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Quantitative methods in Hedge Fund of Fund construction By Peter Urbani, CIO Infiniti-Capital
Weaknesses of models used to analyse Hedge Funds “ Models currently used to analyze hedge funds generally display a number of major weaknesses: The models do not pay sufficient attention to  the asymmetry of hedge fund returns (hedge funds returns are not normally distributed). VaR type models therefore do not measure risk accurately. The models do not correct for the presence of widespread auto-correlation causing significant understatement of volatility of hedge fund returns. Benchmarks used are not often significant resulting in spurious comparisons. The models do not consider the impact of asymmetry on dependence measures such as correlation. The models do not consider the persistence of any alpha. The models generally seek to condense all of the relevant detail into one single standardized comparative number that is frequently meaningless. The weaknesses in existing models mean that the unique characteristics of hedge funds and risks are not captured.” Satyajit Das Author of Traders Guns and Money – p28, Wilmott Magazine August 2007
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Some Unique Attributes of Hedge Funds
Hedge Funds v.s. Hedged Funds A Perfectly ‘Hedged’ fund Fund Returns -ve  Equity  Returns  +ve
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Hedge Funds v.s. Hedged Funds A Perfect ‘Hedge’ fund Fund Returns -ve  Equity  Returns  +ve
‘ Perfect ’ vs. MSCI Daily TR Gross World Free USD, for 31-Jan-93 to 31-Mar-07 Note Asymmetric payoff
Avg HF vs. MSCI Daily TR Gross World Free USD, for 31-Jan-93 to 31-Mar-07 Note Asymmetric payoff
Less than 12% of Hedge Funds ‘Normally’ distributed Based on analysis of 5400 Hedge Fund distributions
Impact of Autocorrelation on Volatility What is it ? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
(i)Liquidity a Source of Alpha  ? Relationship between liquidty and Returns Our research indicates that longer lock-ups are compensated for by additional alpha of 300 – 400bp per annum
Infiniti’s Single Fund Analysis (SFA) ranking methodology ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Infiniti SFA Risk score Amaranth First Warning signal 31 May 2005 Second Warning signal 30 April 2006 Outright Sell signal 31 May 2006
Significant deviation as distribution type changes in April / May 2005 Infiniti ‘Best Fit’ Value at Risk (VaR) Amaranth
Analysis of Classic Correlation (top Right Quadrant) and Modified Correlation (bottom Left Quadrant) of sample Portfolio 0.486 0.428 0.548 0.313 0.238 0.589 0.601 0.470 0.387 0.476 0.553 0.695 0.306 0.249 Fund 1 vs Fund 2 0.629 Fund 1 vs Fund 3 0.651 Fund 1 vs Fund 4 0.629 Fund 1 vs Fund 5 0.633 Fund 2 vs Fund 3 0.537 Fund 2 vs Fund 4 Fund 2 vs Fund 5 Fund 3 vs Fund 4 Fund 3 vs Fund 5 Fund 4 vs Fund 5 0.357 0.522 Portfolios 95% Normal VaR = -0.77% Portfolios 95% Modified VaR = -0.82% Fund 1 Fund 2 Fund 3 Fund 4 Fund 5 Fund 1 1 0.629 0.651 0.357 0.633 Fund 2 1 0.537 0.486 0.428 Fund 3 1 0.548 0.313 Fund 4 1 0.238 Fund 5 1 0.589 0.601 0.470 0.387 0.476 0.553 0.695 0.522 0.306 0.249
Linear Analysis of sample Portfolio 0.486 0.428 0.548 0.313 0.238 Fund 1 vs Fund 2 0.629 Fund 1 vs Fund 3 0.651 Fund 1 vs Fund 4 0.629 Fund 1 vs Fund 5 0.633 Fund 2 vs Fund 3 0.537 Fund 2 vs Fund 4 Fund 2 vs Fund 5 Fund 3 vs Fund 4 Fund 3 vs Fund 5 Fund 4 vs Fund 5 0.357 Portfolios 95% Normal VaR = -0.77% Pearson Correlation Fund Name Mean StDev Fund 1 0.84% 0.89% Fund 2 0.80% 0.86% Fund 3 1.04% 1.78% Fund 4 1.33% 2.26% Fund 5 0.64% 1.01% Sample Portfolio 0.93% 1.03% VaR cVaR  -0.62% -0.99% -0.62% -0.98% -1.89% -2.63% -2.39% -3.34% -1.03% -1.45% -0.77% -1.21% Normal/Gaussian Descriptives and VaRs Mean  Contributor StDev  Contributor nVaR  Contributor 18.18% 13.15% -0.06% 17.17% 11.32% -0.03% 22.32% 28.56% -0.28% 28.60% 35.20% -0.33% 13.72% 11.78% -0.07% 100.00% 100.00% -0.77% Fund Name Fund 1 Fund 2 Fund 3 Fund 4 Fund 5 Sample Portfolio Attribution of Portfolio Descriptives Normal  “ Type”  Diversifier Diversifier High Return High Return Diversifier
