1. Close-to-Nature Forestry: linking ecological, economical and social values by Jurij Diaci Biotechnical Faculty University of Ljubljana, Slovenia Department for Forestry and Renewable Forest Resources

4. Landslides and erosion in Japan and intensive reforestations 1. Origins of close-to-nature silviculture

5. Degraded landscapes across the Alps with erosion etc.

6. Afforestation on Karst (Slovenia) in 1895

7. Joseph Ressel: started afforestation s on Karst, also inventor of ships propeller

8. - huge natural interconnected forest - high species diversity due to glacial refugia - many umbrella species (e.g. bear, lynx, wolf, peregrine falcon) - many old-growth forests

9. Selection mixed silver fir beech forests on Zlatibor (Srbija) Selection forests as a tradition within whole Dinaric Mountains

10. F. de Liocourt : De l’amenagement des sapinières. Bulletin trimestriel, Société forestière de Franche-Comté et Belfort, juillet 1898, pp. 396 – 409. Henry Biolley (1858 -1939) Adolphe Gurnaud (1825 -1896) Source: J-Ph. Schütz ?

11. Source: GG Sl. Gradec

14. Right: primeval forest Ravna gora (SI) in 2001: wind throw gap from 1983 Left: s mall-scale gap disturbance in primeval forest Rajhenav (SI) in 1998

15. M ajor disturbance pattern is endogenous small scale disturbance (< 1000 m2) with sporadic windthrow . Light remains sparse!!! 2. Natural processes and CTN silviculture Old-growth Trdinov vrh (SI) - 1999

17. Clear-cut management in Oregon (USA) : erosion & site degradation, water management, wildlife, social functions

18. C lear-cut forest in the Olympic Peninsula, Washington. If you were driving, you’d probably not notice the clearing at all! And that, my friend, is the pictorial definition of a façade. Landscape “make-up”

20. evenaged forest State owned selection forests in the Dinaric region 3. How does CTN silviculture operate? selection forest

21. The regeneration is introduced under slightly opened canopies Irregular shelterwood system

22. The regeneration is introduced under slightly opened canopies Formation and gradual extension of gaps Irregular shelterwood system

23. 1960' - development of &quot;free style&quot; silvicultural system by 1968 - the trilogy of Slovenian nature-based silvicultural systems was completed and published

24. S c hematic presentation of the “ free style ” silvicultural system: (A) gradual conversion of spruce plantation to mixed uneven-aged forest, (B) transformation of large-scale regeneration to uneven-sized forest , (C) conversion of coppices (with standards) to regular forest INITIAL CONDITION AFTER 30 YEARS AFTER 60 YEARS

25. Successful transformation of spruce plantation in Pohorje

26. “ Free style” system in silver fir – beech forests

27. Dauerwald – CC forest on a steep slope in Swiss Jura. Regular felling every 10 years. Non-managed stand for the last 50 years, than heavier felling in 1999.

28. Sycamore maple of excellent quality in a CC forest. Tree as a goal and means of production. Felling age is defined individually. Norway spruce of excellent quality in CC forest Lenzburg, CH.

36. CTN silviculture is about being lazy in a clever way

39. Wood grows on wood; price 1805 EUR; Hessen (D).

41. LEGEND: crop tree competitor source: WSL

46. Ljubljana urban forests in Mostec (results of non-interevntion)

47. Czech national park Šumava

48. natural regeneration of pedunculate oak in large scale shelterwood small clear cut in Norway spruce plantation Conventional forest management

49. CTN silviculture as option near large urban areas in state or municipality owned urban forests