Chapter 34 and 36

Chapter 34 The Biosphere: An Introduction to Earth’s Diverse Environments 0

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],Figure A

[object Object],[object Object],Figure B Figure C

[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Figure 34.1

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

THE BIOSPHERE ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Figure 34.2A

[object Object],[object Object],Figure 34.2B

CONNECTION ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],Figure 34.3

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Figure 34.6A Low angle of incoming sunlight Sunlight strikes most directly Low angle of incoming sunlight Atmosphere 60ºS South Pole Tropic of Capricorn 30ºS 0º (equator) 30ºN Tropic of Cancer North Pole 60ºN

[object Object],[object Object],June solstice (Northern Hemisphere tilts toward sun) March equinox (equator faces sun directly) Constant tilt of 23.5º September equinox December solstice (Northern Hemisphere tilts away from sun) Figure 34.6B

[object Object],[object Object],Figure 34.6C, D Descending dry air absorbs moisture Trade winds Ascending moist air releases moisture Trade winds Descending dry air absorbs moisture Doldrums Temperate zone Tropics Temperate zone 30º 23.5º 0º 23.5º 30º 60ºN 30ºN 30ºS

[object Object],[object Object],Fresno 104º Paso Robles 93º Bakersfield 106º Death Valley 119º Pacific Ocean Santa Barbara 75º Los Angeles (Airport) 74º San Diego 75º 40 miles San Bernardino 101º Riverside 91º Palm Springs 104º Burbank 86º Santa Ana 84º Key 70s (ºF) 80s 90s 100s 110s Figure 34.6E

[object Object],[object Object],Pacific Ocean Coast Range Wind direction Sierra Nevada East Figure 34.6F

AQUATIC BIOMES ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],Figure 34.7A

[object Object],[object Object],Figure 34.7B Intertidal zone Photic zone 0 200 m Continental shelf 2,500–6,000 m Benthic zone (seafloor) Pelagic zone Aphotic zone

[object Object],[object Object],Figure 34.7C

[object Object],[object Object],Figure 34.7D

[object Object],[object Object],Figure 34.8A

[object Object],[object Object],Figure 34.8B

TERRESTRIAL BIOMES ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],30ºN Tropic of Cancer Equator Tropic of Capricorn 30ºS Tropical forest Savanna Desert Chaparral Temperate grassland Temperate broadleaf forest Coniferous forest Tundra High mountains Polar ice Figure 34.9

TALKING ABOUT SCIENCE ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Figure 34.18A, B

Chapter 36 Population Dynamics 0

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],0 European starling

[object Object],[object Object],0 Current 1955 1945 1935 1925 1915 1905 1925 1935 1945 1955 Current The spread of starlings across North America

[object Object],[object Object],0

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],0

POPULATION STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],0

[object Object],[object Object],0 Figure 36.2A Figure 36.2B

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],0 Table 36.3

[object Object],[object Object],0 Percentage of survivors (log scale) 100 10 1 0.1 0 50 100 III II I Percentage of maximum life span Figure 36.3

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],0 Figure 36.4A Time Number of Cells 0 minutes 20 40 60 80 100 120 (= 2 hours) 3 hours 4 hours 8 hours 12 hours 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 512 4,096 16,777,216 68,719,476,736 = 2 0 = 2 1 = 2 2 = 2 3 = 2 4 = 2 5 = 2 6 = 2 9 = 2 12 = 2 24 = 2 36 Number of bacterial cells ( N ) 70 60 50 30 40 20 10 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 G = r N Time (min)

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],0 Breeding male fur seals (thousands) 10 8 6 4 2 0 1915 1925 1935 1945 Year Figure 36.4B

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],0 Figure 36.4C Number of individuals ( N ) K 0 Time G = r N G = r N (K – N) K

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],0 4.0 3.6 3.8 3.4 3.2 3.0 2.8 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Density of females Clutch size Figure 36.5A

[object Object],[object Object],0 Exponential growth Sudden decline Number of aphids Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Figure 36.5B

[object Object],[object Object],0 Time (years) 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 0 20 40 80 60 Number of females Figure 36.5C

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],0 Figure 36.6 160 120 80 40 0 1850 1875 1900 1925 9 6 3 0 Snowshoe hare Lynx Hare population size (thousands) Lynx population size (thousands) Year

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],LIFE HISTORIES AND THEIR EVOLUTION 0

[object Object],[object Object],0 Figure 36.7A

[object Object],[object Object],0 Experimental transplant of guppies Predator: Killifish; preys mainly on small, immature guppies Guppies: Larger at sexual maturity than those in pike-cichlid pools Predator: Pike-cichlid; preys mainly on large, mature guppies Guppies: Smaller at sexual maturity than those in killifish pools Figure 36.7B

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],CONNECTION 0 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Yield (thousands of metric tons) Figure 36.8

THE HUMAN POPULATION CONNECTION ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],0 The Plague 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 8000 B.C. 4000 B.C. 3000 B.C. 2000 B.C. 1000 B.C. 0 1000 A.D. 2000 A.D. Human population size (billions) Figure 36.9A

[object Object],[object Object],0 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Available ecological capacity (ha per person) Ecological footprint (ha per person) Japan UK Spain Germany Netherlands Norway USA World China India Sweden Canada Australia New Zealand Figure 36.9B

[object Object],[object Object],0 Traffic in downtown Cairo, Egypt Manhattan, New York City Refugee camp in Zaire Figure 36.9C

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],0 50 40 30 20 10 0 1900 1925 1950 1975 2000 2025 2050 Year Birth rate Death rate Birth or death rate per 1,000 population Figure 36.10A

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],0 Age 85+ 80–84 75–79 70–74 65–69 60–64 55–59 50–54 45–49 40–44 35–39 30–34 25–29 20–24 15–19 10–14 5–9 0–4 8 4 6 2 0 2 4 6 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 Percent of population Percent of population Percent of population Primary reproductive ages Rapid growth Slow growth Decrease Afghanistan United States Italy Male Female Male Female Male Female Figure 36.10B

Chapter 34 and 36

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Chapter 34 and 36