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Wessex Archaeology




                Digital Spatial Technologies
                       in Archaeology


                                        A view from the coalface




Paul Cripps
•Geomatics Manager, Wessex Archaeology
•Archaeological Computing Research Group, University of Southampton

http://www.wessexarch.co.uk/geomatics                                 Archaeological Computing Research Group seminar. Southampton. May 2012.
Wessex Archaeology



                                           Overview
        • Capture & Creation
                 – In the beginning…
        • Structure & Order
                 – Modelling
        • Analysis & Interpretation
                 – Resource Discovery
                 – Intelligent searching
                 – Semantics
        • Visualisation
                 – The importance of UI
        • Dissemination & Archives
                 – Onto the web and beyond
        • Where next…?
                 – SDI, OpenData, LinkedData


http://www.wessexarch.co.uk/geomatics           Archaeological Computing Research Group seminar. Southampton. May 2012.
Wessex Archaeology



                                        Capture & Creation
        • Growing range of 3D
          tools/techniques for field survey
        • Complimentary
                 – A toolbox approach
                 – Right tools for the job
                 – Strengths/weaknesses
        • Direct Survey Techniques
                 – Global Navigation Satellite
                   Systems (GNSS)
                 – Total Station Theodololites (TST)
        • Indirect Survey Techniques
                 –    Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS)
                 –    Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS)
                 –    Structure from Motion (SfM)
                 –    Photogrammetry
                 –    Reduced field time vs increased
                      office time
http://www.wessexarch.co.uk/geomatics                    Archaeological Computing Research Group seminar. Southampton. May 2012.
Wessex Archaeology



                                        Capture & Creation
        • Office based capture/creation
          using CAD/GIS
        • Digitisation
                 – Vectors from 2D maps/plans
                 – Vectors from Point Clouds
        • Integration
                 – Point Clouds
                 – Photography/Imagery
                 – 2D/3D Vectors
        • Automation
                 – Point Cloud  Vectors
                 – Raster  Vector
                 – Photos/Video  Point Cloud
                   and/or Meshes



http://www.wessexarch.co.uk/geomatics             Archaeological Computing Research Group seminar. Southampton. May 2012.
Wessex Archaeology



                                        Structure

        • Spatial Data = Raster/Vector/Voxel + Attributes
        • The basics, essential for practitioners:
                 – Appropriate geometries/data types/models
                 – Well modelled, standards compliant attribute data
                   structures
                 – Database theory: (de)Normalisation, Atomicity,
                   Redundancy, etc
        • Moving forwards
                 – Ontologically driven models
                 – Semantic clarity
                 – Event based models

http://www.wessexarch.co.uk/geomatics            Archaeological Computing Research Group seminar. Southampton. May 2012.
Wessex Archaeology



                                        Modelling
        • Object Oriented approaches                • Events in the Present
                 – Object-Relational storage             – ie archaeologists (people)
        • Event driven models                              doing archaeology
                 – Any data object is the product        – Fieldwork, analysis,
                   of an Event                             interpretation
                 – Very useful for describing the   • Events in the Past
                   archaeological process                – ie past peoples living,
        • Can reduce everything to a                       experiencing, interacting with
          few core elements                                each other and the world
                                                           around them; leaving…
        • Typologies, classifications               • Stuff
                 – A large proportion of what we         – ie archaeological remains;
                   do                                      finds, structures, etc in…
        • Object Inheritance                        • Places
                 – Subtyping                             – ie depositional contexts,
                 – Ensures robust data objects             structures, geographic
                                                           entities, etc



http://www.wessexarch.co.uk/geomatics                 Archaeological Computing Research Group seminar. Southampton. May 2012.
Wessex Archaeology



                      Analysis & Interpretation

        • Inference & Evidence
                 – Who said what
                 – About what
                 – Based on what
        • Multivocality
                 – Multiple potential
                   narratives
                 – Multiple strands of
                   evidence
        • Versioning
                 – Currency & Validity                           Image courtesy of Sophia Yip: sophiayip.com


                 – Change & Propagation


http://www.wessexarch.co.uk/geomatics     Archaeological Computing Research Group seminar. Southampton. May 2012.
Wessex Archaeology