Non-Linear Analysis of sample Portfolio Fund 1 vs Fund 2 Fund 1 vs Fund 3 Fund 1 vs Fund 4 Fund 1 vs Fund 5 Fund 2 vs Fund 3 Fund 2 vs Fund 4 Fund 2 vs Fund 5 Fund 3 vs Fund 4 Fund 3 vs Fund 5 Fund 4 vs Fund 5 Portfolios 95% Modified VaR = -0.82% Modified Correlation 0.589 0.601 0.470 0.387 0.476 0.553 0.695 0.306 0.249 0.522 Fund Name “ Mod SD” Skew Kurtosis Fund 1 0.84% 0.75% 0.458 6.619 Fund 2 0.80% 0.95% -0.685 0.634 Fund 3 1.04% 1.68% 0.150 2.425 Fund 4 1.33% 2.00% 0.549 1.408 Fund 5 0.64% 1.26% -4.041 21.616 Sample Portfolio 0.93% 1.06% -0.254 1.160 VaR cVaR  Modified/Cornish Fisher Descriptives and VaRs Mean Attribution of Portfolio Descriptives Mean  Contributor “ Mod SD” Contributor mVaR  Contributor 18.18% -0.06% 17.17% -0.06% 22.32% -0.27% 28.60% -0.32% 13.72% -0.11% 100.00% 100.00% -0.82% Fund Name Fund 1 Fund 2 Fund 3 Fund 4 Fund 5 Sample Portfolio 13.32% 12.54% 26.95% 33.48% 13.72% Skew  Contributor Kurt  Contributor 17.90% 15.59% 39.94% 9.56% -10.79% 25.72% -6.34% 33.45% 59.28% 15.67% 100.00% 100.00% Diversifier Diversifier High Return High Return Diversifier Normal  “ Type”  Attempts to address the non-linear dependence of hedge funds by coming up with an analogue or ‘modified’ correlation matrix using the additional co-skewness and co-kurtosis matrices. This allows for a better understanding of the underlying risk factors within the portfolio -0.38% -1.52% -0.77% -1.27% -1.73% -3.05% -1.96% -2.90% -1.44% -2.75% -0.82% -1.49%
Comparison of Normal and Modified Distributions Fatter Tails Negatively Skewed Normal Modified 95% VaR -0.77% -0.82% 99% VaR -1.48% -1.93%
Putting it all together – The Infiniti Capital Analytics Suite (IAS)
Import database of Funds
Fund Database
Filter by Infiniti Qualified (QFL) and Invested List
Filter further
Filter further by Fund AUM exclude funds with less than $20m
Filter further by Fund AUM exclude funds with less than $20m
Ensure all funds have up to date history
Load filtered list into Simulated Annealing Optimiser
Set weight constraints
Cooling schedule for Annealing and no of iterations - Defaults
Fee Information - Defaults
Drag and Drop standard check-limits or build custom limits
Default objective function is Infiniti SFA Total Score
What is SFA Score  ?  – Ranking system for Risk, Return and Persistence
Risk, Return and Persistence scores made up of multiple factors
Can also use any other objective function
Here objective function is maximise CAGR and minimise Drawdowns
Run Portfolio improvement routine for 10,000 iterations
Generates in-sample Returns of 12.65% with volatility of 2.22%
Change Benchmark to CSFB Tremont
Show Benchmark Returns and remove fees if investable
Verify all Check-limit constraints satisfied
Out of Sample performance
Change Chart to SFA Total Score or any other statistic
Verify SFA Score matches optimised value
Can be used to build portfolios with any shape distribution
DISCLAIMER:  This presentation is by Infiniti Capital AG, the Investment Manager of The Infiniti Capital Trust and its portfolio’s. Application for shares can only be made on the basis of the current Prospectuses.  The Funds are unregulated collective investment schemes in the UK and Switzerland and their promotion by authorised persons  in the UK is restricted by the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000.  The price of shares and the income from them can go down as well as up and the value of an investment can fluctuate in response to changes in exchange rates.   The following information is intended for institutional investors who are accredited investors and qualified purchasers under the securities laws. Investment in the Fund involves special considerations and risks. There can be no assurance that the Fund’s investment objectives will be achieved. An investment in the Fund is only suitable for sophisticated investors who fully understand and are capable of assuming the risk of an investment in the Fund. Multi Manager Multi Strategy  Fund of Funds

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Analyzing Hedge Fund Risks and Returns Using Quantitative Methods

  • 1. Quantitative methods in Hedge Fund of Fund construction By Peter Urbani, CIO Infiniti-Capital
  • 2. Weaknesses of models used to analyse Hedge Funds “ Models currently used to analyze hedge funds generally display a number of major weaknesses: The models do not pay sufficient attention to the asymmetry of hedge fund returns (hedge funds returns are not normally distributed). VaR type models therefore do not measure risk accurately. The models do not correct for the presence of widespread auto-correlation causing significant understatement of volatility of hedge fund returns. Benchmarks used are not often significant resulting in spurious comparisons. The models do not consider the impact of asymmetry on dependence measures such as correlation. The models do not consider the persistence of any alpha. The models generally seek to condense all of the relevant detail into one single standardized comparative number that is frequently meaningless. The weaknesses in existing models mean that the unique characteristics of hedge funds and risks are not captured.” Satyajit Das Author of Traders Guns and Money – p28, Wilmott Magazine August 2007
  • 3.
