/laboratory reports, procedure/anaesthetic reports 7. If uncertain, clarify with treating clinician 8. Code the main condition/diagnosis, secondary diagnoses/other conditions, external causes (+/- procedures)
  • 43. What is a complication? • A disease that appears during the episode of care, due to a pre-existing condition or arising as a result of the care received by the patient
  • 45. Completed Medical Certificate of Cause of Death I Duration (a)…Acute on chronic renal between onset Disease or condition and death failure …12 days… directly leading to due to or as a consequence of death* …1 year Antecedent causes (b)…Glomerulonephritis….. Morbid conditions due to or as a consequence of giving rise to the above …5 years cause, stating the underlying (c)….Diabetic nephropathy… condition last due to or as a consequence of …10 (d)…Diabetes Type II… years… II Other significant conditions Femoral neck fracture, femoral 1 month contributing to the death, fracture repair, ………………… ………………… but not related to the disease Post operative haematoma …… condition causing it ……………………………… *This does not mean the mode of dying e.g. heart failure, respiratory failure. It means the disease, injury or complication that caused death.
  • 46. Concept of underlying cause of death • where there is only one cause of death, that cause is recorded on line 1a of the death certificate • if two or more conditions directly contribute to the death, these should be documented in sequence in Part I of the certificate with the underlying cause on the lowest used line • for tabulation and reporting purposes, select the underlying cause of death for coding
  • 47. UNDERLYING CAUSE OF DEATH (WHO definition) the disease or injury which initiated the train of morbid events leading directly to death; or the circumstances of the accident or violence which produced the fatal injury
  • 48. More about the UCOD • The underlying cause is the start of a sequence of events that leads to the death • It is the condition that occurs earliest in time in the sequence of events • If the underlying cause did not occur, the patient would not have died
  • 49. Example • Dies of heart failure from carcinomatosis from carcinoma colon – Carcinoma of colon = UCOD

Editor's Notes

  1. We have discussed some of the “dos and don'ts” of presentations. The following are a selections of slides to show you what NOT to do! NEXT SLIDE