                      Analysis & Interpretation
        • Semantic clarity
        • Ontologically mediated search
          & retrieval
        • Computer based reasoning;
          logic applied to existing
          resources
        • Distributed systems,
          aggregation, cross-searching
        • Graph theory applied to
          structured data
                 – Stratigraphy
        • Moving into extra dimensions                           Image courtesy of Sophia Yip: sophiayip.com

                 – 3D GIS
                 – 4D GIS

http://www.wessexarch.co.uk/geomatics     Archaeological Computing Research Group seminar. Southampton. May 2012.
Wessex Archaeology



                           Visualisation: temporal

        • Structured data opens up               • Dynamic views of
          visualisation potential                  available evidence vs
                 – The Stratigraphic Matrix as     chronology
                   UI                                – Highlights discrepancies
                 – Visualised any stored             – Pinpoints where different
                   (spatial) data through the          strands of evidence tell
                   chronological sequence              different stories
        • Graph theory                           • Result: more explicit,
        • Graphing applications                    data driven narratives
                 – Consume XML/RDF
                   representations of site
                   archives


http://www.wessexarch.co.uk/geomatics             Archaeological Computing Research Group seminar. Southampton. May 2012.
Wessex Archaeology



                            Visualisation: 2D plans

        • Structured data opens up              • Dynamic views of
          visualisation potential                 available evidence vs
                 – Visualise any stored           spatial patterns
                   (spatial) data through           – Highlights discrepancies
                   spatial arrangements             – Pinpoints where different
                 – Most data can be spatially         strands of evidence tell
                   referenced                         different stories
        • Sharing & collaborative               • Result: more explicit,
          working                                 data driven narratives
                 – Thinking space




http://www.wessexarch.co.uk/geomatics            Archaeological Computing Research Group seminar. Southampton. May 2012.
Wessex Archaeology



                                        Visualisation: 3D
        • Many potential modes                   • Wireframes, solids,
                 – Suit different purposes         meshes, points, etc
        • Photorealistic                             – Generally no need to mesh
                 – Beautiful dissemination           – Meshes/solids for specific
                   outputs                             tasks eg refitting,
                                                       volumetrics, etc
                 – Lighting models, physics,
                   etc                           • Web based streaming
        • Thematic/Schematic                         – Access to Big Data
                                                       remotely
                 – Can highlight different
                   properties                        – Sharing/collaboration
                 – Eg ALS/TLS intensity false    • Nifty pseudo 3D
                   colour                            – eg RTI
                                                     – Perfect for objects,
                                                       structures, surfaces,
                                                       landscapes
http://www.wessexarch.co.uk/geomatics             Archaeological Computing Research Group seminar. Southampton. May 2012.
Wessex Archaeology



                      Dissemination & Archives

        • Archives as living breathing repositories to
          be used and enhanced
                 – No more dead trees please
                 – No more microfilm in boxes please
                 – No more photographic prints in boxes please
        • Digital systems as Data Warehouses vs Indices
        • Leverage emerging/established spatial tech
                 – Standards based infrastructure vs project specific piles
        • Shared/Community maintenance, access,
          enhancement
        • SDI, Social Media, Web2.0, etc
http://www.wessexarch.co.uk/geomatics          Archaeological Computing Research Group seminar. Southampton. May 2012.
Wessex Archaeology



                                        Where next…?

        • Currently lots of potential for spatial data
                 – Technologies available
                 – Growing skills in the heritage sector
        • Photographic data capture techniques
                 – SfM, automated photogrammetry
        • Overcome obstacles for more integrated GI:
                 – Political will/understanding of technology
                 – Political will/understanding of licensing/copyright
                 – Funding bodies only funding project specific
                   developments not infrastructure/systemic approaches


http://www.wessexarch.co.uk/geomatics          Archaeological Computing Research Group seminar. Southampton. May 2012.
Wessex Archaeology



