2. What is polio?
The words polio (grey) and myelon (marrow,
indicating the spinal cord) are derived from
the Greek. It is the effect of poliomyelitis virus
on the spinal cord that leads to the classic
manifestation of paralysis.
3. History of polio…
The disease of poliomyelitis
has a long history. The first
example may even have been
more than 3000 years ago. An
Egyptian stele dating from the
18th Egyptian dynasty (1580 1350 BCE) shows a priest
with a deformity of his leg
characteristic of the flaccid
paralysis typical of
poliomyelitis.
.
4. In the 1940s and 1950s “iron lungs” were used to
regulate breathing and keep polio patients alive.
5. PROBLEM STATEMENT
• When the World Health Assembly launched the Global
Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) in 1988, it was widely
acknowledged that India would be one of the most
challenging countries for polio eradication.
• By 2006, Afghanistan, India, Nigeria, and Pakistan were
the only remaining polio endemic countries .Since the
GPEI was launched, the number of cases has fallen by
over 99%.
• In 2013, only three countries in the world remain polioendemic: Nigeria, Pakistan and Afghanistan
6. • In the mid-1990s, an estimated 150,000 polio cases
were reported annually in India.
• The last case of polio was reported on 13th January
2011 from West Bengal and further no case of polio
has been reported in the country since then.
• . India has been polio free for more then a year and
was removed from the Endemic.
• P2 Wild Polio Virus eradicate from the world in 1999
11. Despite very high coverage during immunization activities & intensive use
of mOPV1, transmission of type-1 WPV has persisted in U.P. & Bihar
12.
13.
Last wild poliovirus type 1 (WPV1) case: 13 January
2011, Howrah, West Bengal
Last wild poliovirus type 2 (WPV2) case: October 1999,
Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh
Last wild poliovirus type 3 (WPV3) case: 22 October
2010, Pakur, Jharkhand
Last positive case from monthly environmental sewage
sampling (conducted in Delhi, Mumbai and Patna):
November 2010, Mumbai .
14. EPIDEMIOLOGY
•
•
•
•
AGENT: POLIOVIRUS
TYPE : THREE SERO TYPES(TYPE-1,TYPE-2,TYPE-3)
RESERVOIR: HUMAN ONLY
INFECTIOUS MATERIAL: FAECES, OROPHARYNGEAL SECRETIONS
• PERIOD OF COMMUNICABILITY: 7 TO 10 DAYS
BEFORE AND AFTER ONSET OF SYMPTOMS
• AGE : 6 MONTHS TO 3 YEARS ARE MOST
VOLUNERABLE
15. • ENVIRONMENT : RAINY SEASON (JUNE TO
SEPTEMBER)
• MODE OF TRANSMISSION: FAECO – ORAL ROUTE,
DROPLET INFECTION.
• FAVOURABLE CONDITIONS: OVER CROWDING,POOR
SANITATION,SLUMS
• INCUBATION PERIOD: 7 TO 14 DAYS( 3- 35 DAYS)
16. POLIO VIRUS
THREE TYPES
• TYPE-1—EPEDEMICS causes outbreaks—is the most
likely virus to cause paralysis.
• TYPE-2---THIS IS THE FIRST SERO TYPE TO
DISAPPEAR.
• TYPE-3--- PARALYSIS LESS FREQUENT.
17. Clinical Spectrum of Polio
• Asymptomatic =inapparent=subclinical91-96%
• Minor non CNS=Abortive polio illness4-8%Aseptic meningitis =NON paralytic polio-1% stiffness
and pain in neck n back
• Paralytic Polio<1% ,Asymmetrical flaccid paralysis and fever at the time
of onset of paralysis
• Among children who are paralyzed by polio:
30% make a full recovery
30% are left with mild paralysis
30% have medium to severe paralysis
10% die
18. IPV (Salk)
killed formolised virus
OPV (Sabin)
live attenuated virus
Given SC or IM
given orally
Induces circulating antibodies, but
immunity is both humoral and
not local (intestinal immunity)
Prevents paralysis but does not
prevent reinfection
Not useful in controlling epidemics
More difficult to manufacture and is
relatively costly
intestinal. induces antibody quickly
Prevents paralysis and prevents
reinfection
Can be effectively used in controlling
epidemics.
