Bcs facs

BCS FACS / Central London Branch

Subjects are not Objects
Enterprise Modeling
using Projective Analysis

Bernie Cohen, CEng, FBCS, MIEE
Hon Visiting Professor, City University
b.cohen@city.ac.uk
www.asymmetricdesign.com
www.soi.city.ac.uk/~bernie

BCS FACS, Feb 16 ©2012 Prof. B. Cohen, City U

Introduction

The Modelling Relation
from Science and Engineering
via the Frame Problem,
Pragmatics,
Anticipatory and
Sociotechnical Systems to
Projective Analysis (PAN)
elicitating clients' models of their ecosystems,
analysing the sustainability of their strategy and
illustrating the risks to which they are exposed.


The Modelling Relation: Scientific Knowledge
Natural System Formal System
stimulus interpret precondition

entailment entailment

commute
Material Formal
cause cause

response interpret post-condition

Ontological Commitment: To be is to be the value of a variable [W. V. O. Quine]
3

The Modelling Relation: Engineering
Engineered System FormalDesign
Specification
interpret Design engineers
stimulus parameter identify as
components
component component just those closed
observed behaviour
model

transfer function
systems whose models

commute

calculate
provide
execute

component component computationally
model effective composition
calculi.
component component
model
response result Engineering disciplines
interpret
composition by composition by are characterised both by
physical connections symbolic bindings their component models
and by their collections of
compositional operators.

4

Closed Systems
and the Frame Problem*
The Fram Problem
e :
in an OPEN SYSTEM, one cannot identify the set of all state components
that are NOT altered by the occurrence of an event.

Science and engineering make the simplifying assumption that the
natural systems they observe are closed,
that is, immune to disturbance from all stimuli
that the operative model does not account for.
This distinction between what is and what is not accounted for
by the observer’s knowledge is the observer’s
Cartesian cut:
What you see is not what you get
*first identified in McCarthy and Hayes, Some Philosophical Problems from the Standpoint of Artificial Intelligence, 1969

5

Sociotechnical Systems
Healthcare, military, government and, in fact,
every enterprise currently of interest,
are all sociotechnical systems.
Every sociotechnical system is a System of Systems* (SoS)
whose component systems are autonomous
and collaborate with each other more or less voluntarily.
Each component system must therefore be modelled
as an open system in continuous interaction
with its enclosing ecosystem.
* see “Architecting Principles for Systems of Systems”, by Mark W. Maier, University of Alabama.
http://www.infoed.com/Open/PAPERS/systems.htm

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The Orchestrating User
Hence, “emergent behaviour”:
the actual composite behaviour of a SoS
differs from the observer’s composition of its parts
because its composition is not fully understood
(e.g. feature interaction in telecoms etc.)

This difference between those system behaviours
that can be predicted by users independent of their use of it,
and those that cannot, is the user’s
Heisenberg cut:
What you get depends on how you use it

7

Anticipatory System
The clients for prerequisite
composed services
(the composite functionality
circumstance
delivered by an SoS)
Actors are anticipatory systems*
are actors.
who derive their
demands for services
from their formulation of
entailment themselves as context-of-use
(e.g. as an enterprise)
Final cause: for those services.
in the system’s context-of-use,
the situation entails the circumstance, Anticipative systems are complex
because the user’s model of demand adaptive systems
contains the counterfactual assertion:
if the prerequisite circumstance * see Life Itself by Robert Rosen
were not to pertain,
then the situation would not occur.
situation
8

The Modelling Relation: Pragmatics
Experience Model of being driven
Experienced prerequisite
anticipation
circumstance circumstance

experience of entailment
partial satisfaction

Final
cause

Experienced anticipation demand
situation situation
modelling the organisation of demand
9

The Frame Problem Revisited
Understanding the client to be an anticipatory system,
and given that anticipatory systems are open systems,
then modelling the needs of the client
also suffers from the Frame Problem.
But the client’s modelling of her need
in the form of an organisation of demand
constitutes a pragmatics of use, which can be modelled.
Although the client cannot know her needs directly,
she can know them indirectly through her experience of their effects.
This difference between what can and cannot be known
directly by the client about her needs is the client’s
‘endo-exo’ cut
What I want is never exactly what I ask for.
10