                                  Joining it all up: SDI
        • Many sources of geographic
          data
                 – Statutory, non-statutory
                 – National, local
                 – Contractors, museums, site
                   archives
        • Currently disparate
                 – Access restricted
                 – Time wasted
                   transforming/handling data
                 – Versioning & currency
                 – Monetary costs
                 – Licensing


http://www.wessexarch.co.uk/geomatics           Archaeological Computing Research Group seminar. Southampton. May 2012.
Wessex Archaeology



                                  Joining it all up: SDI
        • Massive potential for
          leveraging technology
        • Spatial Data
          Infrastructures
                 –    Distributed Systems
                 –    Data Warehouses
                 –    Web Map/Feature Services
                 –    APIs eg HeritageGateway
                 –    Pay-as-you-go models
        • Open Licenses!
        • Linked Data
                 – eg CRM EH RDF
                 – Semantically enabled
                 – Cross-searching
http://www.wessexarch.co.uk/geomatics            Archaeological Computing Research Group seminar. Southampton. May 2012.
Wessex Archaeology



                                  Joining it all up: SDI
        • Improved Access
                 –    Mashups
                 –    Who’s data is it anyway…?
                 –    Google Earth/Maps
                 –    KML, WMS/WFS, GeoRSS, GML, etc
                 –    Professional Access
                 –    Contractors
                 –    Improved efficiency
                 –    Reduced costs
        • Academic Access
                 – Research potential
        • Public Access
                 – Links between museum collections,
                   site archives, national/local heritage
                   records
http://www.wessexarch.co.uk/geomatics                       Archaeological Computing Research Group seminar. Southampton. May 2012.
Wessex Archaeology




                                  Some case studies &
                                      examples




http://www.wessexarch.co.uk/geomatics        Archaeological Computing Research Group seminar. Southampton. May 2012.
Wessex Archaeology



                    Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
        • Range of types
                 – Gyrocopters
                 – Fixed wing
        • Range of payloads
                 – RGB HD cameras
                 – Multi-spectral imaging sensors
        • Can be used to provide
          imagery for photogrammetry
                 – Wide area, high resolution
                   topographic survey
                 – Very cost effective
                 – 3cm resolution DSM or better




http://www.wessexarch.co.uk/geomatics               Archaeological Computing Research Group seminar. Southampton. May 2012.
Wessex Archaeology



                                        Tamworth Castle
    • Original spec for
      photogrammetry
             – Way too expensive!!
    • Existing laser scan dataset
    • New photographic survey
             – Ground & aerial
    • Combined to produce
      stone by stone elevation
      drawings
    • No need for resurvey
             – Cost effective
    • High quality product
             – Prepared to EH Metric
               Survey specifications

http://www.wessexarch.co.uk/geomatics           Archaeological Computing Research Group seminar. Southampton. May 2012.
Wessex Archaeology



                                        Tamworth Castle




http://www.wessexarch.co.uk/geomatics           Archaeological Computing Research Group seminar. Southampton. May 2012.
Wessex Archaeology



                                        Tamworth Castle




http://www.wessexarch.co.uk/geomatics           Archaeological Computing Research Group seminar. Southampton. May 2012.
Wessex Archaeology



                                        Sandsfoot Castle
        •     Requirements:
                 – topographic survey of interior & immediate environs including earthworks
                 – Stone by stone elevation drawings as record
                 – Panoramic photography
        •     Restricted access: dangerous structure (crumbly castle on cliff edge!)
        •     TLSCAD+GIS
                 – Drawn elevations
                 – DSM & contours




http://www.wessexarch.co.uk/geomatics                       Archaeological Computing Research Group seminar. Southampton. May 2012.
Wessex Archaeology



                                        Sandsfoot Castle




http://www.wessexarch.co.uk/geomatics            Archaeological Computing Research Group seminar. Southampton. May 2012.
Wessex Archaeology



                                        Sandsfoot Castle




http://www.wessexarch.co.uk/geomatics            Archaeological Computing Research Group seminar. Southampton. May 2012.
Wessex Archaeology



                                        Wakehurst Place
        • National Trust property
        • Complex external elevations
        • Drawn elevations, floor plans, etc
                 – Traditional products
        • Combination approach
                 – Direct & Indirect survey techniques
                 – image based methods (rectified photography, images+scan
                   data)
        • Survey control network
                 – Closed loop traverse
        • Located using GNSS
                 – OS map a little out…


http://www.wessexarch.co.uk/geomatics            Archaeological Computing Research Group seminar. Southampton. May 2012.
Wessex Archaeology