Easy to manufacture and is cheaper
>90% immune after 2 doses
>99% immune after 3 doses
Duration of immunity not known with
certainty
50% immune after 1 dose
>95% immune after 3 doses
Immunity probably lifelong
19. VDPV
Vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs) are rare but welldocumented strains of poliovirus ,which emerge after
prolonged multiplication of attenuated strains of the
virus contained in the oral polio vaccine (OPV) in the guts
of children with immunodeficiency or in populations with
very low immunity.
In1999-2000 it was proven that vaccine-derived
polioviruses (VDPVs) could regain the capacity to cause
polio outbreaks (i.e. become circulating VDPVs or
cVDPVs).
20. The management of VDPVs is a necessary part of the
global polio eradication effort, and is similar to
management of wild poliovirus outbreaks; i.e. by rapid
implementation of high-quality SIAs. Global experience
with VDPVs shows that they can be rapidly stopped,
with 2-3 rounds of high-quality, large scale immunization
rounds.
24. Four Pillars of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative Strategy
1. Routine Immunization 1985
• A major cornerstone of the polio eradication strategy is
ensuring that at least 80% of children receive all the
recommended routine childhood immunizations.
• Good routine OPV coverage increases population immunity,
reduces the incidence of polio and makes eradication
feasible plan of routine immunization for out reach areas.
.
25. According to WHO/UNICEF immunization coverage
estimates, 86% of infants received three doses of oral
polio vaccine in 2010, compared with 75% in 1990.
26. 2. Supplemental Immunization Activities 1995-96
• Mass polio immunization campaigns that
complement routine immunization programs are
intended to interrupt transmission by immunizing
every child under the age of 5 with oral polio
vaccine annually, regardless of the number of
times they have been immunized previously.
• These campaigns help protect children who are
not immunized or only partially protected and
boost the immunity of those who are immunized,
thereby reducing or eliminating the pool of
potential hosts.
27. WHAT IS PULSE POLIO ?
TO IMMUNIZE ALL THE KIDS< 5YRS NATION WIDE
ON A SINGLE DAY IN THE SHORTEST POSSIBLE TIME
WITH OPV & THAT THE ENVIRONMENT WILL GET
SATURATED WITH THE VACCINE VIRUS SO THAT IT
WILL REPLACE THE WILD VIRUS AND THUS
INTERUPT THE TRANSMISSION OF WILD VIRUS .
28.
National Immunization Days (NIDs) - which are conducted
countrywide 2 or 3 times per year, 1 month apart.
National Immunization Days are conducted in two rounds, one
month apart. Because oral polio vaccine does not require a
needle and syringe, volunteers with minimal training can serve
as vaccinators.
Three to five years of NIDs are usually required to eradicate
polio, but some countries require more time, especially those
where routine immunization coverage is low.
NIDs are normally conducted during the cool, dry season
because logistics are simplified, immunological response to oral
polio vaccine is improved and the potential damage to heatsensitive vaccine is reduced.
29. Synchronized NIDs
Neighbouring countries are coordinating, or "synchronizing" their
National Immunization Days. This ensures that children crossing
borders for any reason are identified and immunized. It also allows
health teams to cross borders and immunize children in pockets of
territory otherwise isolated by rivers or mountains, or on islands
that may be less accessible from the other side.
This approach was first used between countries of eastern Europe
and central Asia, in a successful campaign called "Operation
MECACAR."
Similar synchronized efforts have been undertaken along the
borders of Afghanistan and Pakistan.
32. • 3. Acute Flaccid Paralysis (AFP) Surveillance -1997
• As many as 90% of people infected with the poliovirus
experience very mild or no symptoms.
• A single symptomatic case can therefore represent a
significant community-wide outbreak. Robust
surveillance to detect and investigate every case of
polio-like AFP is essential to polio eradication.
33. AFP case definition broadened
Consequences of missing the case of polio are
more serious then occasionally including and
“ambiguous’’ case, specially during the final
stage of polio eradication.
Includes every case with
current flaccid paralysis
History of flaccid paralysis in the current illness
Boarder line and ambiguous case
Transient weakness / paralysis
34. AIM OF AFP SURVEILLANCE
TO DETECT POLIO TRANSMISSION & INTERRUPTION OF
TRANSMISSION
AFP CASE
POLIO CASE
RESERVOIR OF INFECTION
[ 100 TO 1000 SUB CLINICAL CASES ]
CONTAINMENT MEASURES
[ O.R.I. / MOP UP ]
35. COMPONENTS OF AFP SURVEILANCE
1.The AFP surveillance network and case notification
2.Case and laboratory investigation
3.Outbreak response and active case search in the
community
4.60-day follow-up, cross-notification
and tracking of cases
5.Data management and case classification
6.Virologic case classification scheme
7. Surveillance performance indicators
36. The most important aspect of this classification is the collection of
2 adequate stool samples from all cases. Samples are considered
adequate if both the specimens.