The Modelling Relation: SoS Design
Model of being driven
Formal Specification prerequisite
Engineered System precondition circumstance Client’s Experience
interpret anticipate Experienced
stimulus orchestration
circumstance
(user's choice)

as repertoire of compositional
experience

semantic domain
entailment of
supply-side

approaches
te

partial demand-side
mu

ontology Direct Compose
satisfaction ontology
com

entailment

entailment

interpret anticipate Experienced
response
satisfy? situation
post-condition demand situation

There is no universal ontology
11

Modeling socio-technical systems
In order to model a client enterprise as a socio-technical system,
it is necessary to situate the observer’s perspective:
The Domain of behavior: Who is your client?
i.e. in terms of what kinds of behavior is it defined?
The What: What does your client do?
i.e. what is the material nature of the work they do?
The Who for Whom: Who are their customers?
i.e. who is your client serving (and what are the economics of this)
The How: What are the critical identity-defining characteristics of your client
that makes them who they are?
i.e. what are those aspects of how they are organized that are identity defining?
The Why: what makes those identity-defining characteristics of the client of value
within the larger ecosystem of which they are part,
particularly in relation to their customers?
i.e. what are the drivers in the larger ecosystem that makes what your client does of value.

12

Defining how the client stratifies their
relationship to demand
Endo-Exo Cut
domain of
behavior

HOW WHY
Cartesian
Cut
identity formal cause final cause
realization

WHAT FOR WHOM

material cause efficient cause

supply demand
Heisenberg Cut
13

Stratification and Asymmetries

WHY

3rd asymmetry: the customer’s demand does not
define the experience that the customer wants
FOR WHOM
2nd asymmetry: the business model does not
define the customer's solution.
Economies of Scope
HOW
1st asymmetry: the technology does not
define the product.
Economies of Scale
WHAT

14

PAN (Projective ANalysis)
Tools for Socio-technical Systems Engineering

Visual PAN elicit graphical, relational representation of client’s
enterprise model.
Stratifier transform into stratified Boolean matrix
Analyser compute projections of stratified matrix
Cohesion trace paths through stratifed matrix
Landscape generate 3D histograms of Boolean matrices
considered as simplicial complexes
Feed results back to client:
classification, location and magnitude of risks
quantifying value and competitive advantage of flexibility,agility, etc.

15

Projective Analysis (PAN) Workshops

White Team: Black Team:
What are the What are the contexts-of-use and
key constituent performances customer situations that are generating
that you need in order to construct the the demands that you are targeting, and
output performances how will you synchronize the composite
that go into your market channels? capabilities needed to satisfy them?

Blue Team: Red Team:
What are the critical technologies that How are you going to have to customise
you have to be able to master and/or and orchestrate outputs
source in creating your products to generate the composite capabilities
(constituent performances)? you need to synchronize with the
customer situations you are targeting?

16

Visual PAN
a Visio-based graphical editor
for recording the results of PAN workshops
Layer: Structure- Trace Hierarchy Synchronisation Demand
function
Meta- know-
design unit order problem
how
ontology
digital digital demand
and capability
system order situation
its
process
Stencil digital customer
process situation
event
trace driver
outcome

Clients' models are elicited as binary relations, of restricted signature,
between instances of these types identified by the clients.

17

Example: A Diabetics Clinic*

*B. Cohen and P. Boxer, Why Critical Systems Need Help to Evolve, IEEE Computer May 2010
18

Detail of Diabetics Clinic

19

6-layer stratification
Visual PAN outputs a text file containing
every pair of typed objects in the graph.
The Stratifier transforms this file into a stratified Boolean matrix.