                                        Wakehurst Place




http://www.wessexarch.co.uk/geomatics            Archaeological Computing Research Group seminar. Southampton. May 2012.
Wessex Archaeology



                                        Salisbury Plain

        • Monitoring of earthworks
                 – Topographic survey using
                   TLS
        • Restricted access
                 – Short fieldwork duration
                   required
                 – Weeks for GNSS vs days for
                   TLS
        • GIS based analysis
                 – DSMs
                 – Derived products; slope
                 – Models of change


http://www.wessexarch.co.uk/geomatics            Archaeological Computing Research Group seminar. Southampton. May 2012.
Wessex Archaeology



                                        South Wales

        • 19 airborne LiDAR
          datasets
        • 40km2
        • 133.5 million data
          points
        • 2 surface models                 Elevation component                   Intensity component

                 – Unfiltered elevation
                 – Intensity
        • Transcription of
          features
                 – NMP style


http://www.wessexarch.co.uk/geomatics                   Archaeological Computing Research Group seminar. Southampton. May 2012.
Wessex Archaeology



                                            Tree graffiti
                                        • Record and enhance tree graffiti
                                          – Historical WWI and WWII graffiti warped
                                            by tree growth
                                        • Unwrapping & regression
                                          – Challenging!




http://www.wessexarch.co.uk/geomatics                      Archaeological Computing Research Group seminar. Southampton. May 2012.
Wessex Archaeology



                                 Stonehenge carvings




                                        Left: (top to bottom) stone 3, stone 3 with ‘axes’ highlighted, stone 53 and stone 4

                                        Above: stone 3 lit from below

                                        Right: accessibility shading




http://www.wessexarch.co.uk/geomatics                                              Archaeological Computing Research Group seminar. Southampton. May 2012.
Wessex Archaeology



                Integration & Analysis: GIS
                                        • Stonehenge Visitor Centre
                                        • Environmental Impact
                                          Assessment
                                           – Modelled proposed structures &
                                             tree planting
                                           – LiDAR DSM @ 1m resolution
                                           – Analysed potential visual impact
                                             on >500 archaeological sites
                                           – Probablistic viewshed model
                                           – As built + 5,10,15yr models
                                           – Many many viewsheds!




http://www.wessexarch.co.uk/geomatics           Archaeological Computing Research Group seminar. Southampton. May 2012.
Wessex Archaeology



                                        Hamdon Hill

  • Topographic survey of earthworks
  • Hillfort containing quarry
  • Combination approach: Laser scanner
    + GPS




http://www.wessexarch.co.uk/geomatics          Archaeological Computing Research Group seminar. Southampton. May 2012.
Wessex Archaeology



                                        Tidworth garrison
        • Record garrison in
          advance of
          redevelopment
        • Visualisation of
          existing buildings
          and their context
        • Used to target
          further recording
          works
                 – Direct Survey
                   using (TST)
        • 0.75 km2 surveyed
        • 37 buildings
        • 25 billion
          measurements
        • 18Gb data file
        • 10-25mm effective
          resolution
http://www.wessexarch.co.uk/geomatics             Archaeological Computing Research Group seminar. Southampton. May 2012.
Wessex Archaeology



                          Amesbury Archer bones
  • Morphological
    analysis of skull
          – Cross-sections
          – Measurements
          – Profiles




http://www.wessexarch.co.uk/geomatics   Archaeological Computing Research Group seminar. Southampton. May 2012.
Wessex Archaeology



                                        Salisbury Plain

        • R&D in collaboration with Leica
        • Effectiveness as topographic survey tool
          where vegetation is present
                 – Automated vegetation removal
                 – Manual workflows




http://www.wessexarch.co.uk/geomatics            Archaeological Computing Research Group seminar. Southampton. May 2012.
Wessex Archaeology