(1) are collected within 14 days of paralysis onset and at least 24
hours apart.
(2) are of adequate volume (8-10g) and
(3) arrives at a WHO-accredited laboratory in good condition (ie,
no desiccation, no leakage), with adequate documentation and
evidence of cold-chain maintenance.
39. WHY AFP SURVEILLANCE INSTEAD OF
POLIO SURVEILLANCE ?
• SURVEILLANCE OF A POLIO CASE ALONE IS NOT
SUFFICIENT BECAUSE IT IS IMPOSSIBLEE TO PRECISELY
IDENTIFY ALL CASES OF POLIO CLINICALLY DUE TO
CONFUSING AND AMBIGUOUS CLINICAL SIGNS AND
VARIABLE CLINICAL KNOWLEDGE & SKILLS OF DOCTOR.
• CLINICALLY POLIO IN ACUTE STAGE, IS DIFFICULT TO
DISTINGUISH FROM OTHER CAUSES OF ACUTE ONSET OF
FLACCID PARALYSIS.
40.
41. When too much polio is around…..
AFP cases
Polio cases
Borderline AFP cases
Non-AFP cases
Surveillance
sensitivity is
adequate enough
to detect 90%
polio cases
43. Outbreak Response Immunization (ORI)
Measures to stop transmission of polio virus
Children <5 yrs in the locality are given one dose of
OPV regardless of the number of doses received
previously.
A house-to-house active case search is conducted
to find additional AFP cases that may have occurred
45. 4. Targeted Mop-Up Campaigns
Last stage in polio eradication
Low routine immunization coverage, very dense
or mobile populations, inadequate sanitation, and
poor access to health services exacerbate
communities’ vulnerability to polio.
In focal areas where polio cases have been
confirmed within the previous 3 years and
circulating virus is confirmed or suspected.
In mop-up campaigns vaccinators go house-tohouse to immunize every child under 5 and help
to stop transmission.
46. Before a WHO region can be certified polio-free, three
conditions must be satisfied:
(A) AT LEAST THREE YEARS OF ZERO POLIO CASES DUE TO WILD
POLIOVIRUS
(B) EXCELLENT CERTIFICATION STANDARD SURVEILLANCE
(C) EACH COUNTRY MUST ILLUSTRATE THE CAPACITY TO DETECT,
REPORT AND RESPOND TO “IMPORTED” POLIO CASES.
LABORATORY STOCKS MUST BE CONTAINED AND SAFE
MANAGEMENT OF THE WILD VIRUS IN INACTIVATED POLIO
VACCINE (IPV) MANUFACTURING SITES MUST BE ASSURED
BEFORE THE WORLD CAN BE CERTIFIED POLIO-FREE.
47. Social Mobilization Network (SMNet)
In Uttar Pradesh, India, in response to low routine
immunization coverage and ongoing poliovirus
circulation, Social Mobilization Network (SMNet) was
launched.
The SMNet’s goal was to improve access and reduce
family and community resistance to vaccination in highrisk communities, encourage vaccination of children
missing scheduled vaccinations, and mobilize local
opinion leaders for promotion of vaccination awareness
about sanitation hygiene.
Data suggest that the immunization coverage in SMNet
communities was often higher than overall coverage in
the district.
48. Current priorities for assessment
Expanded Target Age Groups: expanding the
target age group for OPV beyond 5 years of age
in SIAs may accelerate the interruption of polio
transmission
Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine: there is
increasingly strong evidence that a
supplementary dose of IPV can substantially
boost mucosal immunity in OPV-vaccinated
populations, potentially accelerating
eradication.
49. Achievements of Polio Eradication Strategy
A. Reduction in Cases
B. Prevention of Disabilities and Deaths- More then 4 lac
polio cases prevented so far in India
(Over 20 years)
C. Medical Care Cost Savings
D. Enhanced Global Surveillance Capacity which could
support other public health Programmes.
