3. Persuasive Speeches Include :
Supporting materials that prove
Language that includes emotional words
Delivery that is more forceful & direct
Organizational patterns that influence
5. The Challenges of Persuasion
Enticing a reluctant audience to listen
Remove barriers to commitment
Move from attitude to action
6. Topic Selection
Topic that fits assignment
Controversial topic
Topic you feel strongly about
Topic you know a lot about
7. Research Topic
Research supporting materials
Research arguments for & against position
Research answers to audience objections
Research additional benefits
8. Position Statement
A simple sentence that states
exactly how you feel about
the issue.
PROPOSITIONS
9. Process of Persuasion
A. Awareness
B. Understanding
C. Agreement
D. Enactment
E. Integration or change into belief and values
10. BASIC Steps of an Argument
1. make claim: conclusion of argument/thesis
2. offer evidence: supporting material
3. show how the evidence proves/disproves
the claim
PERSUASION : what is it? --process of changing or reinforcing attitudes, beliefs, values, or behaviors. --equated with influence rather than power --influence the audience to adopt your position (using various points/ideas)
Persuasive Speaking Strategies 1. establish credibility (using competence, trustworthiness, dynamism) --know your subjects --document your ideas --cite your sources --acknowledge personal involvement --establish common group with audience --demonstrate thorough, unbiased research (let the facts speak for themselves, BUT provide enough facts, information, and sources to support/persuade your ideas) 2. focus/limit your goals one step at a time --have 7 minutes to present speech --select a realistic rather than global goal 3. connect with your listeners --ask your audience what they know --relate topic to audience 4. organize your arguments --organizing intro, body and conclusion of speech 5. support your ideas --Support Your Speech --USE visual aids to SHOW main points 6. enhance your emotional appeals…use rhetorical devices --use vivid examples --use emotive language --use effective delivery Types of Persuasion for Speeches : Tips for Persuasive Speeches http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tF8ZzxbQErg&feature=related
Types of Persuasive Speeches: speeches to convince (affect listener’s beliefs or attitudes) -- ask audience to believe you / agree with you 2. speeches to actuate/motivate—positive or negative (calls for audience to act) -- ask audience to take a particular action 3. speeches to inspire (attempts to change how listeners feel: commencement addresses, commemorative speeches, eulogies, pep talks)
Enticing a reluctant audience to listen Establish identity and good will Start with areas of agreement Cite respected authorities Set modest goals for change Make presentation multi-sided Remove barriers to commitment Provide needed information Affirm and apply values Strengthen your credibility Respected sources Lots of evidence Don’t overstate case Move from attitude to action Revitalize shared beliefs Demonstrate need for involvement Present clear plan of action Make it easy to comply
Choosing a Persuasive Speech Topic http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WJbQrLHt4vY&feature=related Topic Selection WORKSHEET Attention Getter Exercise AND Audience Analysis Exercise
Selecting PROPOSITIONS for Persuasive Speeches Proposition = similar to thesis/main idea/topic --a declarative sentence expressing a judgment you want the audience to accept --expresses a judgment (your position) --is debatable (has different sides; is controversial, NOT an already accepted fact) --requires proof (you offer reasons for your position) Types of Propositions: --Fact focuses on belief affirm the truth or falsity of statement --Value requires judgment on the worth of idea/action determine goodness or badness compare two items to determine which is better --Policy advocates course of action statement usually includes word “should” Introductions HANDOUT: Attention Getting Devices
HANDOUT: 10 Steps to Writing a Persuasive Speech (gave out last class) HANDOUT: Persuasive Speech Outline, HANDOUT: Outline Worksheet for First Speech A. Awareness 1. Consciousness-raising 2. Stress importance of problem B. Understanding 1. Expand knowledge of problem 2. Provides evidence to support position 3. Must know how to put proposals into action C. Agreement 1. Listener’s accept speaker’s recommendations 2. Can range from small concessions to total acceptance 3. Use stories and images to help listeners remember agreement D. Enactment 1. Get listeners to act on what you’ve said 2. Raise hands 3. Sign petition 4. Vote 5. Send letter E. Integration of change into belief and values 1. Must fit with audience values – listeners must see this connection 2. Speaker must maintain consistency
TYPES of Arguments: 1. Example --use a few instances/examples to assert a broader claim --make sure examples are true, relevant, sufficient, representative EX: you should drink 8 glasses of water a day (good for skin, organs need it, flush out system) 2. Analogy --comparison of two objects/concepts --if something worked there, it will work here EX: voting ballots vs. voting machines 3. Cause --connects two elements or events --claims that one is produced by the other EX: smoking can cause lung cancer 4. Deduction --moves from general category to a specific instance --pattern of three statements: 1. major premise: claim about general group 2. minor premise: places specific person/instance in group 3. conclusion: deductive argument tying minor to major premise EX: every student in this class is presented with the same information the information presented will help you present a better speech each student in this class has the potential to present a good speech 5. Authority --uses testimony form an expert to prove claim EX: don’t smoke…I have lung cancer
Addressing attitudes and values Change feelings and beliefs Begin on common Ground Urging action Individual action Group action Contending with opposition When subjects are controversial When immediate action is needed When audience is divided on issue When very important personally
