The Basics

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The document provides an overview of the research process for writing a research paper. It discusses what research is and is not, how to choose a topic, where to begin the research process, evaluating sources, and examples of credible sources. Some key points covered include: - A research paper requires investigating and evaluating sources to offer interpretations rather than just summarizing sources. - Initial research topics may change as research is conducted. - There is no single template for writing a research paper; it is a process of practice, experience, and organization. - Students need to pay attention to the assignment, topic, audience, and skills like outlining and revising. - Evaluating the quality, validity, and credibility

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The Basics of Research http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/

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So what is research anyway? It's not a set of steps 1-2-3 that you can check off and be done with. Research is more like a map that has you retrace your steps from time to time. You might need to go backwards-- not because you messed up, but because you learned something new about your topic or discovered a new direction in which to take your research. Retracing your steps is built into the research process!

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99 The word research has many meanings ranging from visions of scien- tists working in labs to students reading piles of articles and books. The primary focus of this chapter is on students’ process of research and incorporating that research into academic writing. An important concept related to research is that it is a process, not a single action. The process includes the following: ●● Developing a research plan ●● Finding research related to a topic ●● Evaluating the credibility of sources ●● Taking notes ●● Integrating the research into your writing Knowing this process allows students to allocate their research time accordingly. Let’s dig into the research process and explore what’s available to you at the Kaplan University library. T ypes of ReseaRch Before beginning the research process, it is important to identify and understand the two major types of research: primary and secondary. Primary research involves using firsthand sources for information, where the material comes directly from an expert, researcher, or writer. Primary research is the most credible type of research because the information is original, and you, the researcher, will be the one chapteR 11 ReseaRch caRolYn steVenson 100 Rese aRching, oUTlining, and cR af Ting yoUR essay to gather and analyze the information. Examples of primary research include interviews, surveys, originally authored articles, witness reports, and court records. If you write a research paper that includes an interview with an expert in the field, the paper is considered primary research. Conversely, secondary research involves using information that relies on primary research. Referencing someone else’s work (which is based on a primary source) is secondary research. Examples of secondary research include citing statistics gathered by a university or organization, referring to an individual’s quote found in a periodical article or popular media, and book reviews or critiques. Table 11.1 notes common sources for the two types of research. Table 11.1 T ypes of ReseaRch PRIMARY RESEARCH SECONDARY RESEARCH � Original writing References to others’ work Witnesses Items found in popular media Diaries Journal articles that reference others’ work Interviews Newspaper articles that reference others’ work Surveys Data results quoted in another source Fieldwork Book reviews or critiques Court records You can use both types of research, primary and secondary, in your writing; the variety of using both types of sources adds validity and depth to the paper. You determine the need for either type of research in your research plan. 101Rese aRch developing a ReseaRch plan Developing a research plan is the first phase in the research process. A well-organized research plan provides a “road map” for the journey of researching and writing. Taking time at the beginning of the project assists in providing an organized structure n.

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School project work is an essay that presents the results of a student’s research of a particular topic in print, electronic, or multimedia format. The skill involves finding, evaluating, and assimilating the ideas of other researchers and this is essential in any field of study. Unlike other essay writing, a research project work follows the same processes as other kinds of writing, from planning through drafting to revising, but the difference is that instead of relying exclusively on what you alreadSchool project work is an essay that presents the results of a student’s research of a particular topic in print, electronic, or multimedia format. The skill involves finding, evaluating, and assimilating the ideas of other researchers and this is essential in any field of study. Unlike other essay writing, a research project work follows the same processes as other kinds of writing, from planning through drafting to revising, but the difference is that instead of relying exclusively on what you already know about a topic, you rather include source materials, facts, data, knowledge, or opinions of other researchers to support your research project works. know about a topic, you rather include source materials, facts, data, knowledge, or opinions of other researchers to support your research project works.

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Appendix G ENG/102 Version 4 1 Associate Level Material Appendix G Finding, Evaluating, and Utilizing Credible Information This course requires a higher level of research than you may have undertaken in the past. You must find sources that are reliable, related to your paper’s topic, and contain evidence to support your claims and arguments. Take thorough notes while you find these sources, and be careful to avoid plagiarism by appropriately quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing your sources. Using the University Library In previous courses, you used the Internet to research information about different topics. In this course, you may still use the Internet sparingly, but the University Library provides a wider variety of resources that are more appropriate for formal research papers. The University Library includes the following resources: · Databases. These databases contain magazine articles, journal articles, newspaper articles, audio clips, and other types of multimedia, statistics, articles with opposing viewpoints, and much more. You can search through the databases by specialization, subject, author, title, publication, and so forth. · Research resources. Besides the databases, the library also contains access to books, dissertations, theses, research in Spanish, Canadian information, country profiles and economic data, encyclopedias and dictionaries, and journal indexes and abstracts. · Writing and test-taking resources. The library also provides guides for preparing for and taking different kinds of tests, improving writing and grammar, and so on. · Help. The library contains links to a Frequently Asked Questions page, timely feedback from a librarian, a research tutorial, and a library handbook. As you search for sources, you may receive thousands of results for a topic in the University Library. If that happens, you may have to narrow your topic, or you may need to enter more specific information in the search engine. The library tutorial at http://www.apollolibrary.com/Library/tutorial.aspx provides information for using Boolean search commands to expand, limit, or refine a search for information. Finding and Evaluating Credible Information A credible source is one that is trustworthy, providing true, accurate, and balanced information. Generally, periodicals, journals, and other sources found in the University Library are credible because they are written by professionals and must be approved to be published. Many of the library articles are peer reviewed—written by professionals and reviewed by other professionals in the same area of expertise to ensure the research is credible and trustworthy. On the other hand, websites may be written by anyone, so credibility is usually more difficult to determine. In this course, you are required to find five to seven credible sources. To show your credibility as an effective researcher, you must select a variety of valid sources. Avoid using only websites or using only books.