E. Entero Virus Laboratory Network at par with Global
Standards
50. Risks/Challenges to Polio Eradication Strategy:
a) International Importation of wild polio virus. Neighboring
countries like Afghanistan, Pakistan and China has had a major
outbreak of Wild Polio Virus in 2011 who pose a major threat to
Polio.
b) The major barrier to eradication in Nigeria and Pakistan is
access—security fears have prevented health workers from
reaching the at-risk populations, and misplaced beliefs about
vaccine safety has led to vaccine refusal.
c) Gaps in AFP Surveillance or delays in detection of wild polio virus
d) Delayed and or inadequate response to importation.
.
51. e) Areas with low population immunity.
f) Gaps in Routine Immunization & SIA especially in High Risk
Areas
g) Various resident societies in Delhi are not allowing vaccinators
to enter their premises and immunize children in these
societies. They have myth that OPV is an anti-fertility vaccine
and would lead to impotence in male children or infect them
with AIDS.
h) Children in western UP from Muslim community have
consistently been missed both during SIAs and for routine
immunization. Significantly almost 66% of polio cases have
occurred among Muslim children.
52. The goal of the 2013-2018 Polio Eradication
and Endgame Strategic Plan is to complete
the eradication and containment of all wild,
vaccine-related and Sabin polioviruses, such
that no child ever again suffers paralytic
poliomyelitis
53. Conclusion
• At present, polio is endemic in three countries—Until
poliovirus transmission is interrupted in these
strongholds, all countries remain at risk, as shown not
only by the outbreak in Syria, but also in recurrent
outbreaks across sub-Saharan Africa, including an
ongoing outbreak in Somalia.
• The outbreak in Syria could have major health
consequences for other countries, and the government
there must assist in providing health-care workers and
aid organizations with access to at-risk populations.
54. • But the outbreak also serves as a reminder that high
vaccination coverage is essential in countries where
the disease is not currently circulating.
• Although it seems like a major setback to eradication
efforts, the polio outbreak in Syria might be used as
an opportunity to reinvigorate eradication campaigns
in Afghanistan, Nigeria, Pakistan, and surrounding
countries.
from 34% to 79% of those completing the duration of 5 or more years rose from 3% in1999 to 32% in 2005 (Figure 1).
Try to reduce the words in 6 lines. No more than 6 lines are permitted in a good presentation and that is where the skill of presenter comesThe idea is to reduce English and grammar to catch words
Although India reported only 66 polio cases in 2005, it reported 741 in 2009.5 This number included 602 cases in Uttar Pradesh (UP) and 117 in Bihar, 2 very vulnerable states with poor sanitation, insufficient infrastructure, and millions of children who require more than the usual 4 oral polio vaccine (OPV) doses for immunity against polio. Research conducted under the auspices of the government, WHO, and other scientific organizations, confirmed that the oral polio vaccine widely used over the last 2 decades is less effective among children in UP.
Hot inadequate cases with afp with neuro features and investigation highly suggestive of polio….compatible
including at least 3 doses of oral polio vaccine, before their first birthday.
Polio-free countries must continue to ensure high levels of immunization coverage to prevent the re-establishment of poliovirus through importations from other countries. This can happen through international travellers, migrant populations or population sub-groups who refuse immunization.
new polio vaccines were being developed, leading to the introduction in 2005 of monovalent vaccines7 (consisting of live, attenuated [weakened] poliovirus strains of either type 1 or type 3 poliovirus) and in 2010 a bivalent vaccine (consisting of live, attenuated poliovirus strains of both type 1 and type 3). These newer vaccines are more effective against the remaining types of polio. In 2010, there were only 42 cases of polio in India—with only 10 in UP and 9 in Bihar. The last confirmed case in India occurred on January 13, 2011, in West Bengal. On February 25, 2012, India was removed from the polio-endemic country list.
THESE ARE STRATEGICALLY LOCATED IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE COUNTRY FOR QUICK, EASY ACCESS BY THE SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM. A SPECIFIC GEOGRAPHICAL AREA IS SERVED BY EACH LABORATORY. ALL LABORATORIES IN THE GLOBAL POLIO NETWORK FOLLOW STRICT BIO-SAFETY LEVEL 2 FACILITIES. AND ALSO USE
Although extending these approaches to the remaining endemic areas has substantial communications and logistical implications, both are being further evaluated for use in endemic reservoir areas.
Imported poliovirus Syria was affected in October 2013 by wild poliovirus closely related to that originating in Pakistan. Syria has not had a case of indigenous wild poliovirus since 1999. -