Animation is the process of creating motion from static images by displaying them sequentially. It gives the illusion of movement and can bring virtual objects to life. There are various animation techniques, including drawing sequential images, moving models, cutting paper shapes, and taking sequential photos. Factors like its dynamic nature and ability to simplify complex concepts in an interesting way have made animation widely accepted. The persistence of vision illusion, where the brain perceives continuous movement from individual static images shown rapidly in sequence, is what allows animation to work. Early animation devices like the thaumatrope, phenakistiscope, and zoetrope exploited this principle to create rudimentary animated effects. Animation now finds applications in many fields such as education

2.  Animation is process of adding motion to
static images by applying various
techniques.
 Basically animation provides
motion/movement to still images and
can provide virtual life to an object.
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4.  Animation can be created in various
techniques:
› Animation can be generated by a series of
images that been drawn sequentially.
› Moving a miniature/sculpted model then record
the movement.
› Cutting a small particle of paper that contains
various shapes then records the movement of
the shapes.
› Process of taking a series of photos then
represents it sequentially.
› Digital animation or computerized animation.
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5.  Several factors that makes animation
widely accepted in human life:
› A dynamic nature of the animation
compared to other media which is static.
› A complex concept can be represented in
simpler method and easy to understand.
› Emphasis more in media presentation to
attract user’s or viewer’s interest.
› Can make the media presentation looks
more interesting.
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6.  In general, animation is a process that
makes static image seems to move.
 Persistence of vision is an illusion of
continuous movement.
 The theory states that any object watched
by human eyes will be mapped on retina
for a short period of time.
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7.  The visual imprint remains in the brain for a
short period after the object is withdrawn
from view.
 Based on the theory, when human eyes
watch a sequence of static images at a
fast rate, the static images will be assumed
as an animation; images that move.
 Each image that static in nature will be
recorded in sequence. The sequence will
be represented at a fast rate
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 The use of flip-book
to create
persistence of vision

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12. Thaumatrope (1825)
 A disc that displaying different images
on both sides.
 Thaumatrope means magic disc.
 A string is tied through the disc which is
used to revolve the disc.
 The disc revolution will produce
animation effect that creates both
images seems to combine.
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15. Phenakistiscope (1830)
 A disc that displaying series of images in
sequence.
 Comes from Greek roots meaning
deceptive view.
 A steel rod is set at the center of
phenakistiscope. It is used to rotate the
disc.
 Viewer will see through the holes on the
disc which will be reflected on a mirror.
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19. Zeotrope (1834)
 A series of images that been assembled
inside a drum.
 Zeotrope means wheel of life.
 Based on the same concept of
phenakistiscope. Drum will be rotated and
viewer will see the animation effect
through holes around the drum.
 The faster the rotation goes, the clearer
effect will be produced.
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22.  Praxinoscope (1877)
 A series of pictures placed inside a drum which
will be reflected by the mirrors outside a cylinder.
 Comes from Greek roots meaning action viewer.
 The number of mirrors is equal to the number of
pictures, and the images of the pictures are
viewed on the mirrors.
 When the drum rotates, the quick succession of
reflected pictures gives the illusion of a moving
picture.
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25. Zoopraxiscope (1877)
 A series of photos is placed sequentially
on a rotated glass.
 Photo images are used to produce the
animation effect, compared to the
usage of drawn images before.
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27. Several example of animation application
in various fields:
Education
Engineering
Entertainment
Training
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28.  Production manager
 Instructional designer
 Script writer
 Graphic artist
 Audio & video specialist
 Programmers
 Animator
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