                          Ontologies & Semantics
        • Obviously proceed with easy targets
                 – Leverage eg Google, LinkedData initiatives, etc
        • But also build on work to date:
        • CIDOC-CRM
                 – Not aimed at systems design but useful concepts therein
                 – ISO standard
        • CRM-EH extensions
                 – Extensions to the CIDOC-CRM for archaeological (fieldwork) data
                 – Models big chunk of the archaeological process
        • Star + Stellar projects
                 – Tools for working with CRM-EH
                 – Broad range of contributors
        • Ongoing & forthcoming projects
                 – eg KOS representations of thesauri to populate information
                   systems
http://www.wessexarch.co.uk/geomatics               Archaeological Computing Research Group seminar. Southampton. May 2012.
Wessex Archaeology



                                        Thanks!
        • Thanks to:
                 –    English Heritage
                 –    Archaeoptics              For more info:
                 –    3D Laser Mapping          www.wessexarch.co.uk/geomatics
                 –    Kubit                     www.archaeogeomancy.net
                 –    LatimerCAD                p.cripps@wessexarch.co.uk
                 –    Environment Agency
                 –    Warner Land Surveys
                 –    Leica
                 –    Tamworth Borough Council
                 –    Weymouth & Portland Borough Council
                 –    National Trust
                 –    Aspire Defence
                 –    Defence Estates




http://www.wessexarch.co.uk/geomatics            Archaeological Computing Research Group seminar. Southampton. May 2012.

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Archaeological Computing Research Group (ACRG) Seminar: Digital Spatial Technologies in Archaeology