  • 4. Hedge Funds v.s. Hedged Funds A Perfectly ‘Hedged’ fund Fund Returns -ve Equity Returns +ve
  • 5.
  • 6. ‘ Perfect ’ vs. MSCI Daily TR Gross World Free USD, for 31-Jan-93 to 31-Mar-07 Note Asymmetric payoff
  • 7. Avg HF vs. MSCI Daily TR Gross World Free USD, for 31-Jan-93 to 31-Mar-07 Note Asymmetric payoff
  • 8. Less than 12% of Hedge Funds ‘Normally’ distributed Based on analysis of 5400 Hedge Fund distributions
  • 9.
  • 10. (i)Liquidity a Source of Alpha ? Relationship between liquidty and Returns Our research indicates that longer lock-ups are compensated for by additional alpha of 300 – 400bp per annum
  • 11.
  • 12. Infiniti SFA Risk score Amaranth First Warning signal 31 May 2005 Second Warning signal 30 April 2006 Outright Sell signal 31 May 2006
  • 13. Significant deviation as distribution type changes in April / May 2005 Infiniti ‘Best Fit’ Value at Risk (VaR) Amaranth
  • 14. Analysis of Classic Correlation (top Right Quadrant) and Modified Correlation (bottom Left Quadrant) of sample Portfolio 0.486 0.428 0.548 0.313 0.238 0.589 0.601 0.470 0.387 0.476 0.553 0.695 0.306 0.249 Fund 1 vs Fund 2 0.629 Fund 1 vs Fund 3 0.651 Fund 1 vs Fund 4 0.629 Fund 1 vs Fund 5 0.633 Fund 2 vs Fund 3 0.537 Fund 2 vs Fund 4 Fund 2 vs Fund 5 Fund 3 vs Fund 4 Fund 3 vs Fund 5 Fund 4 vs Fund 5 0.357 0.522 Portfolios 95% Normal VaR = -0.77% Portfolios 95% Modified VaR = -0.82% Fund 1 Fund 2 Fund 3 Fund 4 Fund 5 Fund 1 1 0.629 0.651 0.357 0.633 Fund 2 1 0.537 0.486 0.428 Fund 3 1 0.548 0.313 Fund 4 1 0.238 Fund 5 1 0.589 0.601 0.470 0.387 0.476 0.553 0.695 0.522 0.306 0.249
  • 15. Linear Analysis of sample Portfolio 0.486 0.428 0.548 0.313 0.238 Fund 1 vs Fund 2 0.629 Fund 1 vs Fund 3 0.651 Fund 1 vs Fund 4 0.629 Fund 1 vs Fund 5 0.633 Fund 2 vs Fund 3 0.537 Fund 2 vs Fund 4 Fund 2 vs Fund 5 Fund 3 vs Fund 4 Fund 3 vs Fund 5 Fund 4 vs Fund 5 0.357 Portfolios 95% Normal VaR = -0.77% Pearson Correlation Fund Name Mean StDev Fund 1 0.84% 0.89% Fund 2 0.80% 0.86% Fund 3 1.04% 1.78% Fund 4 1.33% 2.26% Fund 5 0.64% 1.01% Sample Portfolio 0.93% 1.03% VaR cVaR -0.62% -0.99% -0.62% -0.98% -1.89% -2.63% -2.39% -3.34% -1.03% -1.45% -0.77% -1.21% Normal/Gaussian Descriptives and VaRs Mean Contributor StDev Contributor nVaR Contributor 18.18% 13.15% -0.06% 17.17% 11.32% -0.03% 22.32% 28.56% -0.28% 28.60% 35.20% -0.33% 13.72% 11.78% -0.07% 100.00% 100.00% -0.77% Fund Name Fund 1 Fund 2 Fund 3 Fund 4 Fund 5 Sample Portfolio Attribution of Portfolio Descriptives Normal “ Type” Diversifier Diversifier High Return High Return Diversifier
  • 16. Non-Linear Analysis of sample Portfolio Fund 1 vs Fund 2 Fund 1 vs Fund 3 Fund 1 vs Fund 4 Fund 1 vs Fund 5 Fund 2 vs Fund 3 Fund 2 vs Fund 4 Fund 2 vs Fund 5 Fund 3 vs Fund 4 Fund 3 vs Fund 5 Fund 4 vs Fund 5 Portfolios 95% Modified VaR = -0.82% Modified Correlation 0.589 0.601 0.470 0.387 0.476 0.553 0.695 0.306 0.249 0.522 Fund Name “ Mod SD” Skew Kurtosis Fund 1 0.84% 0.75% 0.458 6.619 Fund 2 0.80% 0.95% -0.685 0.634 Fund 3 1.04% 1.68% 0.150 2.425 Fund 4 1.33% 2.00% 0.549 1.408 Fund 5 0.64% 1.26% -4.041 21.616 Sample Portfolio 0.93% 1.06% -0.254 1.160 VaR cVaR Modified/Cornish Fisher Descriptives and VaRs Mean Attribution of Portfolio Descriptives Mean Contributor “ Mod SD” Contributor mVaR Contributor 18.18% -0.06% 17.17% -0.06% 22.32% -0.27% 