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Unit 4: Lecture Developing a Proposal Unit 4 focuses on developing your topic for your final report and conducting some preliminary research for your final project. Your reading for this unit (Chs. 15, 17 and Appendix C ) cover how to research and write proposals, as well as how to cite your work in a business report. Make sure to review these chapters carefully as you prepare your discussion and assignment for this unit. What are Proposals? A proposal is a persuasive genre in which a writer convinces an audience to accept or approve some course of action. As your book says, “proposals argue for work that needs to be done” (552). In business contexts, a proposal might outline a new policy and request implementation or request money to fund a special project. For our purposes, your proposal will focus on seeking approval for your topic for your final business report. According to Ch. 17, good business proposals answer the following questions: · What problem are you going to solve or what opportunity do you hope to fill? · Why does the problem need to be solved now or the opportunity explored immediately? · How are you going to solve it? · Can you do the work? · Why should you be the one to do it? · When will you complete the work? · How much will you charge? · What exactly will you provide for us? For our purpose in this class, we are not going to worry about the questions about timelines, qualifications, or fees, as our timeline is already set, everyone has to do the report, and you will be writing your report for experience and learning, rather than money. However, be mindful that in a real world situation, all of these questions may be important to address. Defining a Problem to Explore in your Proposal and Report: According to Ch. 15, a good problem to explore for a business report should use the following guidelines: · The problem is real, significant enough to be worth solving, and narrow but challenging · The audience is also real and has the power to make decisions based on your report · The evidence (e.g. data, facts, sources) is sufficient to show the importance of the problem and to prove that your recommendations will solve the problem. When writing your proposal, use the advice in Chapter 15 about writing a purpose statement and review the example on pg. 492. How to Conduct Research: There is a wide range of research available to you that could be used to develop your report. For example, you may find any or all of these types useful in a business report: · Newspaper articles (For example, The Washington Post) · Articles in popular magazines or non-fiction books (for example, Newsweek) · Articles in industry-specific publications (for example, HR Magazine) · Websites and publications of professional organizations (for example, The National Association of Business Management Professionals) · Journal articles and books written by academics (for example, Business Communication Quarterly) · Surveys or interviews you have cond ...

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Researching Your Speech What Is Research? Libraries and Librarians are Our FriendsLibrarians have many tricks and shortcuts up their sleeves to make hunting for information easier and faster.Interacting with librarians and using libraries effectively is the first step to good research. 17 Strategies to Work With LibrariansA research librarian is extremely knowledgeable about information sources.You can learn from a librarian and increase your own research skills.When on reference desk duty, the librarian is available to help; present yourself in person.A librarian can teach you, but can’t make excuses for late work.If a librarian is already helping someone else, wait your turn. Strategies cont.When a librarian helps you find sources, have the courtesy to look at them.Research is a process, not an event; allow sufficient time.The librarian can’t do the work you’re supposed to be doing toward your own grade.Reference librarians are professional, highly educated information specialists; ask your “stupid” question.Good research takes time, and interacting with the librarian takes time. Strategies cont.Students should expect reasonable questions from the librarian, such as: “Where have you looked so far?” “Have you been to a library workshop before?”Students should approach a librarian sooner rather than later.If you don’t have a well-defined topic to research, bring a copy of the assignment to show the librarian. Strategies cont.Most academic librarians will give in-depth consultations to students by appointment.Students should be as specific as possible in what they ask for.Many research questions do not have ready-made or one-stop answers.Information comes in varying formats. Research is Fun and UsefulYou get to ask questions and actually find answers.Research can open a world you never knew existed.Research can lead you to new ideas and activities.A scholarly investigation into a topic in order to discover, revise, and/or report facts, theories, and applications. Three Functions of ResearchDiscovering occurs when people conduct some kind of study and find something completely new.Revision occurs when people revise existing facts, theories, and applications.Reporting happens after you accumulate information about a topic and report it to others. Three End Results of ResearchA fact is a truth that is arrived at through the scientific process.A theory is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon.Researchers often look for new applications for something that already exists. Primary ResearchResearch that is carried out to discover or revise facts, theories and applications, and is reported by the person conducting the research; it is active and creates new knowledge. Types of Primary Research Surveys or QuestionnairesSurveys or questionnaires you conduct are a type of primary research in which you collect facts, figures, or opinions. For a survey, you should ask four questions:Do you know what you want to ...

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