  • 1. Wessex Archaeology Digital Spatial Technologies in Archaeology A view from the coalface Paul Cripps •Geomatics Manager, Wessex Archaeology •Archaeological Computing Research Group, University of Southampton http://www.wessexarch.co.uk/geomatics Archaeological Computing Research Group seminar. Southampton. May 2012.
  • 2. Wessex Archaeology Overview • Capture & Creation – In the beginning… • Structure & Order – Modelling • Analysis & Interpretation – Resource Discovery – Intelligent searching – Semantics • Visualisation – The importance of UI • Dissemination & Archives – Onto the web and beyond • Where next…? – SDI, OpenData, LinkedData http://www.wessexarch.co.uk/geomatics Archaeological Computing Research Group seminar. Southampton. May 2012.
  • 3. Wessex Archaeology Capture & Creation • Growing range of 3D tools/techniques for field survey • Complimentary – A toolbox approach – Right tools for the job – Strengths/weaknesses • Direct Survey Techniques – Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) – Total Station Theodololites (TST) • Indirect Survey Techniques – Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) – Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) – Structure from Motion (SfM) – Photogrammetry – Reduced field time vs increased office time http://www.wessexarch.co.uk/geomatics Archaeological Computing Research Group seminar. Southampton. May 2012.
  • 4. Wessex Archaeology Capture & Creation • Office based capture/creation using CAD/GIS • Digitisation – Vectors from 2D maps/plans – Vectors from Point Clouds • Integration – Point Clouds – Photography/Imagery – 2D/3D Vectors • Automation – Point Cloud  Vectors – Raster  Vector – Photos/Video  Point Cloud and/or Meshes http://www.wessexarch.co.uk/geomatics Archaeological Computing Research Group seminar. Southampton. May 2012.
  • 5. Wessex Archaeology Structure • Spatial Data = Raster/Vector/Voxel + Attributes • The basics, essential for practitioners: – Appropriate geometries/data types/models – Well modelled, standards compliant attribute data structures – Database theory: (de)Normalisation, Atomicity, Redundancy, etc • Moving forwards – Ontologically driven models – Semantic clarity – Event based models http://www.wessexarch.co.uk/geomatics Archaeological Computing Research Group seminar. Southampton. May 2012.
  • 6. Wessex Archaeology Modelling • Object Oriented approaches • Events in the Present – Object-Relational storage – ie archaeologists (people) • Event driven models doing archaeology – Any data object is the product – Fieldwork, analysis, of an Event interpretation – Very useful for describing the • Events in the Past archaeological process – ie past peoples living, • Can reduce everything to a experiencing, interacting with few core elements each other and the world around them; leaving… • Typologies, classifications • Stuff – A large proportion of what we – ie archaeological remains; do finds, structures, etc in… • Object Inheritance • Places – Subtyping – ie depositional contexts, – Ensures robust data objects structures, geographic entities, etc http://www.wessexarch.co.uk/geomatics Archaeological Computing Research Group seminar. Southampton. May 2012.
  • 7. Wessex Archaeology Analysis & Interpretation • Inference & Evidence – Who said what – About what – Based on what • Multivocality – Multiple potential narratives – Multiple strands of evidence • Versioning – Currency & Validity Image courtesy of Sophia Yip: sophiayip.com – Change & Propagation http://www.wessexarch.co.uk/geomatics Archaeological Computing Research Group seminar. Southampton. May 2012.
  • 8. Wessex Archaeology Analysis & Interpretation • Semantic clarity • Ontologically mediated search & retrieval • Computer based reasoning; logic applied to existing resources • Distributed systems, aggregation, cross-searching • Graph theory applied to structured data – Stratigraphy • Moving into extra dimensions Image courtesy of Sophia Yip: sophiayip.com – 3D GIS – 4D GIS http://www.wessexarch.co.uk/geomatics Archaeological Computing Research Group seminar. Southampton. May 2012.
  • 9. Wessex Archaeology Visualisation: temporal • Structured data opens up • Dynamic views of visualisation potential available evidence vs – The Stratigraphic Matrix as chronology UI – Highlights discrepancies – Visualised any stored – Pinpoints where different (spatial) data through the strands of evidence tell chronological sequence different stories • Graph theory • Result: more explicit, • Graphing applications data driven narratives – Consume XML/RDF representations of site archives http://www.wessexarch.co.uk/geomatics Archaeological Computing Research Group seminar. Southampton. May 2012.
  • 10. Wessex Archaeology Visualisation: 2D plans • Structured data opens up • Dynamic views of visualisation potential available evidence vs – Visualise any stored spatial patterns (spatial) data through – Highlights discrepancies spatial arrangements – Pinpoints where different – Most data can be spatially strands of evidence tell referenced different stories • Sharing & collaborative • Result: more explicit, working data driven narratives – Thinking space http://www.wessexarch.co.uk/geomatics Archaeological Computing Research Group seminar. Southampton. May 2012.