28.60% -0.32% 13.72% -0.11% 100.00% 100.00% -0.82% Fund Name Fund 1 Fund 2 Fund 3 Fund 4 Fund 5 Sample Portfolio 13.32% 12.54% 26.95% 33.48% 13.72% Skew Contributor Kurt Contributor 17.90% 15.59% 39.94% 9.56% -10.79% 25.72% -6.34% 33.45% 59.28% 15.67% 100.00% 100.00% Diversifier Diversifier High Return High Return Diversifier Normal “ Type” Attempts to address the non-linear dependence of hedge funds by coming up with an analogue or ‘modified’ correlation matrix using the additional co-skewness and co-kurtosis matrices. This allows for a better understanding of the underlying risk factors within the portfolio -0.38% -1.52% -0.77% -1.27% -1.73% -3.05% -1.96% -2.90% -1.44% -2.75% -0.82% -1.49%
  • 17. Comparison of Normal and Modified Distributions Fatter Tails Negatively Skewed Normal Modified 95% VaR -0.77% -0.82% 99% VaR -1.48% -1.93%
  • 18. Putting it all together – The Infiniti Capital Analytics Suite (IAS)
  • 21. Filter by Infiniti Qualified (QFL) and Invested List
  • 23. Filter further by Fund AUM exclude funds with less than $20m
  • 24. Filter further by Fund AUM exclude funds with less than $20m
  • 25. Ensure all funds have up to date history
  • 26. Load filtered list into Simulated Annealing Optimiser
  • 28. Cooling schedule for Annealing and no of iterations - Defaults
  • 29. Fee Information - Defaults
  • 30. Drag and Drop standard check-limits or build custom limits
  • 31. Default objective function is Infiniti SFA Total Score
  • 32. What is SFA Score ? – Ranking system for Risk, Return and Persistence
  • 33. Risk, Return and Persistence scores made up of multiple factors
  • 34. Can also use any other objective function
  • 35. Here objective function is maximise CAGR and minimise Drawdowns
  • 36. Run Portfolio improvement routine for 10,000 iterations
  • 37. Generates in-sample Returns of 12.65% with volatility of 2.22%
  • 38. Change Benchmark to CSFB Tremont
  • 39. Show Benchmark Returns and remove fees if investable
  • 40. Verify all Check-limit constraints satisfied
  • 41. Out of Sample performance
  • 42. Change Chart to SFA Total Score or any other statistic
  • 43. Verify SFA Score matches optimised value
  • 44. Can be used to build portfolios with any shape distribution
  • 45. DISCLAIMER: This presentation is by Infiniti Capital AG, the Investment Manager of The Infiniti Capital Trust and its portfolio’s. Application for shares can only be made on the basis of the current Prospectuses. The Funds are unregulated collective investment schemes in the UK and Switzerland and their promotion by authorised persons in the UK is restricted by the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000. The price of shares and the income from them can go down as well as up and the value of an investment can fluctuate in response to changes in exchange rates. The following information is intended for institutional investors who are accredited investors and qualified purchasers under the securities laws. Investment in the Fund involves special considerations and risks. There can be no assurance that the Fund’s investment objectives will be achieved. An investment in the Fund is only suitable for sophisticated investors who fully understand and are capable of assuming the risk of an investment in the Fund. Multi Manager Multi Strategy Fund of Funds