Synchronization Customer
situations
Customised Contexts-of-use
Customisation
outputs

Engineering Composite
Capabilities

output performances Orchestration

critical technologies

Key constituent
Construction
Technology performances

20

Strategic Analysis
The Analyser examines this relational structure and reports the occurrence of
patterns symptomatic of the types of proposition that the supplier makes to its clients
in response to their expressions of demand.

An r-type proposition A c-type proposition

21

A K-type proposition

A P-type proposition
22

Stakeholder and the Value Deficit
The supplier as stakeholder The customer as stakeholder
in the way they have defined in the way they have expressed
their market, and in the way their demand, and in the way
they expect to satisfy it they expect it to be satisfied

The supplier defines the The value deficit
customer situation in a way is the gap between the
that serves its interests, customer’s expectations
and has the control to and what is actually
subordinate the demands supplied.
of the customer situation The more variability and
to that definition of change there is in the
demand (in this case for a nature of demands, the
K-type proposition) greater the scope for
value deficits to appear

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The Stratified Matrix for the Diabetics Clinic

7
6
Value deficit
4 5

Alignment 2 3
complexity stakeholders
alignment

6,7 WHY
1
4,5 FORWHOM
2,3 HOW
0,1 WHAT
0

24

Landscapes
Each sub-matrix may be considered as a Simplicial Complex* and represented as
a 3-dimensional histogram that graphically illustrates the risks to which the system-of-system is
exposed by inadequate communication among its components.

These 'holes' threaten
Patient
the K-type proposition Orthotic
Administration
'othotist-with-patient'. Clinic data
data

GP
data

Y: The number
of data Z: The number of
elements other platforms with
synchronized this level of
by the platform synchronization

X: The separate data platforms within the healthcare system
*R H Atkin, Q-Analysis, A Hard Language for
the Soft Sciences, Futures, Vol 10, Issue 6, 1978
25

-1
processes q 11
10
number of 13 12
Y: The 15 14
16
17
18
19
20

0
1
each output 3 2
generate 5 4
aligned to 7 6
that must be 9 8
unitorderconsultant
unitorderpatient
unitordergp_booking
traceventwaiting_room

BCS FACS, Feb 16
unitorderprimary_care_group
unitorderdirectorate
unitorderorthotics_dept
traceventgp_diagnos is
traceventc_diagnosis
traceventc_waiting_list
traceventorthotics_waiting_list
traceventneeds_adjusting
tracevento_referral
traceventreadymade_footwear
trac eventbespoke_footwear
unitorderacute_trus t
traceventrepair_and_adaptation
traceventsurgical_outcome
traceventpodiatry_outcome
traceventphysio_outcome
trac ev entphysio_waiting_list

simplexes
traceventpodiatry_waiting_list
traceventrequest_for_stabilisation
slice2-3_trans

unitorderc omponents_biz
traceventcomponents
processes
Diagnostic

unitorderuk_agent
trac eventi_stock
traceventm_s tock
The orthopaedic consultant, the

©2012 Prof. B. Cohen, City U
unitorderstoc k_product_supplier
patient and the general practitioner

unitorderbes poke_mfr
traceventb_stock
tracevento_goods_in
X: The component outputs of the healthcare system
traceventb_goods_in
traceventimports
traceventadjusted_stock
unitorderpodiatry _dept
unitorderphysiotherapy _dept
process
Orthotic
treatment

tracev entdirect_sale
26
23
12
1

n
Orthosis
Process Alignment Complexity

other

level of
Z: The
manufacture

outputs

alignment
number of

sharing this

Further Work
Software Engineering: Transform current prototype software from VB (!) to Open
Source under e.g. Eclipse.

Graph Theory: Formalise and implement the graph-theoretic operators involved in the
composition of graphs from different subjects, given the ontological mappings on which
they agree.

Algebra: Select an algebraic structure that adequately represents the composition and
transformation of 'triply articulated'* (subject-oriented) models.

Psychology: Investigate whether PAN models provide a suitable basis for reopening
Freud's Project for a Scientific Psychology.

* P. Boxer and B. Cohen, Modelling the Enterprise and its Actors as Triply-Articulated Anticipatory Systems, ICCS 2004

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