  • 11. Wessex Archaeology Visualisation: 3D • Many potential modes • Wireframes, solids, – Suit different purposes meshes, points, etc • Photorealistic – Generally no need to mesh – Beautiful dissemination – Meshes/solids for specific outputs tasks eg refitting, volumetrics, etc – Lighting models, physics, etc • Web based streaming • Thematic/Schematic – Access to Big Data remotely – Can highlight different properties – Sharing/collaboration – Eg ALS/TLS intensity false • Nifty pseudo 3D colour – eg RTI – Perfect for objects, structures, surfaces, landscapes http://www.wessexarch.co.uk/geomatics Archaeological Computing Research Group seminar. Southampton. May 2012.
  • 12. Wessex Archaeology Dissemination & Archives • Archives as living breathing repositories to be used and enhanced – No more dead trees please – No more microfilm in boxes please – No more photographic prints in boxes please • Digital systems as Data Warehouses vs Indices • Leverage emerging/established spatial tech – Standards based infrastructure vs project specific piles • Shared/Community maintenance, access, enhancement • SDI, Social Media, Web2.0, etc http://www.wessexarch.co.uk/geomatics Archaeological Computing Research Group seminar. Southampton. May 2012.
  • 13. Wessex Archaeology Where next…? • Currently lots of potential for spatial data – Technologies available – Growing skills in the heritage sector • Photographic data capture techniques – SfM, automated photogrammetry • Overcome obstacles for more integrated GI: – Political will/understanding of technology – Political will/understanding of licensing/copyright – Funding bodies only funding project specific developments not infrastructure/systemic approaches http://www.wessexarch.co.uk/geomatics Archaeological Computing Research Group seminar. Southampton. May 2012.
  • 14. Wessex Archaeology Joining it all up: SDI • Many sources of geographic data – Statutory, non-statutory – National, local – Contractors, museums, site archives • Currently disparate – Access restricted – Time wasted transforming/handling data – Versioning & currency – Monetary costs – Licensing http://www.wessexarch.co.uk/geomatics Archaeological Computing Research Group seminar. Southampton. May 2012.
  • 15. Wessex Archaeology Joining it all up: SDI • Massive potential for leveraging technology • Spatial Data Infrastructures – Distributed Systems – Data Warehouses – Web Map/Feature Services – APIs eg HeritageGateway – Pay-as-you-go models • Open Licenses! • Linked Data – eg CRM EH RDF – Semantically enabled – Cross-searching http://www.wessexarch.co.uk/geomatics Archaeological Computing Research Group seminar. Southampton. May 2012.
  • 16. Wessex Archaeology Joining it all up: SDI • Improved Access – Mashups – Who’s data is it anyway…? – Google Earth/Maps – KML, WMS/WFS, GeoRSS, GML, etc – Professional Access – Contractors – Improved efficiency – Reduced costs • Academic Access – Research potential • Public Access – Links between museum collections, site archives, national/local heritage records http://www.wessexarch.co.uk/geomatics Archaeological Computing Research Group seminar. Southampton. May 2012.
  • 17. Wessex Archaeology Some case studies & examples http://www.wessexarch.co.uk/geomatics Archaeological Computing Research Group seminar. Southampton. May 2012.
  • 18. Wessex Archaeology Unmanned Aerial Vehicles • Range of types – Gyrocopters – Fixed wing • Range of payloads – RGB HD cameras – Multi-spectral imaging sensors • Can be used to provide imagery for photogrammetry – Wide area, high resolution topographic survey – Very cost effective – 3cm resolution DSM or better http://www.wessexarch.co.uk/geomatics Archaeological Computing Research Group seminar. Southampton. May 2012.
  • 19. Wessex Archaeology Tamworth Castle • Original spec for photogrammetry – Way too expensive!! • Existing laser scan dataset • New photographic survey – Ground & aerial • Combined to produce stone by stone elevation drawings • No need for resurvey – Cost effective • High quality product – Prepared to EH Metric Survey specifications http://www.wessexarch.co.uk/geomatics Archaeological Computing Research Group seminar. Southampton. May 2012.
  • 20. Wessex Archaeology Tamworth Castle http://www.wessexarch.co.uk/geomatics Archaeological Computing Research Group seminar. Southampton. May 2012.
  • 21. Wessex Archaeology Tamworth Castle http://www.wessexarch.co.uk/geomatics Archaeological Computing Research Group seminar. Southampton. May 2012.
  • 22. Wessex Archaeology Sandsfoot Castle • Requirements: – topographic survey of interior & immediate environs including earthworks – Stone by stone elevation drawings as record – Panoramic photography • Restricted access: dangerous structure (crumbly castle on cliff edge!) • TLSCAD+GIS – Drawn elevations – DSM & contours http://www.wessexarch.co.uk/geomatics Archaeological Computing Research Group seminar. Southampton. May 2012.
