Direct to Indirect in 5 easy steps by Prosenjeet Dasgupta, Lucknow

1. Direct - Indirect
In
5
easy steps
Prosenjeet Dasgupta
www.lucknowwebs.com

2. Neil said that he was
feeling happy
I am feeling happy
Prosenjeet Dasgupta

3. YESTERDAY
TODAY
Prosenjeet Dasgupta

4. Direct – Indirect
In 5 steps
Prosenjeet Dasgupta

5. Reporting Speech
Reporting speech are of two types:
1. Direct Speech
2. Indirect Speech
Prosenjeet Dasgupta

6. Direct Speech
. In direct speech we use the speaker’s own
words.
. We put the exact words spoken in inverted
commas
Helen said, “I am going home”
Prosenjeet Dasgupta

7. Indirect Speech
. In indirect speech is also called reported speech
. We do not use the exact words of the speaker.
. We report what was said.
. We sometimes need to change pronouns and
verb tenses.
. We don’t use speech (“ “)marks.
Helen said, “I am going home”
Helen said that she was going home.
Prosenjeet Dasgupta

8. Advantages of each speech type
• Direct Speech can show
what a character is like.
• Direct speech can add
variety to writing
• Long speeches can be
boring.
• Too many speakers can
confuse the reader.
• Indirect Speech can be
summarised briefly so that
it does not slow down the
pace of the action.
• It can show a contrast
between what a character
is saying and what he or
she is thinking.
• Using too much of
indirect speech can also
be boring
Prosenjeet Dasgupta

9. Direct to Indirect
Ram said, “I am happy now”
Five Changes from Direct to Indirect
Direct  Indirect
1.
Punctuations
“_”

Goes
2.
Change of inside tense
am

was
3.
Pronoun/Possessive Adj. change
I

He
4.
Comma becomes connective
5.
List of changing words
,

now

Ram said that heDasgupta happy then
was
Prosenjeet
that (not always)
then

10. Connective
He said to her, “I am reading a book.” (Assertive sentence)
He told her that he was reading a book.
He said to her, “Am I reading a book?” (Interrogative sentence)
He asked her if he was reading a book.
He said to her, “Read a book”(Imperative sentence: order/request/advice)
He ordered/told her to read a book. (verb+comma = to+verb)
He said to her, “What a book I am reading!” (Exclamatory sentence)
He exclaimed to her that he was reading a fantastic book.
Prosenjeet Dasgupta

11. Connective
SENTENCE
TYPE
INTERROGATIVE
ASSRETIVE
IMPERATIVE
EXCLAMATORY
He said to her, …
EXAMPLE
AND
ANSWER
Is Nitin an old man?
Nitin is an old man
(YOU) + V + O
Expressing strong
feeling or
emotion
…………………!
RULES
Is Nitin an old man? (Y/N)
 “When are they eating?”
 He asked her when they were eating
 “Are they eating?” (Y/N)
 He asked her if they were eating
Asked + Listener
+
If/whether
wh
Nitin is an old man
 “They are eating”
 He told her that they were eating
- Told+listener (if there
is a listener)
- Said that (if no
listener)
(You) Kill Nitin
(You) Don’t injure him
“Please eat your food”
He requested her to eat her food
Ordered/requested/told
/adviced + Listener
+
Infinitive. (to+verb)
“How fast you eat!”
He exclaimed to her that she ate very fast
Prosenjeet Dasgupta
Exclaimed that…

12. Direct to Indirect
Ram said, “I am happy now”
Five Changes from Direct to Indirect
Direct  Indirect
1.
Punctuations
“_”

Goes
2.
Change of inside tense
am

was
3.
Pronoun/Possessive Adj. change
I

He
4.
Comma becomes connective
5.
List of changing words
,

now

Ram said that heDasgupta happy then
was
Prosenjeet
that (not always)
then

13. Change of Reported Verb
CHANGE IN
RULES
EXAMPLE & ANSWER
REPORTED
TENSE
If outside tense is
past
change the inside
tense
He will say to her, “you seem tired.”
He will tell her that she seems tired.
Present
Past
She said to him, “I spent your cash.”
She told him that she had spent his cash.
Past
Past Perfect
Am, Is and Are
Was, Were
Have and Has
Had
May
The students said, “Arti is dead.”
The students that Arti was dead
Might
Can
Could
Will
Would
Shall
Had gone
Must
Had to
Tense of Proverbs,
Habitual Actions,
Universal Truths
Akshay said, “The Earth is round”
Akshay said that the Earth is round
Should
Went
Sunita said, “I cannot swim”
Sunita said that she could not swim
No change
No change
No change
She said, “ I went to a movie”
She said that she had gone to a movie.
Prosenjeet Dasgupta