  • 23. Wessex Archaeology Sandsfoot Castle http://www.wessexarch.co.uk/geomatics Archaeological Computing Research Group seminar. Southampton. May 2012.
  • 24. Wessex Archaeology Sandsfoot Castle http://www.wessexarch.co.uk/geomatics Archaeological Computing Research Group seminar. Southampton. May 2012.
  • 25. Wessex Archaeology Wakehurst Place • National Trust property • Complex external elevations • Drawn elevations, floor plans, etc – Traditional products • Combination approach – Direct & Indirect survey techniques – image based methods (rectified photography, images+scan data) • Survey control network – Closed loop traverse • Located using GNSS – OS map a little out… http://www.wessexarch.co.uk/geomatics Archaeological Computing Research Group seminar. Southampton. May 2012.
  • 26. Wessex Archaeology Wakehurst Place http://www.wessexarch.co.uk/geomatics Archaeological Computing Research Group seminar. Southampton. May 2012.
  • 27. Wessex Archaeology Salisbury Plain • Monitoring of earthworks – Topographic survey using TLS • Restricted access – Short fieldwork duration required – Weeks for GNSS vs days for TLS • GIS based analysis – DSMs – Derived products; slope – Models of change http://www.wessexarch.co.uk/geomatics Archaeological Computing Research Group seminar. Southampton. May 2012.
  • 28. Wessex Archaeology South Wales • 19 airborne LiDAR datasets • 40km2 • 133.5 million data points • 2 surface models Elevation component Intensity component – Unfiltered elevation – Intensity • Transcription of features – NMP style http://www.wessexarch.co.uk/geomatics Archaeological Computing Research Group seminar. Southampton. May 2012.
  • 29. Wessex Archaeology Tree graffiti • Record and enhance tree graffiti – Historical WWI and WWII graffiti warped by tree growth • Unwrapping & regression – Challenging! http://www.wessexarch.co.uk/geomatics Archaeological Computing Research Group seminar. Southampton. May 2012.
  • 30. Wessex Archaeology Stonehenge carvings Left: (top to bottom) stone 3, stone 3 with ‘axes’ highlighted, stone 53 and stone 4 Above: stone 3 lit from below Right: accessibility shading http://www.wessexarch.co.uk/geomatics Archaeological Computing Research Group seminar. Southampton. May 2012.
  • 31. Wessex Archaeology Integration & Analysis: GIS • Stonehenge Visitor Centre • Environmental Impact Assessment – Modelled proposed structures & tree planting – LiDAR DSM @ 1m resolution – Analysed potential visual impact on >500 archaeological sites – Probablistic viewshed model – As built + 5,10,15yr models – Many many viewsheds! http://www.wessexarch.co.uk/geomatics Archaeological Computing Research Group seminar. Southampton. May 2012.
  • 32. Wessex Archaeology Hamdon Hill • Topographic survey of earthworks • Hillfort containing quarry • Combination approach: Laser scanner + GPS http://www.wessexarch.co.uk/geomatics Archaeological Computing Research Group seminar. Southampton. May 2012.
  • 33. Wessex Archaeology Tidworth garrison • Record garrison in advance of redevelopment • Visualisation of existing buildings and their context • Used to target further recording works – Direct Survey using (TST) • 0.75 km2 surveyed • 37 buildings • 25 billion measurements • 18Gb data file • 10-25mm effective resolution http://www.wessexarch.co.uk/geomatics Archaeological Computing Research Group seminar. Southampton. May 2012.
  • 34. Wessex Archaeology Amesbury Archer bones • Morphological analysis of skull – Cross-sections – Measurements – Profiles http://www.wessexarch.co.uk/geomatics Archaeological Computing Research Group seminar. Southampton. May 2012.
  • 35. Wessex Archaeology Salisbury Plain • R&D in collaboration with Leica • Effectiveness as topographic survey tool where vegetation is present – Automated vegetation removal – Manual workflows http://www.wessexarch.co.uk/geomatics Archaeological Computing Research Group seminar. Southampton. May 2012.
  • 36. Wessex Archaeology Ontologies & Semantics • Obviously proceed with easy targets – Leverage eg Google, LinkedData initiatives, etc • But also build on work to date: • CIDOC-CRM – Not aimed at systems design but useful concepts therein – ISO standard • CRM-EH extensions – Extensions to the CIDOC-CRM for archaeological (fieldwork) data – Models big chunk of the archaeological process • Star + Stellar projects – Tools for working with CRM-EH – Broad range of contributors • Ongoing & forthcoming projects – eg KOS representations of thesauri to populate information systems http://www.wessexarch.co.uk/geomatics Archaeological Computing Research Group seminar. Southampton. May 2012.
  • 37. Wessex Archaeology Thanks! • Thanks to: – English Heritage – Archaeoptics For more info: – 3D Laser Mapping www.wessexarch.co.uk/geomatics – Kubit www.archaeogeomancy.net – LatimerCAD p.cripps@wessexarch.co.uk – Environment Agency – Warner Land Surveys – Leica – Tamworth Borough Council – Weymouth & Portland Borough Council – National Trust – Aspire Defence – Defence Estates http://www.wessexarch.co.uk/geomatics Archaeological Computing Research Group seminar. Southampton. May 2012.