14. Practice
Anand said, “ I am writing a book on dieting” (said = past, change inside tense)
Anand said that he WAS writing a book on dieting.
Anil said to Maya, “I have been trying to dance since years”(said = past, change inside
tense)
Anil said to Maya that he HAD been trying to dance since years
Mother said to her daughter, “Time and tide wait for no man” (said = past)
(proverb hence no change of tense)
Mother told her daughter that Time and tide WAIT for no one
Neil said, “I must finish this for tomorrow”
Neil said that he HAD TO finish this for tomorrow.
Prosenjeet Dasgupta

15. Direct to Indirect
Ram said, “I am happy now”
Five Changes from Direct to Indirect
Direct  Indirect
1.
Punctuations
“_”

Goes
2.
Change of inside tense
am

was
3.
Pronoun/Possessive Adj. change
I

He
4.
Comma becomes connective
5.
List of changing words
,

now

Ram said that heDasgupta happy then
was
Prosenjeet
that (not always)
then

16. Change of Pronoun/Possessive Adj.
CHANGE IN
RULES
EXAMPLE & ANSWER
PRONOUN/
POSSESSIVE
ADJECTIVE
OBJECT = Noun or pronoun before the verb
SUBJECT = Noun or Pronoun after the verb
1ST PERSON = I, we, me, mine, myself,
ourselves, we, our
2ND PERSON = you, your, yourself,
yourselves,
3RD PERSON = Neither I nor You
He said to her, “I gave them to you”
RULES
1ST PERSON  SUBJECT
2ND PERSON  OBJECT
LEAVE 3RD PERSON AS SUCH
Prosenjeet Dasgupta
He told her that he had given them to her

17. Direct to Indirect
Ram said, “I am happy now”
Five Changes from Direct to Indirect
Direct  Indirect
1.
Punctuations
“_”

Goes
2.
Change of inside tense
am

was
3.
Pronoun/Possessive Adj. change
I

He
4.
Comma becomes connective
5.
List of changing words
,

now

Ram said that heDasgupta happy then
was
Prosenjeet
that (not always)
then

18. List of changing words
DIRECT
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
Now
This
Ago
Today
Tonight
Yesterday
Here
These
Come
Tomorrow
Last night
Said, “sorry”
Said, “Thank You”
Said, “Good Bye”
Said, “Hello”
Said, “Good Morning”
Said, “Yes”
Said, “No”
INDIRECT
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
Then
That
Before
That day
That night
The day before/previous day
There
Those
Go
The next/following day
The night before/previous night
Apologised
Thanked
Bade goodbye
Greeted
Wished a good morning
Replied in the affirmative
Replied in the negative
Prosenjeet Dasgupta
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
The next day
That day
That night
Go
Replied in the affirmative
That
The night before
Replied in the negative
Then
The day before
Before
Apologised
Thanked
Greeted
Wished a Good morning
Bade good bye
There
Those

19. Examples
1.
He said, “Good evening, I have come to see if you have a room just for one night”
He wished her a Good evening and said that he had come to see if she had a room for just one night.
2.
He said, “I am going to see my mother tomorrow”
He said that he was going to see his mother the next day.
3.
She said, “ I went to a movie yesterday”
She said that she had gone to a movie the previous day.
4.
Tom said, “ I have an important meeting tonight.”
Tom said that he had an important meeting that night.
5.
Mom said, “I'm tired and its getting late. I think I’ll go to bed.”
Mom said that she was tired and it was getting late and hence she thought she would go to bed.
Prosenjeet Dasgupta

20. Thank you!
Prosenjeet Dasgupta

21. Practice Hand out
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
Fatima says, “she does not like old films.”
Arshid said. “I will play.”
The old man said, “the earth revolves round the sun.”
Rahim said to me, “I cannot help you in your work.”
Rahim said to Abdul, “Have you finished your work?”
The beggar said to me, “May you live long!”
My mother says, “ You will always remain an idiot.”
The shopkeeper said to Mr. Patel, “Sir, I have always been fair to my customers in my dealings.”
The teacher said to Angela, “ How did you guess the correct answer?”
I said to my friend, “Please help me arrange these books on the shelf. “
“What a kick!” said one of the spectators
My friends say, “He is very handsome”
My granny will say, “You need to eat well”
You said, “I want to consult my parents”
“Where do you live?” she asked me
She said, “Do you want to come with me?”
She said, “The lesson had already started”
She said, “May I open a new browser?”
“We will be here tomorrow”, they promised
He said that, “Its time we began planning our holidays.”
Prosenjeet Dasgupta